Table of Contents
Welcome
Table of Contents
Title
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PREFACE
List of Contributors
Plant-Based Antiamoebic Natural Products: Literature Review and Recent Developments
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Search for Herbal Antiamoebic Compounds
Standard Extraction Procedure
Alkaloids
Terpenes and Quassinoids
Flavonoids and Iridoids
Miscellaneous
CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
Disclosure
Consent for Publication
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
From Plant to Bench: Natural Products as Source for Analgesic Drug Development
Abstract
Introduction
SALVINORIN A
Traditional Use and Botanical Description
Analgesic Effect
Other Effects
Constituents of Salvia Divinorum
Salvinorin A Derivatives
1. Structural Derivatization of the C-2 Position.
MOPr ligands
2. Structural Modifications of the Tricyclic Trans-Decalin Core
Modifications to the C-12 Furan Ring
MITRAGYNINE
Botanical Description and Traditional Use
Analgesic Effect
Anti-inflammatory Effects
Putative Addictive Properties
Constituents of Mitragyna Speciosa
Structure−Activity Relationship
Structural Derivatization of the C-9 Position
Structural Derivatization of the C-7 Position
Structural Derivatization of the Nb Lone Pair and β-Methoxyacrylate mojety
Structural Derivatization of the C-19 Position
Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl
CONCLUSIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
Consent for Publication
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Essential Oils and Cognitive Performance
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
A Brief History of Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy with Essential Oils
The Pharmacological Hypothesis of Aromatherapy
The Psychological Hypothesis
The Olfactory Function of Aromatherapy (Smell)
Improving Mood and Cognitive Function using Essential Oils
The Cholinergic Hypothesis, Essential Oils, and Alzheimer’s Disease
The Oxidative Stress Hypothesis, Essential Oils, and Alzheimer’s Disease
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Consent for Publication
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Inspired by Nature: Modern Medicines Derived from Cannabis
Abstract
1. CANNABIS, CANNABINOIDS AND THEIR MEDICAL USE
1.1. A Brief History of Cannabis Use in Medicine
1.2. Cannabinoids
2. MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF CANNABINOIDS
2.1. Cannabinoid Receptors
2.2. Cannabinoid Signalling Pathways
2.3. The Endocannabinoid System
3. CANNABIS AS MEDICINE
3.1. Cannabinoid-Based Drugs Metabolism
3.2. Cannabinoid Therapeutic Applications
3.2.1. Antiemetic and Appetite Stimulant
3.2.2. Cannabinoids and Food Intake
3.2.3. Multiple Sclerosis
3.2.4. Chronic Pain
3.2.5. Epilepsy
3.3. Main Limitations of Cannabinoids Use
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
ABBREVIATIONS
Consent for Publication
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Lectins as Biorecognition Elements in Biosensors for Clinical Applications in Cancer
Abstract
1. Lectins
1.1. Definition, History, Occurrence and Isolation
1.2. Functions and Properties
1.3. Lectin Structures and Classification
2. Lectins as Tools for the Separation and Study of Glycoproteins in Biological Fluids
2.1. Lectin-affinity Chromatography
2.2. Lectin Arrays
2.3. Enzyme-linked Lectin Assay
2.4. Lectin Biosensors
2.4.1. Glycan Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis
2.4.2. Lectins as Biorecognition Elements in Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
3. Concluding Remarks
Consent for Publication
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Brassinosteroids: Occurrence, Structure and Stress Protective Activities
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
OCCURRENCE OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS
STRUCTURES OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS
BIOSYNTHESIS OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS
IMPLICATIONS OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS IN PLANT STRESS MANAGEMENT
MECHANISM OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS ACTION
INTERACTIONS OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS WITH OTHER PGRs
FUTURE OUTLOOK
Consent for Publication
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Chemistry and Structures of Plant Derived Antimalarials and Their Semi-synthetic Analogues
Abstract
Introduction
Life Cycle of Malaria [4]
1. Alkaloidal Antimalarials
a. Bisbenzylisoquinolines [15-17]
b. Azaanthracene Alkaloid [13, 17]
c. Protoberberine and Aporphine-benzylisoquinoline [13, 18]
d. Morphinan Alkaloid [12, 13, 19]
e. Naphtylisoquinolines [12, 20]
f. Indoloquinoline Alkaloid [12, 21, 22]
g. Indole Alkaloids [26, 12, 27]
h. Benzofenantridine [12]
i. Furoquinoline & Acridone [12, 28]
j. Tetrahydroquinoline [12]
2. Antiplasmodial Non-Alkaloidal Natural Products
a. Quassinoids [8b, 13, 30]
b. Sesquiterpenes [8b, 32]
c. Triterpenoids [8b, 13, 35, 36]
d. Flavonoids and Xanthones [8b, 13]
e. Quinones [8b, 13]
Patents on Antimalarial Agents
a). Compounds Patented by Keilhauer et al [57].
