Functional Coatings for Biomedical, Energy, and Environmental Applications E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Understand functional coatings and their role in three key industries of the future
Functional coatings play a huge range of roles in industries from automotive to aerospace to electronic and beyond. They offer protection, performance enhancement, corrosion resistance, self-cleaning properties, and more. Recent developments in the field have allowed for ever more precise optimization of functional coatings, with the result that demand for these key tools is only likely to increase.
Functional Coatings for Biomedical, Energy, and Environmental Applications offers a comprehensive overview of these coatings and their applications in three explosively productive industries. A team of expert contributors provides chapters analyzing the latest developments in this growing area of production, with a particular focus on the dynamic relationship between functional coatings and their many applications. The result is an interdisciplinary text which will serve as an essential resource for researchers and industry professionals worldwide.
Readers will also find:
- Analysis of functional coatings for dental implants, pool boilers, solar cells, and many more
- Detailed discussion of coating properties including superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, controlled drug release, and more
- Key contributions to the great environmental challenges of the twenty-first century
This book is a must-own for researchers in chemistry, engineering, energy, materials science, and more, as well as for industry professionals working with coating and other aspects of research and development in biomedical, energy, or environmental industries.
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Seitenzahl: 1552
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Coatings in Energy Sector
1.3 Coatings in the Environment: Agriculture, Food and Separations
1.4 Other Applications of Coatings
1.5 Conclusions
References
Part I: Coatings in Biomedical Applications
2 Functional Coatings
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thermal Sprays Technologies
2.3 Plasma Spraying
2.4 Combustion Spraying
2.5 The Cold Spray Technology
2.6 Substrate Preparation
2.7 Characteristics of the Cold Spray Process
2.8 Cold‐Sprayed Compounds
2.9 Cold Sprays Coatings with Added Functionality
2.10 Medical Implantable Device Coatings
2.11 Bioactive Coatings
2.12 Antimicrobial Coatings
2.13 Antifouling Coatings
2.14 Anticorrosive Coatings
2.15 Cold Spray Bioactive Coatings in the Future
2.16 Conclusion
References
3 Antimicrobial Coatings in Dental Implants: Past and Present Approaches
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Past and Present Status of AMC
3.3 Challenges and Future of Antimicrobial‐Coated Dental Implants
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Superhydrophobic Coatings for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications
4.1 Introduction to Functional Coatings
4.2 Superhydrophobic Coatings
4.3 Emerging Applications of Superhydrophobic Materials in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
4.4 Conclusions, Perspectives, and Future Directions
4.5 Outlook
Abbreviations
References
5 Antimicrobial Coatings
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Antimicrobial Coating Technology (AMC Technology)
5.3 Antimicrobial Coatings Market Size, Share, and Industrial Analysis
5.4 Antimicrobial Technology in Healthcare Systems
5.5 Benefits of Antimicrobial Coatings in the Medical Industry
5.6 Challenges of Implementing Antimicrobial Coatings
5.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
6 3D Printing Coatings for Pharmaceutical Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History
6.3 Advantages of a 3D Printed Drug Delivery
6.4 Process Challenges
6.5 Risk Assessment during 3D Printing Process
6.6 Types of 3D Printing
6.7 Applications of 3D Printing
References
7 Advances in Pharmaceutical Coatings and Coating Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Coating Materials
7.3 Different Types of Coating
7.4 Coating Equipment
7.5 Characterization Technique for the Coated Surface
7.6 Challenges of Coating in Pharmaceutical Application
7.7 Application of Process Modeling in Coating
7.8 Summary
References
8 Pharmaceutical Coatings
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biopharmaceutics
8.3 Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Coatings and Process
8.4 Manufacturing Process for Applying Coatings
8.5 Scale‐Up
8.6 Summary
References
Part II: Coatings in Energy and Environment
9 Energy Storage Coatings: Classification and Its Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of Energy Storage
9.3 Applications of Energy Storage Coatings
9.4 Summary
Acknowledgment
Competing Interest
References
10 Energy Storage Coatings in Textiles: A Revolutionary Integration
10.1 Background and Motivation
10.2 Objectives of the Chapter
10.3 Significance of Energy Storage Coatings in Textiles
10.4 Current Challenges and Opportunities
10.5 Fundamentals of Energy Storage
10.6 Types of Energy Storage Systems
10.7 Coating Technologies for Energy Storage
10.8 Integration Challenges and Solutions
10.9 Textile Substrates for Energy Storage Coatings
10.10 Advanced Materials for Energy Storage Coatings
10.11 Techniques for Applying Energy Storage Coatings
10.12 Applications of Energy Storage Textiles
10.13 Performance and Durability Assessment
10.14 Future Perspectives and Challenges
10.15 Conclusion
References
11 Green‐Synthesized Nanomaterial Coatings for High‐Performance Electrodes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.3 Results
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Optical Coating Systems for High‐Efficiency Solar Cells
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methodology
12.3 Working Mechanism, Advancement, and Applications of Various SC Coating Technologies
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Science and Engineering of Functional Coatings Materials Used in Energy Sectors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Functional Coatings Materials Property
13.3 Biomass‐Derived Functional Coating Materials
13.4 Types of Advanced Functional Coating Technologies for Renewable Energy Sectors
13.5 Functional Coatings for Solar Energy Applications
13.6 Functional Coatings Used in Hydrogen Energy
13.7 Methods to Estimate Hydrogen Embrittlement
13.8 The General Classification of Functional Coating Based on Materials
13.9 Challenges with Coatings That Are Thick and Thin or Soft and Stiff
13.10 Specific Challenges in Some Coating’s Applications
References
14 High‐Temperature Corrosion‐Resistant Coatings for the Energy Sector
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Advances in HTC‐Resistant Materials and Coatings
14.3 Materials and Coatings Corrosion Mechanisms
14.4 Corrosion‐Resistant Substances and Coatings: Application Trends
14.5 Mechanisms of Decline and Coating Design
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part III: Coatings for Industrial and Environmental Applications
15 Coatings in the Automobile Application
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Raw Material Used in the Automotive Coatings Industry
