Functionalization of Graphene E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 696

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

All set to become the standard reference on the topic, this book covers the most important procedures for chemical functionalization, making it an indispensable resource for all chemists, physicists, materials scientists and engineers entering or already working in the field. Expert authors share their knowledge on a wide range of different functional groups, including organic functional groups, hydrogen, halogen, nanoparticles and polymers.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Titlepage Text

Copyright

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Graphene

1.1 Brief History of Graphite

1.2 Graphene and Graphene Oxide

1.3 Characterization of Graphene

References

Chapter 2: Covalent Attachment of Organic Functional Groups on Pristine Graphene

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Cycloaddition Reactions

2.3 Addition of Free Radicals

2.4 Nucleophilic Addition

2.5 Electrophilic Addition on Graphene

2.6 Organometallic Chemistry of Graphene

2.7 Post Functionalization Reactions

2.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Addition of Organic Groups through Reactions with Oxygen Species of Graphene Oxide

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The Role of Carboxylic Acids of GO

3.3 The Role of Hydroxyl Groups of GO

3.4 Miscellaneous Additions

3.5 The Role of Epoxide Groups of GO

3.6 Post Functionalization of GO

3.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Chemical Functionalization of Graphene for Biomedical Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Nanomaterials

4.3 Non-covalent Functionalization of Graphene

4.4 Graphene-Based Conjugates Prepared by a Combination of Covalent and Non-covalent Functionalization

4.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Immobilization of Enzymes and other Biomolecules on Graphene

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Immobilization Approaches

5.3 Applications of Immobilized Biomolecules

5.4 Interactions between Enzymes and Nanomaterials

5.5 Conclusions

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 6: Halogenated Graphenes: Emerging Family of Two-Dimensional Materials

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Synthesis of Halogenated Graphenes

6.3 Characterization of Halogenated Graphenes

6.4 Chemistry, Properties, and Applications of Fluorographene and Fluorinated Graphenes

6.5 Chemistry and Properties of Chlorinated and Brominated Graphenes

6.6 Other Interesting Properties of Halogenated Graphenes and Their Applications

6.7 Halogenated Graphene–Graphene Heterostructures – Patterned Halogenation

6.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

Chapter 7: Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene

7.1 Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene – Theoretical Background

7.2 Graphene–Ligand Noncovalent Interactions – Experiment

7.3 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Immobilization of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Graphene

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Graphene Production

8.3 Graphene Functionalized with Metal Nanoparticles (M-NPs)

8.4 Graphene Functionalized with Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

8.5 Graphene Functionalized with Magnetic NPs

8.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Functionalization of Graphene by other Carbon Nanostructures

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Graphene–C

60

Nanocomposites

9.3 Graphene–CNT Hybrid Nanostructures

9.4 Graphene–Carbon Nanospheres

9.5 Graphene–Carbon Nitride Dots Hybrid Nanocomposite

9.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Doping of Graphene by Nitrogen, Boron, and Other Elements

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene

10.3 Boron Doping

10.4 BN Doping in Graphene

10.5 Doping with Other Elements

10.6 Properties and Applications

References

Chapter 11: Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Graphene-Based Hybrid Materials

11.1 Introduction

11.2 LbL Graphene-Based Hybrid Films

11.3 Graphene-Based Hybrids through the Langmuir–Blodgett Approach

11.4 Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12

Figure 1.13

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21

Figure 2.22

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.24

Figure 2.25

Figure 2.26

Figure 2.27

Figure 2.28

Figure 2.29

Figure 2.30

Figure 2.31

Figure 2.32

Figure 2.33

Figure 2.34

Figure 2.35

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.22

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

Figure 3.27

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.30

Figure 3.31

Figure 3.32

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14

Figure 8.15

Figure 8.16

Figure 8.17

Figure 8.18

Figure 8.19

Figure 8.20

Figure 8.21

Figure 8.22

Figure 8.23

Figure 8.24

Figure 8.25

Figure 8.26

Figure 8.27

Figure 8.28

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Figure 9.16

Figure 9.17

Figure 9.18

Figure 9.19

Figure 9.20

Figure 9.21

Figure 9.22

Figure 9.23

Figure 9.24

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Figure 10.12

Figure 10.13

Figure 10.14

Figure 10.15

Figure 10.16

Figure 10.17

Figure 10.18

Figure 10.19

Figure 10.20

Figure 10.21

Figure 10.22

Figure 10.23

Figure 10.24

Figure 10.25

Figure 10.26

Figure 10.27

Figure 10.28

Figure 10.29

Figure 10.30

Figure 10.31

Figure 10.32

Figure 10.33

Figure 10.34

Figure 10.35

Figure 10.36

Figure 10.37

Figure 10.38

Figure 10.39

Figure 10.40

Figure 10.41

Figure 10.42

Figure 10.43

Figure 10.44

Figure 10.45

Figure 10.46

Figure 10.47

Figure 10.48

Figure 10.49

Figure 10.50

Figure 10.51

Figure 10.52

Figure 10.53

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 11.14

Figure 11.15

Figure 11.16

Figure 11.17

Figure 11.18

Figure 11.19

Figure 11.20

Figure 11.21

Figure 11.22

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

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Functionalization of Graphene

Edited by Vasilios Georgakilas

The Editor

Dr. Vasilios Georgakilas

University of Patras

Department of Material Science

26504 Rio

Greece

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-33551-0

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-67278-3

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-67277-6

Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-67276-9

oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-67279-0

Preface

Graphene is one of the most attractive carbon nanostructures of the past decade with unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties that have been attracted tremendous interest in academics and industry. It is expected to play an important role in nanotechnology in the near future.

Although graphene is under certain conditions a relatively chemically inert material, it interacts with various organic and inorganic reactants affording a great variety of derivatives. Following the isolation of graphene and mainly the establishment of several procedures for its production in sufficient quantities, several researchers – inspired from analogous successful chemical modification of fullerene and carbon nanotubes – have performed a great number of chemical functionalization of graphene with analogous success.

Chemical functionalization is an important tool for enriching graphene with physicochemical and other properties particular to their potential use in various applications. The aim of this book is to present a comprehensive description of the several functionalization procedures applied on graphene. In the first chapter, a brief description of graphene is presented. The second and third chapters present a detailed compilation of the covalent organic functionalizations of graphene. The reactions are separated in two chapters according to whether or not oxygen groups of graphene are involved. The fourth and fifth chapters are focused on the functionalized graphene derivatives that are planned to be involved in bio applications. The sixth chapter is focused on the very interesting hydrogen and halogen derivatives of graphene as well as its properties. The seventh chapter describes noncovalent interactions of graphene with organic molecules and other reactive species. The eighth chapter presents a great variety of graphene derivatives with metallic nanoparticles and their potential applications especially in catalytic processes. The ninth chapter presents interesting all the carbon hybrid nanostructures that are formed by the combination of graphene with other carbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and carbon nanoparticles. The tenth chapter describes the formation of doped graphene with heteroatoms such as nitrogen or boron as well as its interesting properties. Finally, the last chapter presents the layer-by-layer assemblies of hybrid nanostructures that have graphene monolayers as a major component.

I would like to thank Wiley – VCH for the kind acceptance to publish this book. I dedicate this book to my wife for her continuous encouragement.

November 2013

Vasilios Georgakilas

List of Contributors

Alberto Bianco

CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire

Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique

15 Rue René Descartes

67084 Strasbourg cedex

France

Vimlesh Chandra

Pohang University of Science and Technology

Department of Chemistry

Center for Superfunctional Materials

San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu

Pohang, 790-784

Republic of Korea

and

Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology

School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering

UNIST-gil 50

Ulsan 689-798

Republic of Korea

Yeonchoo Cho

Pohang University of Science and Technology

Department of Chemistry

Center for Superfunctional Materials

San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu

Pohang, 790-784

Republic of Korea

and

Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology

School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering

UNIST-gil 50

Ulsan 689-798

Republic of Korea

Kingsley Christian Kemp

Pohang University of Science and Technology

Department of Chemistry

Center for Superfunctional Materials

San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu

Pohang, 790-784

Republic of Korea

and

Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology

School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering

UNIST-gil 50

Ulsan 689-798

Republic of Korea

Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Palacky University in Olomouc

Department of Physical Chemistry

Faculty of Science

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials

t 17. listopadu 12

Olomouc, 771 46

Czech Republic

Konstantinos Dimos

University of Ioannina

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

University Campus

45110 Ioannina

Greece

Armando Encinas

Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

Instituto de Física

Manuel Nava 6

Zona Universitaria

78290 San Luis Potosí

México

Vasilios Georgakilas

University of Patras

Department of Material Science

University Campus

26504 Rio

Greece

Dimitrios Gournis

University of Ioannina

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

University Campus

45110 Ioannina

Greece

Achutharao Govindaraj

CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry

and International Centre for Materials Science

New Chemistry Unit

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research

Jakkur P.O. Bangalore-560064

India

and

Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit

Indian Institute of Science

Malleswaram

Bangalore 560 012

India

Kwang Soo Kim

Pohang University of Science and Technology

Department of Chemistry

Center for Superfunctional Materials

San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu

Pohang, 790-784

Republic of Korea

and

Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology

School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering

UNIST-gil 50

Ulsan 689-798

Republic of Korea

Antonios Kouloumpis

University of Ioannina

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

University Campus

45110 Ioannina

Greece

Cécilia Ménard-Moyon

CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire

Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique

15 Rue René Descartes

67084 Strasbourg cedex

France

Ioannis V. Pavlidis

University of Ioannina

Laboratory of Biotechnology

Department of Biological Applications and Technologies

University Campus

45110 Ioannina

Greece

Michaela Patila

University of Ioannina

Laboratory of Biotechnology

Department of Biological Applications and Technologies

University Campus

45110 Ioannina

Greece

Angeliki C. Polydera

University of Ioannina

Laboratory of Biotechnology

Department of Biological Applications and Technologies

University Campus

45110 Ioannina

Greece

Mildred Quintana

Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

Instituto de Física

Manuel Nava 6

Zona Universitaria

78290 San Luis Potosí

México

C.N.R. Rao

CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry

New Chemistry Unit

International Centre for Materials Science

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research

Jakkur P.O. Bangalore 560 064

India

and

Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit

Indian Institute of Science

Malleswaram

Bangalore 560 012

India

Petra Rudolf

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science

Surfaces and Thin Films Zernike

Institute for Advanced Materials

Nijenborgh 4

9747 AG Groningen

The Netherlands

Cinzia Spinato

CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire

Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique

15 Rue René Descartes

67084 Strasbourg cedex

France

Konstantinos Spyrou

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science

Surfaces and Thin Films Zernike

Institute for Advanced Materials

Nijenborgh 4

9747 AG Groningen

The Netherlands

Haralampos Stamatis

University of Ioannina

Laboratory of Biotechnology

Department of Biological Applications and Technologies

University Campus

45110 Ioannina

Greece

Germán Y. Vélez

Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

Instituto de Física

Manuel Nava 6

Zona Universitaria

78290 San Luis Potosí

México

Radek Zboil

Palacky University in Olomouc

Department of Physical Chemistry

Faculty of Science

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials

t 17. listopadu 12

Olomouc, 771 46

Czech Republic

Panagiota Zygouri

University of Ioannina

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

University Campus

45110 Ioannina

Greece

Chapter 1

An Introduction to Graphene

Konstantinos Spyrou and Petra Rudolf

1.1 Brief History of Graphite

Carbon takes its name from the latin word carbo meaning charcoal. This element is unique in that its unique electronic structure allows for hybridization to build up sp3, sp2, and sp networks and, hence, to form more known stable allotropes than any other element. The most common allotropic form of carbon is graphite which is an abundant natural mineral and together with diamond has been known since antiquity. Graphite consists of sp2 hybridized carbon atomic layers which are stacked together by weak van der Waals forces. The single layers of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb crystal lattice is called graphene. This name was introduced by Boehm, Setton, and Stumpp in 1994 [1]. Graphite exhibits a remarkable anisotropic behavior with respect to thermal and electrical conductivity. It is highly conductive in the direction parallel to the graphene layers because of the in-plane metallic character, whereas it exhibits poor conductivity in the direction perpendicular to the layers because of the weak van der Waals interactions between them [2]. The carbon atoms in the graphene layer form three σ bonds with neighboring carbon atoms by overlapping of sp2 orbitals while the remaining pz orbitals overlap to form a band of filled π orbitals – the valence band – and a band of empty π* orbitals – the conduction band – which are responsible for the high conductivity.