b). Compounds (bisquinolines) Patented by Vennerstrom et al [58].
c). Compounds Patented by Raynes et al [59].
d). Compound (Spiro and dispiro 1,2,4 trioxolane) Patented by Vennerstrom et al [60].
e). Compounds Patented by Sparatore et al [61]
f). Compounds Patented by Gilbert et al [62]
Consent for Publication
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry
(Volume 4)
Edited by
Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS
Kings College,University of Cambridge,
Cambridge,UK
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
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PREFACE
Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry presents recent advances in the chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds. It covers a range of topics including important researches on natural substances of plants, microbes and animals. The book is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information in natural product chemistry. The chapters are written by eminent authorities in the field and are mainly focused on plant-based anti-amoebic natural products, the role of natural products in analgesic drug development, and in essential oils in cognitive performance. The chapters also highlight the importance of modern medicines derived from cannabis, lectins, brassinosteroids, and plant derived antimalarials.
I hope that the readers will find these reviews valuable and thought provoking so that they may trigger further research in the quest for the new and novel therapies against various diseases. I am grateful for the timely efforts made by the editorial personnel, especially Mr. Shehzad Naqvi (Editorial Manager Publications) and Mr. Mahmood Alam (Director Publications) at Bentham Science Publishers.
Atta-ur-Rahman, FRSHonorary Life Fellow
Kings College
University of Cambridge
Cambridge
UK
List of Contributors
Ashutosh SharmaDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar, Punjab, IndiaBruno M. FonsecaUCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, PortugalCarmela ParentiDepartment of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDavid W. MortonSchool of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, AustraliaGeorgina Correia-da-SilvaUCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, PortugalIndu SharmaDepartment of Botany, SBBS University, Jalandhar, Punjab, IndiaKunal NepaliDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, IndiaLorella PasquinucciDepartment of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyMantosh Kumar SatapathyGraduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TaiwanMaria Luísa Soares da SilvaLAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Centre of Chemical Research, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Hidalgo, MéxicoNatércia TeixeiraUCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, PortugalNeelam BhartiMellon Institute Library, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USAPrabhu P. MohapatraDepartment of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USARavdeep KaurDepartment of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, IndiaRenu BhardwajDepartment of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, IndiaRita TurnaturiDepartment of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania, ItalySamir MehndirattaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, IndiaShailendra SinghEnvironmental Health and Safety, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USASnezana Agatonovic-KustrinSchool of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, AustraliaSuhani MankotiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Science, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, IndiaVandana GautamDepartment of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Plant-Based Antiamoebic Natural Products: Literature Review and Recent Developments
Neelam Bharti1,*,Prabhu P. Mohapatra2,Shailendra Singh3
1 Mellon Institute Library, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
2 Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
3 Environmental Health and Safety, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Abstract
Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), is the third leading cause of health problems in developing countries and affects more than 10% of the world’s population. If left untreated, amoebiasis causes severe complications including hepatic and intestinal tissue destruction. According to World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 80% of the people in less-developed countries still rely on traditional medicine for their healthcare needs. In different parts of the world, plant extracts obtained from numerous plants have been used in the indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of dysentery. To apply these remedies to the rational scientific use of herbal medicines, studies on antiamoebic drugs mainly focused on natural products associated with folklore medicine. Plant extracts have been tested, and several natural products have been isolated from the active fractions, leading to the characterization and extensive biological studies of the isolated compounds. This book chapter reviews the noticeable crude extracts from medicinal plants tested for antiamoebic activities and isolated natural products that have been evaluated for antiamoebic activities in the last five decades. Most of these compounds with known structures belong to alkaloids, terpenoids, quassinoids, flavonoids, iridoids, and other phenolic compounds obtained from higher plants. These natural products showed activity against E. histolytica and other protozoa in vitro, and some of the natural products have been tested in vivo. Only a very few of them have been tested clinically. Herein, we report the traditional user’s knowledge, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, toxicity, and other properties of antiamoebic natural products.
Keywords: Amoebiasis, Antiamoebic, Alkaloids, E. histolytica, Flavonoids, Iridoids, Natural products, Quassinoids, Terpenoids.
*Corresponding author Neelam Bharti: Mellon Institute Library, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Tel: 412-268-6107; E-mail:
[email protected]Disclosure
Some content of this chapter was published previously [9].
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author (editor) declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Declared none.
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