15.3 Based on Product Categories and Process of Coatings
15.4 Based on the Application Method of Coatings
15.5 Based on the Technology of Coating Types
15.6 Functional Coatings Types
15.7 Market
15.8 Benefits
15.9 Application
15.10 Current Trends in the Automotive Coatings
15.11 Automotive Key Suppliers
15.12 Conclusion
References
16 Coatings for Membrane Separations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Physical Coating Techniques
16.3 Chemical Coating Techniques
16.4 Applications
16.5 Challenges and Outlook
16.6 Conclusions
References
17 Coatings for Oil–Water Separation
17.1 Introduction
17.2 What Are Coatings?
17.3 Application of Coatings
17.4 Types of Coatings
17.5 Fabrication Methods of Superhydrophobic and Super‐Hydrophilic coatings
17.6 Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic Coated Membranes Used for Oil/Water Separation
17.7 Limitations Associated with the Development of Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic Surfaces and Films
17.8 Conclusions
References
18 Enhancing the Performance of Ultrafiltration (UF) Membranes with the Aid of Functional Coatings
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of Coating Material
18.3 Synthesis of Polymer‐Coated Membranes
18.4 Fouling and Antifouling Mechanism Analysis
18.5 Major Applications and Performance Characteristics of Surface‐Modified UF Membranes
18.6 Concluding Remarks
References
19 Antimicrobial Coatings for Water Purification: Applications and Future Perspectives
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Metal and Its Oxide‐Containing Nanocoatings
19.3 Polymers‐Based Coatings Used for Water Purification
19.4 Ionic Liquids and Polymer Composites as Antimicrobial Agents
19.5 Natural Plant Extracts for Water Purification
19.6 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Coatings in Food and Consumer Goods
20 Protein‐Based Edible Coatings and Films for Food Packaging and Storage
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Types of Coatings
20.3 Protein Film Formation Methods
20.4 Improvement Methods for Protein Films
20.5 Factors Affecting Protein‐Based Film
20.6 Applications of Protein‐Based Edible Films
20.7 Conclusion
References
21 Antimicrobial Coatings in the Food Industry
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Food Industry: Role, Benefits, and Risks
21.3 Microbial Contamination in Food Industry
21.4 Antimicrobial Agents and Their Mode of Action
21.5 Antimicrobial Coatings
21.6 Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Coating Agents
21.7 Applications of Antimicrobial Coatings in Food Industry
21.8 Release Kinetics of Antimicrobial Agents from Coated Surfaces
21.9 Recent Trends in Antimicrobial Coatings
21.10 Challenges and Safety Concerns
21.11 The Commercialization of Antimicrobial Coatings
21.12 Conclusion and Future Roadmap
References
22 Antimicrobial Coatings for Fruits and Vegetables
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Composition of Edible Coating for Fruits and Vegetables
22.3 Antimicrobial Agents Suitable for Coating
22.4 Techniques for Making an Antimicrobial Edible Coating
22.5 Effect of Edible Coating on Qualities of Fruits and Vegetables
22.6 Future Prospect
22.7 Conclusion
References
23 Antioxidant Coatings Applied in the Food Industry
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Role of Antioxidant Coatings in the Food Industry
23.3 Classification of Antioxidants
23.4 Method of Extraction of Antioxidants from Natural Resources
23.5 Procedure for Inducing Coating on FM
23.6 Antioxidant Film as a Coating in Packaging
23.7 Challenges and Prospect
23.8 Conclusion
References
24 Applications of Edible Coating in the Food Industry
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Coating Categories
24.3 Ingredients in the Making of Edible Coating
24.4 Possible Generation Methods of Edible Coatings
24.5 Factors Affecting Coating Process
24.6 Sensory Implication on the Shelf Life of Fruit
24.7 Application of Edible Coating
24.8 Advantages of Edible Coating
24.9 Characterization/Analysis of Edible Coatings
24.10 Ordinance Detail
24.11 Future Trends
References
Part V: Emerging Coating Innovations
25 Antimicrobial Coatings for Textiles Using Natural Dyes
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Applications of Natural Antimicrobial Dyes for Textiles
25.3 Future Scope
References
26 Superhydrophobic Coatings for Boiling Heat Transfer Applications
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Wettability
26.3 Wettability Effects on Bubble Dynamics
26.4 Preparation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Pool Boiling
26.5 Boiling Characteristics on Superhydrophobic Surfaces
26.6 Summary
26.7 Prospects of SHB Surfaces
References
27 Electroless Nickel‐Based Coatings for Corrosion Protection Applications
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Effect of Corrosion
27.3 Corrosion Protection
27.4 Electroplating and Electroless Plating
27.5 Electroless Plating of Nickel
27.6 Conclusion
References
28 Functional Coating in Electronic Applications
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Principles of Functional Coatings
28.3 Applications of Functional Coatings
28.4 Future Trends and Challenges
28.5 Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Nano coatings for biomedical engineering.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Overview of AMC types, implant surfaces used, target microbes, st...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Examples of SHS prepared by spray‐coating methods.
Table 4.2 Examples of SHS prepared by etching methods.
Table 4.3 Examples for SHS by template method.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Materials used in antimicrobial coatings.
Table 5.2 Biomaterial‐associated infection rates for various implants and d...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Coating defects, their cause, and treatments.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Typical factors that affect bioavailability.
Table 8.2 Commonly used components in film coatings.
Table 8.3 A few course‐correction steps in a coating process.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Energy content of the source of fuel.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Comparison of the performances of different materials used in te...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Literature on modified PGEs with nanoparticles.
Table 11.2 Literature on nanoparticles.
Table 11.3 Size of the FeNP obtained from natural plant‐based source.
Table 11.4 EIS parameters for bare (0.7 mm HB) PGE and coated (0.7 mm HB) F...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 List of the performance requirements for applied materials, deve...
Table 14.2 Comparison of refractories' primary properties used in WTE and b...
Table 14.3 Standard microstructures and test conditions for YSZ/Ni–base all...
Table 14.4 After 1.3 years of exposure, the lifetime prediction of YSZ/Ni–b...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Unique properties of pigments.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Summary and comparison of various coating processes’ concepts, b...
Table 16.2 Summary of recent literature on various membrane substrates used...
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Feasibility of different coating methods (Hooda et al. 2020; Ras...
Table 17.2 Oil/water separation using superhydrophobic/superoleophobic mesh...
Table 17.3 Oil/water separation using superhydrophobic/superoleophobic poro...
Table 17.4 Oil/water separation using superhydrophobic/superoleophobic film...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Surface modification techniques of UF membranes using polymers....
Table 18.2 Membrane modification using inorganic material.
Table 18.3 Performance characteristics of surface‐modified ultrafiltration ...
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Antimicrobial action of metal oxide‐based nanocomposites/nanopar...
Table 19.2 List of matrices used for embedding silver nanoparticles.
Table 19.3 Polymer‐based membranes for removal of contaminants from wastewa...
Table 19.4 Classification of materials used for contaminant removal from wa...
Table 19.5 Various types of polymer composites, along with types of pathoge...
Table 19.6 Antimicrobial action of various ionic liquid composites.
Table 19.7 List of plant extracts used for contaminants removal from wastew...
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Methods for improving properties of protein‐based films and coat...
Table 20.2 Applications of protein‐based films and coatings on food items....
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Antimicrobial surfaces and their mode of action.
Table 21.2 List of natural antimicrobial agents incorporated into matrices ...
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Edible coatings in fruits and vegetables.
Table 22.2 Natural antimicrobials used in edible coating of fruits and vege...
Table 22.3 Chemical antimicrobials used in edible coating of fruits and veg...
Chapter 23
Table 23.1 Antioxidants and their sources (compiled for this work).
Table 23.2 Antioxidant coating applied by various methods on fruits, nuts, ...
Table 23.3 Active ingredient sorption on the interface of the flexible film...
Table 23.4 Applications of thin films of flexibility that have active compo...
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Representation of elements present in edible coatings, along wit...
Table 24.2 Generation process and details of edible coating.
Chapter 26
Table 26.1 Description of the wetting system with water as a working fluid....
Table 26.2 Summary of roughness and contact angle on various hydro/superhyd...
Chapter 27
Table 27.1 Electrochemical series (Milazzo et al. 1978).
Table 27.2 Difference between electroplating and electroless plating.
Table 27.3 Electroless nickel coatings applications (Luiza and Vitry 2019)....
Chapter 28
Table 28.1 Tabular representation of future trends and challenges related t...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Application of nanotechnology in agriculture.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1
S. aureus
and
P. gingivalis
colonies after contact with coating. ...
Figure 3.2 Cell imaging by confocal laser scanner microscopy. (a)
S. aureus
...
Figure 3.3 Inhibition zone for
Cannabis sativa
leaf extract against dental m...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Applications of SHS.
Figure 4.2 Nature’s superhydrophobic surface – louts effect.
Figure 4.3 Illustration of lotus effect.
Figure 4.4 Young’s equation and bubble representation.
Figure 4.5 Wenzel’s equation and bubble representation.
Figure 4.6 Cassie–Baxter’s equation and bubble representation.
Figure 4.7 Broad classification of materials – coatings used in SHS preparat...
Figure 4.8 Representative fabrication techniques for superhydrophobic coatin...
Figure 4.9 Direct spray coating technique to make SHS.
Figure 4.10 Liquid flame spray (LFS) fabrication for SHS.
Figure 4.11 General method for chemical etching.
Figure 4.12 SHS in biomedical applications.
Figure 4.13 Stent made of SHS (taken from CC).
Figure 4.14 Illustration of antibacterial SHS.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 An illustrated flowchart showing antimicrobial technology.
Figure 5.2 Antimicrobial coatings market size by region, 2016–2028.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Schematic illustration of selective laser sintering.
Figure 6.2 Schematic illustration of fused deposition modeling.
Figure 6.3 There are six main 3D printing techniques used in the manufacturi...
Figure 6.4 Schematic illustration of inkjet printing technology.
Figure 6.5 Schematics showing: (a) a continuous inkjet printer; (b) an on‐de...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Summary of different types of coatings.
Figure 7.2 (a) Pellegrini coating pan and (b) Fluidized‐bed coating.
Figure 7.3 Summary of different types of modeling used in pharmaceutical ind...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 The digestive system.
Figure 8.2 Mass balance model of total drug disposition.
Figure 8.3 Visualization of film‐coating process.
Figure 8.4 Schematic representation of the film‐coating process.
Figure 8.5 Typical Ishikawa diagram for film coating.
Figure 8.6 Evaluation of the coating process.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Different methods for surface modification for different material...
Figure 9.2 Classification of thermal energy storage.
Figure 9.3 Grid energy storage applications.
Figure 9.4 Applications of coating in energy storage.
Figure 9.5 Cathode materials for lithium batteries.
Figure 9.6 Outline of materials used as electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cel...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Benefits of energy storage textiles.
Figure 10.2 Applications of energy storage textiles.
Figure 10.3 Applications of energy storage textiles in wearable electronics....
Figure 10.4 Applications of energy storage textiles in medical textiles.
Figure 10.5 Applications of energy storage textiles in military and defense....
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Possible applications of EFC's.
Figure 11.2 Generalized schematics of enzymatic biofuel cell consisting of p...
Figure 11.3 Enzymatic Fuel Cells (EFCs) advantages.
Figure 11.4 Various extracts used (Ocimum tenuiflorum n.d.).
Figure 11.5 Method for synthesis of nano particles (figure developed for thi...
Figure 11.6 (a) Collected neem and rose petals, (b) washing and grinding of ...
Figure 11.7 Modification of pencil graphite electrodes with synthesized nano...
Figure 11.8 UV–Vis spectra of iron nano particles synthesized using three ex...
Figure 11.9 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX images with elemental...
Figure 11.10 Fe 2p 3/2 photo electron spectra of green synthesized (a) Fe NP...
Figure 11.11 (a) SEM/EDX data of FeNP/PGE from neem extract on 0.7 mm HB gra...
Figure 11.12 Cyclic voltammograms of bare PGEs, FeNP/PGE (rose), and FeNP/PG...
Figure 11.13 (a) Comparative study of OCP values of bare, treated, and FeNP/...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Schematic diagram presenting various deposition techniques and p...
Figure 12.2 Schematic representation of working mechanism of (a) super‐hydro...
Figure 12.3 Pictorial representation of (a) Wenzel’s model and (b) Cassie–Ba...
Figure 12.4 Schematic representation of self‐healing superhydrophobic self‐c...
Figure 12.5 Representation of working principle of ARC through reflection in...
Figure 12.6 Working mechanism of multilayered ARCs.
Figure 12.7 Schematic diagram representing importance and working of gravity...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Classification of bio‐based coatings and its components.
Figure 13.2 Classification of biorefinery system.
Figure 13.3 List of functional materials for bioenergy.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Comparison of boiler thermal spray system spray speeds.
Figure 14.2 Ni‐Cr‐Mo‐(Nb, Fe) alloy corrosion mechanisms.
Figure 14.3 Mechanisms of thermal spraying‐induced coating layer breakdown i...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Schematic of a representative coating process application in the...
Figure 15.2 Schematic representation of automotive coating layers and thickn...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Schematic representation of the processes involved during the di...
Figure 16.2 Schematic representation of the processes involved during the sp...
Figure 16.3 Schematic representation of the processes involved during physic...
Figure 16.4 Schematic representation of the processes involved during membra...
Figure 16.5 Schematic representation of the processes involved during coatin...
Figure 16.6 (a–d) Schematic representation of the processes involved during ...
Figure 16.7 (a–d) Schematic representation of the processes involved during ...
Figure 16.8 Schematic representation of the processes involved during coatin...
Figure 16.9 Schematic representation of the processes involved during chemic...
Figure 16.10 Schematic representation of the processes involved during hydro...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Oil/water separation using coated surface (Li et al. 2020).
Figure 17.2 Image of coating (SAES Coated Films 2023).
Figure 17.3 Superhydrophobic coating (Li et al. 2020).
Figure 17.4 Super‐hydrophilic coating (Li et al. 2020).
Figure 17.5 Fabrication techniques of superhydrophobic and super‐hydrophilic...
Figure 17.6 Dip coating (Rasouli et al. 2021).
Figure 17.7 Spray coating (Rasouli et al. 2021).
Figure 17.8 Spin coating (Rasouli et al. 2021).
Figure 17.9 Sol–gel technique (Figueira et al. 2016).
Figure 17.10 Layer‐by‐layer technique (Rasouli et al. 2021).
Figure 17.11 Templating method
Figure 17.12 Physical vapor deposition technique (Srivastava et al. 2020).
Figure 17.13 Chemical vapor deposition technique (Rasouli et al. 2021).
Figure 17.14 Wet chemical method (Nijhuis et al. 2010).
Figure 17.15 Electro‐deposition method.
Figure 17.16 Electro‐spinning coating method (Rasouli et al. 2021).
Figure 17.17 Electro‐spraying coating method (Hooda et al. 2020).
Figure 17.18 Phase separation technique (Sphera Encapsulation 2021).
Figure 17.19 Grafting coating method (Rasouli et al. 2021).
Figure 17.20 Soft lithography (Microfluidic Reviews 2023).
Figure 17.21 Imprinting technique (Stephen et al. 1995).
Figure 17.22 Thermal technique (WWG Engineering 2022).
Figure 17.23 Hydrothermal technique (Feng et al. 2019).
Figure 17.24 Plasma irradiation (Music et al. 2021).
Figure 17.25 Ion beam irradiation (Xiang et al. 2021).
Figure 17.26 Femtosecond laser irradiation (Yong et al. 2016).
Figure 17.27 Mussel‐inspired chemistry method (Wang et al. 2019).
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 (a–c) Spray coating of polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (...
Figure 18.2 Schematic of preparation of polypyrrole‐modified membrane (PMM)....
Figure 18.3 Amphiphilic copolymer synthesis and anchoring on PVDF membrane....
Figure 18.4 Plasma‐induced graft polymerization of PAA and self‐assembly of ...
Figure 18.5 Schematic representation of film deposition during ALD process (...
Figure 18.6 Fouling mechanisms of UF membrane: (a) complete pore blocking mo...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Various natural polymers used in films and coating formulations....
Figure 20.2 Preparation of protein films by wet process or casting method.
Figure 20.3 Preparation of protein films by extrusion.
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Routes of microbial contamination in the food supply chain.
Figure 21.2 Physical and chemical approaches for antimicrobial coatings.
Figure 21.3 Natural resources used as antimicrobial agents in functional coa...
Figure 21.4 Benefits of antimicrobial coatings in the food industry.
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 (a) Edible coatings in fruits or vegetables.(b) Chitosan ext...
Figure 22.2 (a) Schematic representation of coating formed by bilayer on app...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Sequential steps followed in food processing.
Figure 23.2 Schematic of the use of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (CO
2
)...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 The food chain of biodegradable, edible films/coatings based on ...
Figure 24.2 Categories of edible coatings.
Figure 24.3 Generation and application of edible coating.
Figure 24.4 Effect of chitosan coating on fruits and vegetables.
Figure 24.5 Benefits of edible coating.
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Structure of (a) lawsone and (b) luteolin.
Figure 25.2 Structures of (a) juglone from walnut and (b) lapachol (R═OH) fr...
Figure 25.3 (a) Chemical components in
Punica granatum
and (b) Tennis.
Figure 25.4 Structure of curcumin.
Figure 25.5 Structure of catechins.
Figure 25.6 Molecular structures of (a) quercetin, (b) rutin, and (c) coumar...
Figure 25.7 Chemical structure of the main compounds of clove (a) b‐caryophy...
Figure 25.8 Chemical structure of compounds of thyme: (a) thymol, (b) carvac...
Figure 25.9 Structures of main coloring components of
T. arjuna
.
Figure 25.10 Chemical structure of berberine from
Rhizomacoptidis
.
Figure 25.11 Chemical structure of main components of black walnut.
Figure 25.12 Chemical structure of carotenoid.
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1 Illustration of the industrial applications of pool boiling.
Figure 26.2 Classical boiling curve and pool boiling heat transfer process....
Figure 26.3 Schematic representation of pool boiling (a) represents the vapo...
Figure 26.4 The vapor bubble behavior on (a) superhydrophilic and (b) superh...
Figure 26.5 Illustration of the typical procedure for fabricating superhydro...
Figure 26.6 Conventional coating of surface to develop SHB surface.
Figure 26.7 (a–b) Pool boiling results of the SHB surface.
Figure 26.8 (a–b) Bubble dynamics on hydrophobic surface.
Figure 26.9 (a) Schematic representation of bubble dynamics on super/hydroph...
Figure 26.10 (a) Boiling curves for different roughness of hydrophobic surfa...
Figure 26.11 (a) Bubble dynamics at atmospheric pressure on superhydrophilic...
Figure 26.12 Number of active nucleation site as a function of superheat for...
Figure 26.13 (a) Bubble dynamics at post‐type microstructured SHB surfaces a...
Chapter 27
Figure 27.1 Electroplating process diagram (created by author in paint).
Figure 27.2 Electroless plating setup and the process (created by author in ...
Figure 27.3 Typical electroless plating process (created by author).
Chapter 28
Figure 28.1 Principles of functional coatings (Tejero‐Martin et al. 2019) (o...
Figure 28.2 Applications of functional coatings (Ohayon‐Lavi et al. 2023) (o...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Functional Coatings for Biomedical, Energy, and Environmental Applications
Edited by
Raj K. Arya
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Jalandhar, India
George D. Verros
Public Sector
Thessaloniki, Greece
J. Paulo Davim
University of Aveiro
Aveiro, Portugal
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Arya, Raj Kumar, author. | Verros, George D., author. | Davim, J. Paulo, author.Title: Functional coatings for biomedical, energy, and environmental applications / Raj K. Arya, George D. Verros, J. Paulo Davim.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2025]Identifiers: LCCN 2024017988 (print) | LCCN 2024017989 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394263141 (hardback) | ISBN 9781394263165 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394263158 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Coatings.Classification: LCC TA418.9.C57 A79 2024 (print) | LCC TA418.9.C57 (ebook) | DDC 667/.9–dc23/eng/20240517LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024017988LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024017989
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List of Contributors
Priyanka AdhikariCentre for GMP Extraction FacilityNational Institute of PharmaceuticalEducation and Research Guwahati (NIPER‐G)Guwahati, AssamIndia
Anil K. AdimulapuDepartment of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyThe Assam Kaziranga UniversityJorhot, AssamIndia
Diksha AgrawalDepartment of School of Life ScienceDevi Ahilya VishwavidyalayaIndore, Madhya PradeshIndia
Shilpi AhluwaliaDr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute ofChemical Engineering & TechnologyPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
Inbaoli ArivalaganDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology CalicutKozhikode, KeralaIndia
Raj K. AryaDepartment of Chemical EngineeringDr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute ofTechnologyJalandhar, PunjabIndia
Siddharth AtalDepartment of Chemical EngineeringRajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum TechnologyJais, Uttar PradeshIndia
Sonal S. BagadeRenewable Energy LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsMaulana Azad National Institute of TechnologyBhopal, Madhya PradeshIndia
Naveen Prasad Balakrishna P. S.Chemical Engineering, College of Engineeringand TechnologyUniversity of Technology and AppliedSciences, SalalahSultanate of Oman
Saikat BanerjeeChemical Engineering, College of Engineeringand TechnologyUniversity of Technology and Applied SciencesSalalahSultanate of Oman
Chitresh K. BhargavaIITB‐Monash Research AcademyIndian Institute of Technology BombayMumbai, MaharashtraIndia
Aadil A. BhatDepartment of Chemical EngineeringKonkuk UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
Rohidas BhoiDepartment of Chemical EngineeringMalaviya National Institute of TechnologyJaipur, RajasthanIndia
Ratna ChandraSchool of BiotechnologySri Mata Vaishno Devi UniversityKatra, Jammu and KashmirIndia
ChankitThin Film Laboratory, Department ofChemistryDeenbandhu Chhotu Ram University ofScience and TechnologySonipat, HaryanaIndia
Debapriya ChattopadhyayDepartment of Textile ChemistryThe Technological Institute of Textile andSciencesBhiwani, HaryanaIndia
Sandesh S. ChouguleDepartment of Chemical Engineering, CleanEnergy Processes (CEP) LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondonUK
Tanweepriya DasDepartment of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneMelbourne, VictoriaAustralia
Rohit DuttaDepartment of Chemical EngineeringHeritage Institute of Technology KolkataKolkata, West BengalIndia
Deepak DwivediDepartment of Chemical EngineeringRajiv Gandhi Institute of PetroleumTechnologyJais, Uttar Pradesh, India
Vinitha EbenezerDepartment of OceanographyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxCanada
Shambala Gadekar‐ShindeDepartment of Chemical EngineeringBharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)College of EngineeringPune, MaharashtraIndia
Umesh GhoraiProcess EngineerWood India Engineering Project Private LimitedIndia
Sushmit GhoshDepartment of Chemical and BiomolecularEngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityOhioUnited States
Gargi GhoshalDr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute ofChemical Engineering & Technology,Panjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
Sachin K. GodaraDepartment of Apparel and Textile TechnologyGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, PunjabIndia
Simmi GoelDepartment of BiotechnologyMata Gujri CollegeSri Fatehgarh Sahib, PunjabIndia
Jotiram GujarDepartment of Chemical EngineeringSinhgad College of EngineeringPune, MaharashtraIndia
Avni GuptaDr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute ofChemical Engineering & TechnologyPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
Gaurav GuptaDepartment of Physics and AstrophysicsUniversity of DelhiNew DelhiIndia
Sakshi GuptaDr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute ofChemical Engineering & TechnologyPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
Sajjad HaiderChemical Engineering Department,College of EngineeringKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
Athar A. HashmiBioinorganic lab, Department of ChemistryJamia Millia Islamia, New DelhiIndia
D. IllakiamDepartment of Biotechnology,Mother Teresa Women’s UniversityKodaikanal, Tamil NaduIndia
Sombir JaglanDepartment of ChemistryGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, PunjabIndia
Anandkumar JayapalDepartment of Chemical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology RaipurRaipur, ChhattisgarhIndia
Rajesh E. JesudasanDepartment of Biotechnology, School ofPharmacyThe Assam Kaziranga UniversityJorhot, AssamIndia
Arlene A. JoaquinChemical Engineering, College of Engineeringand TechnologyUniversity of Technology and AppliedSciences, SalalahSultanate of Oman
Ramanujam KanchanaDepartment of ChemistrySRM Institute of Science and TechnologyKattankulathur, Tamil NaduIndia
Manoj KandpalRockefeller University HospitalNew YorkUSA
Preet KanwalDr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute ofChemical Engineering & TechnologyPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
Ashish KapoorDepartment of Chemical EngineeringHarcourt Butler Technical UniversityKanpur, Uttar PradeshIndia
Vinod KashyapDepartment of ChemistryNational Institute of TechnologyTiruchirappalli, Tamil NaduIndia
Sukhdeep KaurDepartment of Electronics TechnologyGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, PunjabIndia
Varinder KaurDepartment of Apparel and Textile TechnologyGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, PunjabIndia
Sonanki KeshriDepartment of ChemistryJyoti Nivas College AutonomousBengaluru, KarnatakaIndia
Salah‐Ud‐Din KhanSustainable Energy Centre, College ofEngineeringKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
Punit K. KhannaSchool of BiotechnologySri Mata Vaishno Devi UniversityKatra, Jammu and KashmirIndia
Kulsoom KoserBioinorganic lab, Department of ChemistryJamia Millia Islamia, New DelhiIndia
Shahnaz KousarDepartment of Physics,GNA UniversityPhagwara, PunjabIndia
Balaji KrishnamurthyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringBITS‐Pilani Hyderabad CampusSecunderabad, TelanganaIndia
Ashish KumarDepartment of Pharmaceutical AnalysisGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
Deepak KumarAtmospheric Science Research CenterState University of New YorkAlbany, NYUSA
Rakesh KumarDepartment of Chemical EngineeringRajiv Gandhi Institute of PetroleumTechnologyJais, Uttar PradeshIndia
Sudesh KumarDepartment of ChemistryBanasthali Vidyapith, RajasthanIndia
Yogendra KumarDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyChennai, Tamil NaduIndia
Ankita KumariDepartment of ChemistryBanasthali VidyapithRajasthanIndia
Manzar M. MalikNanotechnology Research Laboratory,Department of PhysicsMaulana Azad National Institute ofTechnologyBhopal, Madhya PradeshIndia
Vijayanand ManickamMechanical Engineering, Collegeof Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Technology and Applied SciencesSalalahOman
Anand MattaQuality Operations CRISPR TherapeuticsSouth Boston, MAUSA
Anshi MehraDepartment of chemical engineeringDr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute ofTechnologyJalandhar, PunjabIndia
Uma R. MekaChemical Engineering, College of Engineeringand TechnologyUniversity of Technology and AppliedSciences, SalalahSultanate of Oman
Anu P. MinhasDepartment of Biological DivisionICMR‐NIOH (Indian Council ofMedical research‐National Institute ofOccupational Health)Ahmedabad, GujaratIndia
Sabin MishraFaculty of EngineeringHigher Colleges of TechnologyUAE
Debarati MitraDepartment of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of CalcuttaKolkata, West BengalIndia
Bhavishya MittalFormulations and Process DevelopmentKronos Bio Inc.San Mateo, CAUSA
M. Mukunda VaniDepartment of Chemical EngineeringChaitanya Bharathi Institute of TechnologyHyderabad, TelanganaIndia
Chaithanya K. I. NagaDepartment of Chemistry andChemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridge, MAUSA
Mahesh NamballaQuality OperationsElevateBioWaltham, MAUSA
Rakesh NamdetiChemical Engineering, College of Engineeringand TechnologyUniversity of Technology and Applied SciencesSalalahSultanate of Oman
Alvine S. NdinchoutDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
Krishna D. P. NigamSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of AdelaideNorth Terrace CampusAdelaide (SA)Australia
Jayakaran PachiyappanChemical Engineering, College of Engineeringand TechnologyUniversity of Technology and Applied SciencesSalalahSultanate of Oman
Anaikutti ParthibanCentre for GMP Extraction FacilityNational Institute of PharmaceuticalEducation and Research Guwahati (NIPER‐G)Guwahati, AssamIndia
Piyush K. PatelRenewable Energy Laboratory, Departmentof PhysicsMaulana Azad National Institute of TechnologyBhopal, Madhya PradeshIndia
Diksha P. PathakDepartment of Chemical EngineeringRajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum TechnologyJais, Uttar PradeshIndia
Sunita PatilDepartment of Chemical EngineeringDr. D. Y Patil Institute of Engineering,Management & ResearchPune, MaharashtraIndia
Santhi R. PilliDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTechnology, College of Applied IndustrialTechnology (CAIT)Jazan UniversityJazanKingdom of Saudi Arabia
Muthamilselvi PonnuchamyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringSRM Institute of Science and TechnologyKattankulathur, Tamil NaduIndia
Ajeet K. PrajapatiDepartment of Chemical EngineeringRajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum TechnologyJais, Uttar PradeshIndia
Pooja RajputDepartment of ChemistryDr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute ofTechnologyJalandhar, PunjabIndia
Snehil RanaDepartment of chemical engineeringDr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute ofTechnologyJalandhar, PunjabIndia
Alok RanjanCentre for GMP Extraction FacilityNational Institute of PharmaceuticalEducation and Research Guwahati (NIPER‐G)Guwahati, AssamIndia
B. RavindranDepartment of Environmental Energy &EngineeringKyonggi UniversitySuwon‐si, Gyeonggi‐doKorea
M. RaziaDepartment of BiotechnologyMother Teresa Women’s UniversityKodaikanal, Tamil NaduIndia
Subhajith RoychowdhuryMax‐Planck‐Institute for Chemical Physicsof SolidsDresdenGermany
Devyanshu SachdevDr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute ofChemical Engineering & TechnologyPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
Gaganpreet K. SainiTWI Foods Inc.Toronto, ONCanada
Monalisha SamantaDepartment of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of CalcuttaKolkata, West BengalIndia
Jitendra SangwaiDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyChennai, Tamil NaduIndia
Arka SanyalDepartment of Chemical EngineeringHeritage Institute of Technology KolkataKolkata, West BengalIndia
Priyanka SatiDepartment of ChemistryBanasthali VidyapithRajasthanIndia
Abhishek K. S. SaxenaDepartment of Chemical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology RaipurRaipur, ChhattisgarhIndia
Sivamani SelvarajuChemical Engineering, College of Engineeringand TechnologyUniversity of Technology and Applied SciencesSalalahSultanate of Oman
Pramita SenDepartment of Chemical EngineeringHeritage Institute of TechnologyKolkata, West BengalIndia
Nachiappan SenthilnathanChemical Engineering, College of Engineeringand TechnologyUniversity of Technology and AppliedSciences, SalalahSultanate of Oman
Paramathma Baskara SethupathiDepartment of Automobile EngineeringSRM Institute of Science and TechnologyKattankulathur, Tamil NaduIndia
Amook SharmaSchool of BiotechnologySri Mata Vaishno Devi UniversityKatra, Jammu and KashmirIndia
Ananya SharmaDr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute ofChemical Engineering & TechnologyPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
Ashok K. SharmaThin Film Laboratory, Department ofChemistryDeenbandhu Chhotu Ram University ofScience and TechnologySonipat, HaryanaIndia
Pragati SharmaDepartment of Physics and AstrophysicsUniversity of DelhiNew DelhiIndia
Rahul SharmaDepartment of ChemistryDeenbandhu Chhotu Ram University ofScience and TechnologySonipat, HaryanaIndia
Shashikala A. R.Department of Chemistry, School of EngineeringPresidency UniversityBangaloreKarnataka
D. Shruthi KeerthiDepartment of Chemical EngineeringBITS‐Pilani Hyderabad CampusSecunderabad, TelanganaIndiaDepartment of Chemical EngineeringAnurag University, HyderabadTelanganaIndia
Parimala ShivaprasadDepartment of Chemical and EnvironmentalEngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
Harbaaz SinghDr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute ofChemical Engineering & TechnologyPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
Meenakshi SinghCentre for GMP Extraction FacilityNational Institute of PharmaceuticalEducation and Research Guwahati (NIPER‐G)Guwahati, AssamIndia
Palwinder SinghDepartment of ChemistryGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, PunjabIndia
Rajendra P. SinghSchool of Civil EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
Akhoury S. K. SinhaDepartment of Chemical EngineeringRajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum TechnologyJais, Uttar PradeshIndia
Sujith Kumar C. SivaramanDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology CalicutKozhikode, KeralaIndia
Anupam B. SoniDepartment of Chemical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology RaipurRaipur, ChhattisgarhIndia
Kashmiri SonowalDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Schoolof PharmacyThe Assam Kaziranga UniversityJorhot, AssamIndia
Sridhar B. S.Department of Industrial Engineering andManagementM S Ramaiah Institute of TechnologyBengaluruKarnataka
Suriyanarayanan SudhaDepartment of ChemistryJyoti Nivas College AutonomousBengaluru, KarnatakaIndia
Srinivas TadepalliDepartment of Chemical Engineering,College of Engineering,Al‐Imam Muhammad Bin Saud IslamicUniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
Kshitij TewariDepartment of Chemical and BiomedicalEngineeringWest Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WVUSA
Anupama ThakurDr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute ofChemical Engineering & TechnologyPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
Devyani ThapliyalDepartment of chemical engineeringDr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute ofTechnologyJalandhar, PunjabIndia
Davvedu ThathapudiKL College of pharmacyKL UniversityGuntur, Andhra PradeshIndia
Ashutosh TripathiDepartment of Environmental ScienceNagaland UniversityHqrs Lumami, NagalandIndia
V. Uma Maheshwari NallalDepartment of BiotechnologyMother Teresa Women’s UniversityKodaikanal, Tamil NaduIndia
Usha Raja NanthiniDepartment of BiotechnologyMother Teresa Women’s UniversityKodaikanal, Tamil NaduIndia
Deepika VermaDepartment of Apparel and Textile TechnologyGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, PunjabIndia
Raj Kumar VermaDepartment of Chemical EngineeringChaitanya Bharathi Institute of TechnologyHyderabad, TelanganaIndia
Sarojini VermaDepartment of chemical engineeringDr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute ofTechnologyJalandhar, PunjabIndia
Sheetal VermaniDepartment of ChemistryGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, PunjabIndia
George D. VerrosDepartment of ChemistryAristotle University of ThessalonikiEpanomiGreece
Alisa WikaputriDepartment of Chemical and EnvironmentalEngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
Arvind K. YadavSchool of BiotechnologySri Mata Vaishno Devi UniversityKatra, Jammu and KashmirIndia
Preface
Functional coatings have evolved significantly, transitioning from mere protective layers to innovative solutions that impact various industries. This book, titled Functional Coatings for Biomedical, Energy, and Environmental Applications, aims to explore the diverse applications of functional coatings in these critical domains. The journey of the book unfolds through five comprehensive parts, each focusing on specific applications and innovations.
In Part I, “Coatings in Biomedical Applications,” contributors delve into the intricate world of biomedical engineering. Chapters explore topics such as antimicrobial coatings in dental implants, superhydrophobic coatings, 3D‐printed coatings for pharmaceutical applications, and advances in pharmaceutical coatings.
Part II, “Coatings in Energy and Environment,” sheds light on the intersection of coatings with energy‐related challenges. Chapters discuss energy storage coatings, their integration into textiles, green‐synthesized nanomaterial coatings, and high‐temperature corrosion‐resistant coatings for the energy sector.
The exploration continues in Part III, “Coatings for Industrial and Environmental Applications,” with chapters dedicated to coatings in automobile applications, membrane separations, oil–water separation, and antimicrobial coatings for water purification.
Part IV, “Coatings in Food and Consumer Goods,” addresses the crucial role of coatings in the food industry. Contributors discuss protein‐based edible coatings, antimicrobial coatings in food processing, and antioxidant coatings applied in the food industry.
The book concludes with Part V, “Emerging Coating Innovations,” which explores cutting‐edge developments such as antimicrobial coatings for textiles, superhydrophobic coatings for pool boiling heat transfer, electroless nickel‐based coatings for corrosion protection, and functional coatings in electronic applications.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to all contributors whose expertise has enriched this book, making it a valuable contribution to the field. A special acknowledgment is due to Sarada Paul Roy for her outstanding language editing, ensuring clarity and precision throughout the book. We also express sincere appreciation to the Wiley editorial board, including Summers Scholl, Executive Editor, Physical Sciences, Wiley, New York, United States, and Elizabeth Rose Amaladoss, Managing Editor, Advanced Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mustaq Ahamed Noorullah and Vinitha Kannaperan & Hafiza Tasneem, Content Refinement Specialist, Wiley, Chennai, India, for their steadfast support and guidance throughout the project.
Last but not least, we acknowledge and thank our families for their unwavering support. Their encouragement and understanding have played a pivotal role in bringing this book to fruition.
We hope this book will serve as a valuable reference for researchers, practitioners, and professionals navigating the dynamic landscape of functional coatings in biomedical, energy, environmental, and emerging applications.
Editors
Raj K. Arya
Department of Chemical EngineeringDr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute ofTechnology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
George D. Verros
Public SectorThessaloniki, Greece
J. Paulo Davim
Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
1Introduction: The Evolution of Functional Coatings from Protection to Innovation
Devyani Thapliyal1, Kshitij Tewari2, Sarojini Verma1, Chitresh K. Bhargava3, Pramita Sen4, Anshi Mehra1, Snehil Rana1, George D. Verros5, and Raj K. Arya1
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
2 Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
3 IITB‐Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
5 Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Epanomi, Greece
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Coatings in Biomedical Engineering
1.1.1.1 The Role of Coatings in Tissue Engineering and Surgical Applications
The broad application of biomaterials in diverse technologies, including sensors, electrodes, prostheses, bioelectrodes, skin substitutes, and drug delivery systems, collectively falls under the umbrella term biotechnology. This interdisciplinary field extends to crucial medical operations such as surgery, dentistry, prosthetics, biosensors, electrophoresis, bioelectricity, and implantation, playing a pivotal role in various human endeavors. The growing demand for orthopedic implants, fueled by an aging population and advancements in public health, has led to extensive use of titanium (Ti) and its alloys. Despite their notable success, challenges like failure and degradation persist, particularly among patients with low bone density or osteoporosis. Ongoing research, highlighted by Jiang et al. (2023), focuses on surface modification to improve clinical outcomes, emphasizing the need to impart surface qualities for enhanced bioactivity and osseointegration.
Grigoriev et al. (2023) delve into methodologies for applying specialized coatings on medical implants composed of titanium alloys. Techniques such as electrochemical deposition, sol–gel processes, atmospheric plasma deposition, magnetron sputtering, and vacuum arc deposition are assessed for their advantages and disadvantages, specifically emphasizing their potential in modifying coatings for medical applications, with a focus on titanium alloy substrates.
Cardiovascular medical devices (CMDs) play a crucial role in cases of impaired heart capacity or activity. Ensuring the proper functioning of CMDs necessitates building materials prioritizing attributes like strength, stiffness, rigidity, and corrosion resistance. The complexity arises from the use of composite materials in constructing composite/metallic designs, typically consisting of both metallic and polymeric components. Evaluating not only material features but also their biocompatibility is essential for the short‐ and long‐term effectiveness of CMDs. Coronel‐Meneses et al. (2023) conducted a comprehensive review covering materials used in CMD development and their essential properties and documented surface changes in literature, clinical trials, and successful market introductions.
The book explores the growing interest in Fe‐based materials for bioresorbable stents due to their favorable mechanical qualities and biocompatibility. However, the limited rate of iron (Fe) deterioration poses a significant constraint, leading to efforts to enhance the corrosion rate of iron‐based stents. Zhang et al. (2024a) comprehensively described various tactics for building Fe‐based stents with enhanced degradation, categorizing approaches into four primary sections: enhancement of active surface areas, customization of microstructures, generation of galvanic reactions, and reduction of local pH levels.
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys, beneficial for orthopedic and cardiovascular medical devices, face challenges related to biological degradation. Verma and Ogata (2023) propose protective polymeric deposit coatings as a potential solution to enhance corrosion resistance while maintaining inherent material features.
The comprehensive study by Bandyopadhyay et al. (2023) addresses surface modification, bulk alteration, and biologic inclusion as methods to increase the biocompatibility of metals in biomedical equipment. Chowdhury and Arunachalam (2023) investigate the use of surface engineering technology in three‐dimensional (3D) printing and additive manufacturing for titanium and its alloys. Han et al. (2023) provide an extensive explanation of modification methods applied to the surface of titanium implants, emphasizing their impact on the biological and physical characteristics of biomaterials.
Hu et al. (2023) focus on recent applications of surface modification techniques in various biomaterial domains, including film and coating synthesis, covalent grafting, self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs), and plasma surface modification. Ma et al. (2023) offer a detailed explanation of layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly and its clinical use in orthopedics. Fosca et al. (2023) thoroughly examine ion‐doped calcium phosphate coatings for orthopedic and dental implant applications.
Singh et al. (2023) present recent findings on utilizing biopolymer coatings to enhance tissue engineering and drug delivery. Karanth et al. (2023) investigate cranial bone regeneration through 3D‐printed scaffolds, and Abraham and Venkatesan (2023) conduct a comprehensive analysis on bioimplants, discussing qualities demonstrated by different implant materials.
Bandyopadhyay et al. (2023) examine various length scales, from bulk metals to microporosities and surface nanoarchitecture, aiming to enhance biological responses in metallic materials. Zhou et al. (2023) discuss approaches to enhance the bioactivity of bone scaffolds, including corrosion resistance, incorporation of bioactive coatings, improvement of adhesion, modulation of immune responses, and the use of bionic structures. Chen et al. (2023) provide a comprehensive analysis of antibacterial coatings on orthopedic implants, while Alavi et al. (2022) thoroughly investigate hydrogel‐based therapeutic coatings for dental implants, analyzing their properties and potential benefits in dentistry.
Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) films, employed in biomedical contexts for their tribological and chemical characteristics, inhibit substrate ion release, enhance material durability, and facilitate cellular proliferation. Malisz et al. (2023) offer a comprehensive overview of DLC coatings, emphasizing advancements in coating deposition techniques, including physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
1.1.1.2 Application of Smart Coatings in Biomedical Engineering
Controlling contamination in biomedical and healthcare environments presents a considerable challenge, given the insufficient microbiological protection offered by conventional anti‐infective agents and disinfectants. The adoption of antimicrobial surfaces has emerged as a contemporary strategy to address bacterial spread in relation to cleanliness. Various approaches have been devised to hinder biofilm formation through the incorporation of biocidal chemicals. Infections can lead to significant health issues, including fatalities. Surfaces on biomedical equipment, implants, textiles, tables, and doorknobs play a pivotal role in facilitating infection migration, adhesion, and growth. Utilizing surfaces with antimicrobial properties provides a reliable and enduring approach to reduce germ transmission, minimize microorganism growth, and decrease disease occurrence. Presently, there is a predominant focus on advancing surfaces with contact‐killing characteristics or the ability to reduce microbe abundance below a specific threshold (Pemmada et al. 2023).
According to Wu et al. (2023a), antimicrobial surfaces can be categorized into four distinct types, each characterized by a specific action mechanism: antifouling surfaces, bactericidal surfaces, surfaces with both antifouling and bactericidal properties, and dynamic or stimuli‐responsive surfaces. Intelligent antibacterial antifouling solutions have been developed to counteract bacterial contamination on biological surfaces. These solutions primarily work by reducing bacterial adhesion and eliminating attached bacteria. Recently, numerous intelligent coatings have been created to react to external environmental cues and release germs. The release of bacteria involves a conformational alteration in the responsive polymer due to changes in external factors such as pH, temperature, and light, impacting surface wettability and other characteristics. The practical utility of smart antimicrobial surfaces depends on the functional surface's ability to undergo repeated regeneration after germ release. Hence, integrating bactericidal and release capabilities into a regenerative smart antimicrobial approach holds promise for combating multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacterial infections.
Zhang et al. (2024b) comprehensively described various stimuli, including pH, temperature, salt solution, light, sugar, or their combinations, with the potential to induce antibacterial activity. The authors elaborated on the mechanisms underlying the death or release of antibacterial agents, discussing prospective uses of these stimuli‐responsive systems with illustrative examples.
The advent of nanotechnology has led to significant applications, including the manipulation and eradication of harmful microorganisms. Advances in nanotechnology have resulted in various nanomaterials, including two‐dimensional (2D) nanoparticles and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles with antibacterial properties (Sahoo et al. 2022). Researchers are employing these compounds as coating agents for biomedical implants to create an environment inhibiting bacterial growth. Various methodologies, including different nanoparticles in surface coatings exhibiting antibacterial properties, show significant promise. This approach allows for the reduction or elimination of microbiological risks without continuous surface disinfection, thermal treatment, or alternative nonthermal methods. Deposition techniques encompass thermal evaporation, vacuum arc, pulsed laser deposition, sol–gel, CVD, sputtering, thermal deposition, electro spray, and electrochemical deposition (Kışla et al. 2023).
Advancements in biomedical devices contribute uniquely and indispensably to healthcare, serving as a critical factor in safeguarding human lives. However, microbial contamination can lead to biofilm colonization on medical devices, causing device‐related infections linked to substantial morbidity and mortality rates. Biofilms can evade the impacts of antibiotics, facilitating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and persistent infections. Rajaramon et al. (2023) conducted a study investigating the application of nature‐inspired concepts and multifunctional methodologies in advancing antibacterial surfaces for future‐generation gadgets. The study aims to address antibiotic‐resistant bacterial infections through the integration of novel methodologies. The application of natural phenomena, such as nanostructures observed on insect wings, shark skin, and lotus leaves, shows promise in developing surfaces with antibacterial, antiadhesive, and self‐cleaning characteristics.
Rajaramon et al. (2023) define antifouling polymers as substances efficiently attenuating nonspecific interactions with diverse biological entities, including cells, proteins, and other biomolecules. Hydrophilic polymers, identified by polar or charged functional groups, exhibit a strong affinity for noncovalent interactions with water molecules. The propensity to establish hydrogen bonds with water molecules creates a surface hydration layer critical in reducing nonspecific interactions with other molecules, essential for antifouling characteristics. This attribute finds significant usefulness in nanoscale applications, particularly in nanomedicine and molecular‐level alterations on surfaces. Antifouling polymers are crucial in mitigating cellular and molecular adhesion to various surfaces, making them highly sought‐after for use in marine and healthcare devices (Eng et al. 2023).
Soft implant coatings encompass various materials, including nonporous titanium (Areid et al. 2023; Del Castillo et al. 2022), bioactive glasses (BGs) (Abodunrin et al. 2023), coatings designed for controlled localized delivery (Talebian et al. 2023), albumin coatings (Kuten Pella et al. 2022), silicones like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Miranda et al. 2022; Zare et al. 2021
