Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2957

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Provides the information needed to interpret clinical laboratory assays of domestic mammals

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Third Edition presents thoroughly updated and detailed information to promote appropriate clinical laboratory testing and interpretation of test results for common domestic mammals. Presented in an easy-to-use outline format complemented by many relevant tables and illustrations, the book is now in full color. This evidence-based guide synthesizes the laboratory principles, physiology, assays, analytical concepts, pathophysiologic states, and pathophysiologic processes relevant to detecting, evaluating, and understanding disorders in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and camelids.

Content additions include two entirely new chapters on synovial and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, as well as expanded sections on blood typing and crossmatching, viscoelastic testing, protein electrophoresis, positive acute-phase proteins, mixed acid-base disorders, vitamin D analysis, analytical and biological variation, blood smear evaluation, and more. New clinical tests and methods, useful data patterns, and additional disorders and pathologic processes are integrated throughout.

Providing a conceptual understanding applicable to many species and serving as a valuable clinical reference, Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology:

• Uses consistent terminology and chapter organization featuring separate sections for physiologic concepts, analytical methods, and interpretation of results
• Provides pathophysiologic explanations of laboratory abnormalities
• Allows easy access to information on disorders and conditions, grouping them by common mechanisms or processes and ordering them in parallel across interpretive tables and text
• Features a wealth of high-quality illustrations and photomicrographs throughout the text
• Includes extensive referencing on the companion website to support statements and provide direction for further reading

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Third Edition is an excellent textbook for veterinary students taking clinical pathology courses, as well as a valuable resource for clinical and anatomic pathology residents, medicine and surgery residents, and practicing veterinarians.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

COVER

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT PAGE

DEDICATION PAGE

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

FIRST EDITION

SECOND EDITION

THIRD EDITION

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE

Chapter 1: ANALYTICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONCEPTS: GETTING IT RIGHT

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

SAMPLES

COMMON TYPES OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LABORATORY ASSAYS

SIGNIFICANT DIGITS (SIGNIFICANT FIGURES)

UNITS

ANALYTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL VARIATION

REFERENCE INTERVALS

QUALITY OF LABORATORY RESULTS

VARIATIONS IN RESULTS ACROSS ASSAYS AND LABORATORIES

WHICH LABORATORY SHOULD ONE USE?

EVALUATING AND VALIDATING LABORATORY METHODS

24

DIAGNOSTIC PROPERTIES AND PREDICTIVE VALUE OF LABORATORY ASSAYS

RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC) CURVES

60,61

HERD‐BASED TESTING FOR CATTLE

References

Chapter 2: LEUKOCYTES

PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES

ANALYTICAL PRINCIPLES AND METHODS

ABNORMAL WBC CONCENTRATIONS IN BLOOD

LEUKOGRAM PATTERNS

ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES OF WBCs

References

Chapter 3: ERYTHROCYTES

PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES

ANALYTICAL PRINCIPLES AND METHODS

MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES OF RBCs: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PATHOGENESES

ANEMIA

NONREGENERATIVE ANEMIAS

BLOOD LOSS ANEMIAS

HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS

ERYTHROCYTOSIS AND POLYCYTHEMIA

RETICULOCYTOSIS WITHOUT ANEMIA

OTHER RBC DISORDERS

LABORATORY METHODS FOR ASSESSING IRON (Fe) STATUS

BLOOD TYPING AND CROSSMATCHING

METHODS TO DETECT RBC SURFACE ANTIBODY OR COMPLEMENT

OSMOTIC FRAGILITY TESTING

References

Chapter 4: PLATELETS

PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES

ANALYTICAL PRINCIPLES AND METHODS

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF PLATELETS

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

THROMBOCYTOSIS

INTERPRETATION OF MPV, PDW, PCT, AND MPC

RETICULATED PLATELETS AND IMMATURE PLATELET FRACTION

ANTIBODY TESTS FOR IMMUNE‐MEDIATED THROMBOCYTOPENIA (IMT)

References

Chapter 5: HEMOSTASIS

HEMOSTASIS

PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)

VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR (VWF)

COAGULATION AND ANTICOAGULATION

FIBRIN(OGEN)OLYSIS

GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF HEMOSTASIS: VISCOELASTIC TESTING (VET)

MAJOR BLEEDING DISORDERS: FINDINGS AND PATHOGENESES

THROMBOSIS

References

Chapter 6: BONE MARROW AND LYMPH NODES

BONE MARROW: MAJOR CONCEPTS AND TERMS

BONE MARROW CLASSIFICATIONS

INTERPRETING RESULTS OF BONE MARROW EXAMINATIONS

LYMPH NODES: MAJOR CONCEPTS AND TERMS

LYMPH NODE CLASSIFICATIONS

References

Chapter 7: PROTEINS

GENERAL CONCEPTS FOR TOTAL PROTEIN, ALBUMIN, AND GLOBULINS

ANALYTICAL PRINCIPLES FOR TOTAL PROTEIN, ALBUMIN, AND GLOBULINS

HYPERPROTEINEMIA (INCREASED TOTAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN SERUM OR PLASMA)

HYPOPROTEINEMIA (DECREASED [TP] IN SERUM OR PLASMA)

HYPERALBUMINEMIA

HYPOALBUMINEMIA

HYPERGLOBULINEMIA (see the Hyperproteinemia section and Table 7.3)

HYPOGLOBULINEMIA (see the Hypoproteinemia section and Table 7.4)

ALBUMIN:GLOBULINS (A:G) RATIO

POSITIVE ACUTE‐PHASE PROTEINS (PAPPs)

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

PATTERNS OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS IN MAJOR DYSPROTEINEMIAS

COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE (COP) (ONCOTIC PRESSURE)

References

Chapter 8: URINARY SYSTEM

PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES

CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE, INSUFFICIENCY, OR FAILURE

ACUTE RENAL INJURY, IMPAIRMENT, OR FAILURE

STAGING OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE IN DOGS AND CATS BY THE INTERNATIONAL RENAL INTEREST SOCIETY (IRIS)

AZOTEMIA AND UREMIA

UREA NITROGEN (UN) CONCENTRATION IN SERUM OR PLASMA

CREATININE (Crt) CONCENTRATION IN SERUM OR PLASMA

UREA NITROGEN (UN) CONCENTRATION VERSUS CREATININE (Crt) CONCENTRATION IN SERUM OR PLASMA

RENAL CREATININE (Crt) CLEARANCE RATE

RENAL IOHEXOL CLEARANCE RATE

SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE (SDMA) CONCENTRATION IN SERUM OR PLASMA

ABNORMAL ROUTINE SERUM OR PLASMA CHEMISTRY RESULTS IN AZOTEMIC ANIMALS

MAJOR URINALYSIS (UA) CONCEPTS

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE (QUALITATIVE OR SEMIQUANTITATIVE)

URINE SEDIMENT EXAMINATION

EXAMINATION OF SUSPENDED ELEMENTS BY OTHER METHODS

QUANTITATIVE URINALYSIS

H

2

O DEPRIVATION AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) RESPONSE TESTS IN ANIMALS WITH POLYURIA AND POLYDIPSIA (PU/PD)

UROLITH ANALYSIS

References

Chapter 9: MONOVALENT ELECTROLYTES AND OSMOLALITY

BASIC CONCEPTS FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATIONS

SODIUM (Na

+

) CONCENTRATION

POTASSIUM (K

+

) CONCENTRATION

SODIUM TO POTASSIUM (Na

+

:K

+

) RATIO

CHLORIDE (Cl

−

) CONCENTRATION

BICARBONATE (HCO

3

−

) AND TOTAL CARBON DIOXIDE (tCO

2

) CONCENTRATIONS

ANION GAP

LACTATE CONCENTRATION (L

‐LACTATE AND

D

‐LACTATE)

β‐HYDROXYBUTYRATE (BHB) AND ACETOACETATE (AcAc) CONCENTRATIONS

OSMOLALITY, OSMOLARITY, AND OSMOLE GAP

References

Chapter 10: BLOOD GASES, BLOOD pH, AND STRONG‐ION DIFFERENCE

DEFINITIONS

PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES

ANALYTICAL CONCEPTS

ACID‐BASE ABNORMALITIES (using traditional definitions from Henderson–Hasselbalch equation)

HYPOXEMIA AND HYPOXIA

STRONG‐ION DIFFERENCE (SID) AND STEWART’S METHOD OF ACID‐BASE ANALYSIS

References

Chapter 11: CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, MAGNESIUM, AND THEIR REGULATORY HORMONES

TOTAL AND FREE CALCIUM (tCa

2+

, fCa

2+

) CONCENTRATIONS

INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS (Pi) CONCENTRATION

TOTAL AND FREE MAGNESIUM (tMg

2+

, fMg

2+

) CONCENTRATIONS

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) CONCENTRATION

PARATHYROID HORMONE–RELATED PROTEIN (PTHrP) CONCENTRATION

VITAMIN D CONCENTRATION

CALCITONIN CONCENTRATION

MAJOR PATTERNS FOR CALCIUM (Ca

2+

) AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS (Pi) DISORDERS

References

Chapter 12: SELECTED ENZYME ACTIVITIES AND ENZYMATIC PROTEINS

BASIC PRINCIPLES IN CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY

ALANINE TRANSAMINASE (ALT) (SYNONYM ABBREVIATION: GPT)

ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE (AST) (SYNONYM ABBREVIATION: GOT)

L

‐LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LD) (ALSO ABBREVIATED LDH)

L

‐IDITOL 2‐DEHYDROGENASE (ID) (SYNONYM: SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE, SDH)

GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE (GMD) (ALSO ABBREVIATED GD, GDH, GLD, and GLDH)

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP)

γ‐GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE (GGT) (SYNONYM ABBREVIATION: GGTP)

CREATINE KINASE (CK)

α‐AMYLASE

LIPASE

THYMIDINE KINASE (TK)

OTHER SERUM ENZYMES

References

Chapter 13: HEPATOBILIARY FUNCTION

HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE AND HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY

SUMMARY OF ABNORMAL LABORATORY TEST RESULTS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATIC DISEASE

BILIRUBIN CONCENTRATION

BILE ACID (BA) CONCENTRATION

37

AMMONIUM (NH

4

+

) CONCENTRATION IN PLASMA

DYE‐EXCRETION TESTS

References

Chapter 14: GLUCOSE, KETOAMINES, AND RELATED REGULATORY HORMONES (INSULIN, GLUCAGON, GROWTH HORMONE, AND INSULIN‐LIKE GROWTH FACTORS‐1 AND 2)

GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION IN SERUM, PLASMA, OR WHOLE BLOOD

KETOAMINES: FRUCTOSAMINE AND GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN

IMMUNOREACTIVE INSULIN (IRI) CONCENTRATION

IMMUNOREACTIVE GLUCAGON (IRG) CONCENTRATION

GROWTH HORMONE (GH) CONCENTRATION

INSULIN‐LIKE GROWTH FACTOR‐1 (IGF‐1) CONCENTRATION

INSULIN‐LIKE GROWTH FACTOR‐2 (IGF‐2) CONCENTRATION

References

Chapter 15: EXOCRINE PANCREATIC AND INTESTINAL FUNCTIONS

EXOCRINE PANCREATIC AND INTESTINAL ABSORPTIVE MALFUNCTIONS

TRYPSIN‐LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY (TLI) CONCENTRATION IN DOGS, CATS, AND HORSES

PANCREATIC LIPASE IMMUNOREACTIVITY (PLI) CONCENTRATION IN DOGS AND CATS

COBALAMIN (VITAMIN B

12

) CONCENTRATION IN DOGS, CATS, AND CATTLE

FOLATE CONCENTRATION IN DOGS AND CATS

INTERPRETATION OF CONCURRENT TLI, PLI, COBALAMIN, AND FOLATE DATA

α

1

‐PROTEINASE INHIBITOR (α

1

‐PI) CONCENTRATION IN DOGS AND CATS

D

‐XYLOSE ABSORPTION TEST IN DOGS, CATS, AND HORSES

GLUCOSE ABSORPTION TEST IN HORSES

LACTOSE TOLERANCE TEST IN HORSES

SUCROSE CONCENTRATION IN DOGS AND HORSES

OTHER METHODS OF EVALUATING DIGESTIVE OR ABSORPTIVE FUNCTIONS

References

Chapter 16: LIPIDS

LIPIDS

OVERVIEW OF LIPOPROTEINS

CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATION

TRIGLYCERIDE (TG) (TRIACYLGLYCEROL) CONCENTRATION

NONESTERIFIED FATTY ACID (NEFA) CONCENTRATION

HYPERLIPEMIA, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, AND HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA DISORDERS

OTHER ASSESSMENTS OF LIPIDS

References

Chapter 17: THYROID FUNCTION

PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES

ANALYTICAL CONCEPTS

THYROXINE (T

4

) CONCENTRATION

TOTAL TRIIODOTHYRONINE (tT

3

) AND FREE TRIIODOTHYRONINE (fT

3

) CONCENTRATIONS

THYROID‐STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) CONCENTRATION

AUTOANTIBODIES

RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSION TESTS

TOTAL THYROXINE TO THYROID‐STIMULATING HORMONE (tT

4

:TSH) AND FREE THYROXINE TO THYROID‐STIMULATING HORMONE (fT

4

:TSH) RATIOS IN DOGS

INTERPRETATION OF THYROID HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS AND PROFILES

References

Chapter 18: ADRENAL GLAND

PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES

ANALYTICAL CONCEPTS

CORTISOL CONCENTRATION

URINE CORTISOL (CORTICOID)‐TO‐CREATININE (UCC) RATIO

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) CONCENTRATION

PLASMA CORTISOL-TO-ACTH RATIO

SUPPRESSION AND STIMULATION TESTS FOR ASSESSING ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSES

COMBINED DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION–ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) STIMULATION (RESPONSE) TEST

ALDOSTERONE CONCENTRATION

CONCENTRATIONS OF ADRENAL SEX AND INTERMEDIATE HORMONES

THORN TEST AND MODIFIED THORN TEST

CATECHOLAMINES (EPINEPHRINE, NOREPINEPHRINE) AND THEIR METABOLITES (METANEPHRINE, NORMETANEPHRINE)

References

Chapter 19: PERITONEAL, PLEURAL, AND PERICARDIAL EFFUSIONS

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

PATHOGENESES OF CAVITARY EFFUSIONS

ROUTINE ANALYSIS OF PLEURAL AND PERITONEAL FLUID

SELECTED ANALYSES FOR PLEURAL AND PERITONEAL EFFUSIONS

COMMENTS ABOUT SPECIFIC EFFUSIONS

References

Chapter 20: SYNOVIAL FLUID

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL EFFUSIONS

PATHOGENESES OF SYNOVIAL EFFUSIONS

ROUTINE ANALYSIS OF SYNOVIAL FLUID

SELECTED ANCILLARY ANALYSES FOR SYNOVIAL EFFUSIONS

COMMENTS ABOUT SPECIFIC TYPES OF ARTHROPATHIES

References

Chapter 21: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES AND GENERAL CONCEPTS

SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PROCESSING

ROUTINE CSF ANALYSIS

COMMENTS ABOUT SELECTED CSF PATTERNS

OTHER SELECTED ANALYSES

References

Appendix A: THE COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT AND BLOOD SMEAR EVALUATION

Reference

INDEX

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 1.2. Examples of significant digits

Table 1.3. Examples of measurement in SI units and conventional units

Table 1.4. Common units and abbreviations for laboratory values

Table 1.5. Examples of NIST style for writing units compared to other style...

Table 1.6. Conversion of nonSI units to SI units

Table 1.7. Examples of preanalytical laboratory errors

a

Table 1.8. Examples of analytical errors

Table 1.9. Examples of postanalytical laboratory errors

Table 1.10. Variation in serum chemistry results among labs using aliquots ...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 2.2. Major homeostatic functions of the WBC types seen in blood

Table 2.3. The 95 % confidence limitsa for percentages obtained in differen...

Table 2.4. Examples of [WBC] differences due to random error of microscopic...

Table 2.5. WBC percentages versus WBC concentrations

Table 2.6. Disorders and conditions that cause neutrophilia

Table 2.7. Species differences in approximate magnitude of inflammatory neu...

Table 2.8. Expected WBC concentrations in animals with glucocorticoid leuko...

Table 2.9. Disorders and conditions that cause neutropenia

Table 2.10. Disorders and conditions that cause lymphocytosis

Table 2.11. Disorders and conditions that cause lymphopenia

Table 2.12. Disorders and conditions that cause monocytosis

Table 2.13. Disorders and conditions that cause eosinophilia

Table 2.14. Disorders and conditions that cause eosinopenia

Table 2.15. Disorders and conditions that cause basophilia

Table 2.16. Disorders reported to be associated with mastocytemia

Table 2.17. Interpretation of major leukogram patterns (see the text for sp...

Table 2.18. Major anaplasmal species that infect WBCs of domestic mammals

a

...

Table 2.19. Lysosomal storage diseases affecting circulating WBCs of domest...

Chapter 3

Table 3.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 3.2 Comparison of typical blood RBCs in mature healthy animals

Table 3.3. Potential effects of selected sample and patient conditions on Hc...

Table 3.4. Evaluation of canine reticulocyte data

Table 3.5. Evaluation of feline reticulocyte data

Table 3.6. RBC organisms: identifying features and associated pathogenic pro...

Table 3.7. RBC inclusions other than organisms: features, clinical significa...

Table 3.8. Poikilocytes: features, clinical significance, and pathogeneses i...

Table 3.9. Causes of anemias classified by RBC indices (MCV and MCHC or CHCM...

Table 3.10. Disorders and conditions that cause nonregenerative anemias

Table 3.11. Common major features of intravascular and extravascular hemolyt...

Table 3.12. Hemolytic disorders and conditions

Table 3.13. Differential features of hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and myoglobi...

Table 3.14. Recognized hemolytic disorders of dogs, cats, horses, and cattle

Table 3.15. Disorders and conditions that cause erythrocytosis

Table 3.16. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperferremia

Table 3.17. Disorders and conditions that cause hypoferremia

Table 3.18. Disorders and conditions that cause increased TIBC

Table 3.19. Disorders and conditions that cause decreased TIBC

Table 3.20. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperferritinemia

Table 3.21. Comparative Fe profile results

Chapter 4

Table 4.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 4.2. Disorders and conditions that cause thrombocytopenia

Table 4.3. Disorders and conditions that cause thrombocytosis

Chapter 5

Table 5.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 5.2. Hereditary disorders of intrinsic platelet function

Table 5.3. Acquired disorders of intrinsic platelet function

Table 5.4. Disorders and conditions that cause decreased VWF:Ag

Table 5.5. Coagulation factors, abbreviations, and roles

Table 5.6. Disorders or conditions that may cause a prolonged PTT

Table 5.7. Disorders or conditions that may cause a prolonged PT

Table 5.8 Disorders or conditions that may cause decreased clottable [Fbg] ...

Table 5.9. Congenital coagulation factor deficiencies reported in domestic ...

Table 5.10. Disorders or conditions that cause decreased antithrombin (AT) ...

Table 5.11. Disorders or conditions that cause decreased protein C activity

Table 5.12. Fibrinolytic factors and their major functions

Table 5.13. Disorders or conditions that cause increased concentrations of ...

Table 5.14. Definitions and components of basic ROTEM and TEG parameters

Table 5.15. Contributors to increased or decreased values for ROTEM and TEG...

Table 5.16. Possible causes of abnormal results for the major tests of hemo...

Table 5.17. Interpretation of major patterns of common hemostasis test resu...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 6.2. Nomenclature of the erythroid series

Table 6.3. Disorders and conditions causing erythroid, myeloid, or megakary...

Table 6.4. Disorders and conditions that cause hypoplastic bone marrow stat...

Table 6.5. Major classifications of veterinary hemic cell neoplasms involvi...

Table 6.6. Expected cytochemical reactions of normal or neoplastic hemic ce...

Table 6.7. Selected immunophenotyping targets (antigens) useful in immunodi...

Table 6.8. Features of major types of canine nodal lymphoma

Chapter 7

Table 7.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 7.2. Positive acute‐phase proteins (PAPPs) in common domestic mammals...

Table 7.3. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperproteinemia

a

Table 7.4. Disorders and conditions that cause hypoproteinemia

Table 7.5. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperalbuminemia

Table 7.6. Disorders and conditions that cause hypoalbuminemia

Table 7.7. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperfibrinogenemia

Table 7.8. Disorders and conditions that cause hypofibrinogenemia

Table 7.9. Disorders and conditions that cause increased concentrations of ...

Table 7.10. Typical protein patterns for major dysproteinemic conditions (t...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 8.2 Comparison of selected plasma and urine analyte concentrations i...

Table 8.3 Expected UA results in healthy dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and c...

Table 8.4. IRIS staging of chronic renal disease of dogs and cats

Table 8.5. Variation in proficiency testing data for serum [Crt]

a

Table 8.6. Disorders and conditions that cause azotemia

Table 8.7. Major criteria used to differentiate azotemia caused by decrease...

Table 8.8. Disorders and conditions that cause decreased serum or plasma [U...

Table 8.9. UN:Crt ratios in azotemic dogs and cats

Table 8.10. Major pathogenic mechanisms of polyuria

Table 8.11. Guidelines

a

for interpretation of USG

ref

values in dogs

Table 8.12. Semiquantitative values or terms of solute concentrations estim...

Table 8.13. Major disorders and conditions which cause abnormal chemistry r...

Table 8.14. Major disorders and conditions that cause abnormal findings in ...

Table 8.15. Major disorders and conditions that cause abnormal findings in u...

Table 8.16. Urinary indices for differentiation of prerenal and renal azote...

Table 8.17. Urine protein methods and factors that contribute to quantitati...

Table 8.18. UPC ratios and 24‐h urinary protein excretion studies in dogs...

Table 8.19. Inorganic composition of uroliths

a

Chapter 9

Table 9.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 9.2. Disorders and conditions that cause hypernatremia

Table 9.3. Disorders and conditions that cause normonatremia in dehydrated ...

Table 9.4. Disorders and conditions that cause hyponatremia

Table 9.5. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperkalemia

Table 9.6. Disorders and conditions that cause hypokalemia

Table 9.7. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperchloremia

Table 9.8. Disorders and conditions that cause hypochloremia

Table 9.9. Disorders and conditions that cause increased serum [HCO3−] or [...

Table 9.10. Disorders and conditions that cause decreased serum [HCO3−] or ...

Table 9.11. Cation and anion charge concentrations of plasma or serum in he...

Table 9.12. Disorders and conditions that cause an increased AG

Table 9.13. Disorders and conditions that cause a decreased AG

Table 9.14. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperlactatemia (of L‐lacta...

Table 9.15. Analyte‐associated contributions to plasma or serum osmolarity ...

Table 9.16. Disorders and conditions that cause abnormal serum osmolality o...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 10.2. Correction of blood gas and pH values for variations in body te...

Table 10.3. Differences in pO

2

and pCO

2

(mmHg) between air and blood (sample...

Table 10.4. Disorders and conditions that cause respiratory acidosis (hypov...

Table 10.5. Disorders and conditions that cause respiratory alkalosis (hype...

Table 10.6. Blood gas data in simple acid‐base disorders

Table 10.7. Expected compensations for acid‐base disorders in dogs

Table 10.8. Examples of expected compensation calculations for metabolic ac...

Table 10.9. Disorders and conditions that cause hypoxemia

a

Table 10.10. Blood gas results expected for each general type of hypoxia

Table 10.11. Classification of acid‐base disorders from pCO2(a), ATOT, and ...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 11.2. Disorders and conditions that cause hypercalcemia or free hyper...

Table 11.3. Disorders and conditions that cause hypocalcemia or free hypoca...

Table 11.4. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperphosphatemia

Table 11.5. Disorders and conditions that cause hypophosphatemia

Table 11.6. Disorders or conditions that cause hypermagnesemia and free hyp...

Table 11.7. Disorders and conditions that cause hypomagnesemia or free hypo...

Table 11.8. Disorders or conditions that cause increased or inappropriately...

Table 11.9. Disorders or conditions that cause decreased or inappropriately...

Table 11.10. Disorders or conditions that cause increased [25OHD]

Table 11.11. Disorders or conditions that cause decreased [25OHD]

Table 11.12. Disorders or conditions that cause increased [1,25(OH)

2

D]

Table 11.13. Disorders or conditions that cause decreased [1,25(OH)

2

D]

Table 11.14. Expected hormone and mineral patterns for selected disorders o...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 12.2. Main cellular or tissue sources and half‐lives of plasma and se...

Table 12.3. Approximate changes in enzyme activities if the same sample is ...

Table 12.4. Disorders or conditions that cause increased ALT activity

Table 12.5. Disorders or conditions that cause increased AST and LD activit...

Table 12.6. Disorders or conditions that cause increased ALP activity (the ...

Table 12.7. Disorders or conditions that cause increased serum or plasma GG...

Table 12.8 Disorders or conditions that cause increased CK activity

Table 12.9 Disorders or conditions that cause increased α‐amylase and lipas...

Table 12.10. Disorders or conditions that cause increased serum or plasma t...

Table 12.11. Other serum enzymes and enzymatic proteins

Chapter 13

Table 13.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 13.2. Disorders and conditions that cause decreased functional hepatic...

Table 13.3. Serum or plasma chemistry test abnormalities that suggest or ind...

Table 13.4. Hemostasis and CBC test abnormalities that support hepatobiliary...

Table 13.5. Urinalysis, fecal, and peritoneal fluid abnormalities that suppo...

Table 13.6. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperbilirubinemia

Table 13.7. Typical bilirubin profiles in common pathophysiologic states tha...

Table 13.8. Diseases and conditions that cause an increased fasting [BAs]

Table 13.9. Results of the BA challenge test in dogs with various disorders4...

Table 13.10. Percentage of dogs and cats with increased BA challenge test re...

Table 13.11. Results of the BA challenge test in cats with various disorders...

Table 13.12. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperammonemia

Table 13.13. Oral NH4+ tolerance test results for six dogs with portosystemi...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 14.2. Calculated plasma [glucose] in a human blood sample with given w...

Table 14.3. Criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in people

41

Table 14.4. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperglycemia

Table 14.5. Disorders and conditions that cause hypoglycemia

Table 14.6. Disorders and conditions that increase ketoamine concentrations...

Table 14.7. Disorders and conditions that decrease ketoamine concentrations...

Table 14.8. Major actions of GH, IGF‐1, and insulin on glucose and lipids277...

Table 14.9. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperinsulinemia

Table 14.10. Disorders and conditions that cause increased [GH]

Table 14.11. Disorders and conditions that cause decreased [GH]

Table 14.12. Disorders and conditions that cause increased [IGF‐1]

Table 14.13. Disorders and conditions that cause decreased [IGF‐1]

Chapter 15

Table 15.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 15.2. Disorders and conditions that cause increased [TLI] or [PLI] in...

Table 15.3. Disorders and conditions that cause decreased [TLI] in dogs and...

Table 15.4. Disorders and conditions that cause hypercobalaminemia

Table 15.5. Disorders and conditions that cause hypocobalaminemia

Table 15.6. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperfolatemia

Table 15.7. Disorders and conditions that cause hypofolatemia

Table 15.8. Expected cobalamin, folate, TLI, and PLI findings with selected...

Table 15.9. Disorders and conditions that cause increased fecal [α1‐PI]...

Table 15.10. Disorders and conditions that alter serum or plasma D‐xylose a...

Table 15.11. Disorders and conditions yielding oral glucose absorption curv...

Table 15.12. Other laboratory methods that have been used to evaluate for E...

Table 15.13. Other laboratory methods that have been used to evaluate intes...

Chapter 16

Table 16.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 16.2. Lipoprotein classification, content, and selected properties...

Table 16.3. Disorders and conditions that cause hypercholesterolemia

a

Table 16.4. Disorders and conditions that cause hypocholesterolemia

a

Table 16.5. Disorders and conditions that cause hypertriglyceridemia

a

Table 16.6. Common serum cholesterol and TG findings in selected hyperlipop...

Chapter 17

Table 17.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 17.2. Disorders and conditions that cause hyperthyroxinemia (increase...

Table 17.3. Disorders and conditions that cause hypothyroxinemia (decreased...

Table 17.4. Stages of canine lymphocytic thyroiditis and thyroid gland dysf...

Table 17.5. Interpretation of selected thyroid profile results in dogs

Table 17.6. Interpretation of [tT

4

] and [fT

4

]

ed

in cats

Chapter 18

Table 18.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 18.2. Disorders and conditions that cause hypercortisolemia

Table 18.3. Disorders and conditions that cause hypocortisolemia

Table 18.4. Interpretation of example dexamethasone suppression test result...

Table 18.5. Aldosterone concentrations from ACTH stimulation tests in dogs...

Chapter 19

Table 19.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 19.2. Reported features of pleural and peritoneal fluids of healthy h...

Table 19.3. Reported features of peritoneal fluids of healthy cattle

a

Table 19.4. Cavitary effusions: Pathologic processes, mechanisms, and condi...

Table 19.5. Common features of effusions (not criteria for classifying effu...

Table 19.6. Conversion of refractive indices to [TPref], [TSref], total sol...

Table 19.7. The [TG], [cholesterol], and Chol:TG ratios in chylous and nonc...

Chapter 20

Table 20.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 20.2. Reported features of synovial fluid samples from healthy dogs

Table 20.3. Reported features of synovial fluids of healthy horses

Table 20.4. Reported features of synovial fluid from healthy cats, llamas, ...

Table 20.5. Disorders and conditions that cause synovial fluid abnormalitie...

Table 20.6 Common features of synovial fluid for different types of arthrop...

Table 20.7. Causes of abnormal transparency, color, and viscosity

Chapter 21

Table 21.1. Abbreviations and symbols in this chapter

Table 21.2. Reported features of CSF samples from healthy dogs

Table 21.3. Reported features of CSF samples from healthy cats, horses, cat...

Table 21.4. General significance of major abnormalities detected during rou...

Table 21.5. Disorders and conditions that cause increased CSF [protein]

Table 21.6. Disorders and conditions that cause pleocytosis

a

Table 21.7. CSF inflammatory patterns occurring with selected causes of CNS...

Appendix A

Table A1 Grading of RBC abnormalities for dogs, cats, horses, and cattle

a

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1. Significant digits. The significant digits of the measured and c...

Figure 1.2. Reference distribution.

Figure 1.3. The laboratory cycle. Laboratory testing begins with the patient...

Figure 1.4. Illustrations of analytical properties of assays.

Figure 1.5. