Fundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Provides comprehensive information about the key exploration, development and optimization concepts required for gas shale reservoirs

• Includes statistics about gas shale resources and countries that have shale gas potential
• Addresses the challenges that oil and gas industries may confront for gas shale reservoir exploration and development
• Introduces petrophysical analysis, rock physics, geomechanics and passive seismic methods for gas shale plays
• Details shale gas environmental issues and challenges, economic consideration for gas shale reservoirs
• Includes case studies of major producing gas shale formations

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

COVER

TITLE PAGE

CONTRIBUTORS

PREFACE

1 GAS SHALE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 SHALE GAS OVERVIEW

1.3 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SHALE GAS

1.4 GLOBAL SHALE GAS RESOURCES

1.5 GLOBAL RESOURCE DATA

1.6 DATA ASSESSMENT

1.7 INDUSTRY CHALLENGES

1.8 DISCUSSION

1.9 CONCLUSIONS

APPENDIX A.1 GLOBAL SHALE GAS RESOURCE DATA

REFERENCES

2 ORGANIC MATTER-RICH SHALE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 PROCESSES BEHIND THE DEPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER-RICH SHALE

2.3 STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC MATTER-RICH SHALES

2.4 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC MATTER-RICH SHALES

2.5 ORGANIC MATTER-RICH SHALE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

2.6 CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

3 GEOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF UNCONVENTIONAL SHALE GAS RESOURCE SYSTEMS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND

3.3 KEROGEN QUANTITY AND QUALITY

3.4 SAMPLE TYPE AND QUALITY

3.5 KEROGEN TYPE and COMPOSITIONAL YIELDS

3.6 THERMAL MATURITY

3.7 ORGANOPOROSITY DEVELOPMENT

3.8 GAS CONTENTS

3.9 EXPULSION–RETENTION OF PETROLEUM

3.10 SECONDARY (PETROLEUM) CRACKING

3.11 UPPER MATURITY LIMIT FOR SHALE GAS

3.12 GAS COMPOSITION AND CARBON ISOTOPES

3.13 ADDITIONAL GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR SHALE GAS RESOURCE SYSTEM EVALUATION

3.14 OIL AND CONDENSATE WITH SHALE GAS

3.15 MAJOR SHALE GAS RESOURCE SYSTEMS

3.16 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

4 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCE SHALES

SUMMARY

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 GENERAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC MODEL FOR UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCE SHALES

4.3 AGES OF SEA-LEVEL CYCLES

4.4 WATER DEPTH OF MUD TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION

4.5 CRITERIA TO IDENTIFY SEQUENCES AND SYSTEMS TRACTS

4.6 PALEOZOIC RESOURCE SHALE EXAMPLES

4.7 MESOZOIC RESOURCE SHALE EXAMPLES

4.8 CENOZOIC RESOURCE SHALE EXAMPLE

4.9 CONCLUSIONS

4.10 APPLICATIONS

REFERENCES

5 PORE GEOMETRY IN GAS SHALE RESERVOIRS

SUMMARY

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 SAMPLES CHARACTERISTICS

5.3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

5.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL PSD METHODS

5.5 PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT

5.6 RESULTS

5.7 DISCUSSION

5.8 CONCLUSIONS

APPENDIX 5.A XRD Results

REFERENCES

6 PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF GAS SHALE RESERVOIRS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 KEY PROPERTIES FOR GAS SHALE EVALUATION

6.3 PETROPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS OF GAS SHALE RESERVOIRS

6.4 WELL LOG ANALYSIS OF GAS SHALE RESERVOIRS

NOMENCLATURE

REFERENCES

7 PORE PRESSURE PREDICTION FOR SHALE FORMATIONS USING WELL LOG DATA

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 OVERPRESSURE-GENERATING MECHANISMS

7.3 OVERPRESSURE ESTIMATION METHODS

7.4 THE ROLE OF TECTONIC ACTIVITIES ON PORE PRESSURE IN SHALES

7.5 DISCUSSION

7.6 CONCLUSIONS

NOMENCLATURE

REFERENCES

8 GEOMECHANICS OF GAS SHALES

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GAS SHALE RESERVOIRS

8.3 ANISOTROPY

8.4 WELLBORE INSTABILITY IN GAS SHALE RESERVOIRS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

9 ROCK PHYSICS ANALYSIS OF SHALE RESERVOIRS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS ON SHALES: AVAILABLE DATASETS

9.3 ORGANIC MATTER EFFECTS ON ELASTIC PROPERTIES

9.4 PARTIAL SATURATION EFFECTS

9.5 MATURITY EFFECTS

9.6 SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ORS

s

9.7 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

10 PASSIVE SEISMIC METHODS FOR UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 GEOMECHANICS AND NATURAL FRACTURE BASICS FOR APPLICATION TO HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

10.3 SEISMIC PHENOMENA

10.4 MICROSEISMIC DOWNHOLE MONITORING

10.5 MONITORING PASSIVE SEISMIC EMISSIONS WITH SURFACE AND SHALLOW BURIED ARRAYS

10.6 INTEGRATING, INTERPRETING, AND USING PASSIVE SEISMIC DATA

10.7 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

11 GAS TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN SHALE

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 DETECTION OF NANOPORES IN SHALE SAMPLES

11.3 GAS FLOW IN MICROPORES AND NANOPORES

11.4 GAS FLOW IN A NETWORKOF PORES IN SHALE

11.5 GAS SORPTION IN SHALE

11.6 DIFFUSION IN BULK KEROGEN

11.7 MEASUREMENT OF GAS MOLECULAR DIFFUSION INTO KEROGEN

11.8 PULSE-DECAY PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT TEST

11.9 CRUSHED SAMPLE TEST

11.10 CANISTER DESORPTION TEST

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

12 A REVIEW OF THE CRITICAL ISSUES SURROUNDING THE SIMULATION OF TRANSPORT AND STORAGE IN SHALE RESERVOIRS

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 MICROGEOMETRY OF ORGANIC-RICH SHALE RESERVOIRS

12.3 GAS STORAGE MECHANISMS

12.4 FLUID TRANSPORT

12.5 CAPILLARY PRESSURE, RELAXATION TO EQUILIBRIUM STATE, AND DEPOSITION OF STIMULATION WATER

12.6 CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUID BEHAVIOR AND EQUATIONS OF STATE VALID FOR NANOPOROUS MEDIA

12.7 UPSCALING HETEROGENEOUS SHALE-GAS RESERVOIRS INTO LARGE HOMOGENIZED SIMULATION GRID BLOCKS

12.8 FINAL REMARKS

REFERENCES

13 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SHALE RESERVOIRS

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 SHALE RESERVOIR PRODUCTION

13.3 FLOW RATE DECLINE ANALYSIS

13.4 FLOW RATE AND PRESSURE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS IN UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS

13.5 RESERVOIR MODELING AND SIMULATION

13.6 SPECIALTY SHORT-TERM TESTS

13.7 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

13.8 CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

APPENDIX 13.A

AL

BLACK OIL PARAMETERS

APPENDIX 13.B GAS-CONDENSATE COMPRESSIBILITY

NOMENCLATURE

REFERENCES

14 RESOURCE ESTIMATION FOR SHALE GAS RESERVOIRS

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 METHODOLOGY

14.3 RESOURCE EVALUATION OF SHALE GAS PLAYS

14.4 DISCUSSION

NOMENCLATURE

REFERENCES

15 MOLECULAR SIMULATION OF GAS ADSORPTION IN MINERALS AND COAL

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 MS OF GAS ADSORPTION ON MINERALS

15.3 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NOMENCLATURE

REFERENCES

16 WETTABILITY OF GAS SHALE RESERVOIRS

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 WETTABILITY

16.3 IMBIBITION IN GAS SHALES

16.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING WATER IMBIBITION IN SHALES

16.5 QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF IMBIBITION DATA

16.6 ESTIMATION OF BRINE IMBIBITION AT THE FIELD SCALE

16.7 INITIAL WATER SATURATION IN GAS SHALES

16.8 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

17 GAS SHALE CHALLENGES OVERTHE ASSET LIFE CYCLE

17.1 INTRODUCTION

17.2 THE ASSET LIFE CYCLE

17.3 EXPLORATION PHASE DISCUSSION

17.4 APPRAISAL PHASE DISCUSSION

17.5 DEVELOPMENT PHASE DISCUSSION

17.6 PRODUCTION PHASE DISCUSSION

17.7 REJUVENATION PHASE DISCUSSION

17.8 CONCLUSIONS—RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

18 GAS SHALE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

18.1 OVERVIEW

18.2 WATER USE

18.3 THE DISPOSAL AND REUSE OF FRACKING WASTEWATER

18.4 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

18.5 METHANE EMISSIONS

18.6 OTHER AIR EMISSIONS

18.7 SOCIAL IMPACTS ON SHALE GAS COMMUNITIES

18.8 INDUCED SEISMICITY: WASTEWATER INJECTION AND EARTHQUAKES

18.9 REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS

18.10 DISCLOSURE OF FRACKING CHEMICALS

18.11 AT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL

18.12 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

INDEX

END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Tables

Chapter 01

Table 1.1 Summary of production, consumption, reserves, and resources for various nations

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 Characteristics of shales and of major shale depositional environments (after Bohacs, 1998, table 1 and Potter et al., 2005, Table 5.1)

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Kerogen-type descriptions

Table 3.2 Thermal maturity ranges or values for a low sulfur Type II kerogen

Table 3.3 Approximate physicochemical properties of various petroleum products with projected GOR and yields

Table 3.4 Illustrative production decline curves with input parameters on selected shale gas resource systems in North America

Table 3.5 Average (P50) production yields of selected shale gas resource systems in North America based on relative production decline curves

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Laboratory methods applied

Table 5.2 MICP results and pore volume percentages based on IUPAC classification from the sample collection

Table 5.3 Nitrogen adsorption results and pore volume percentages based on IUPAC classification from the gas shale collection

Table 5.4 NMR CPMG

T

2

relaxation time results from the PCM and CCM samples collection

Table 5.5 Ranking of predicted MICP permeability

Table 5.6 Extracted supplemental parameters from NMR and MICP tests

Table 5.7 Computed pore-body to pore-throat size ratio (C) on the Cmf samples from NMR dataset calibrated against gas permeability measurements

Table 5.8 MICP threshold pressure of the samples with clay content

Table 5.9 Surface-to-volume ratio from N

2

experiments

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Example of overburden stress calculations in Well #2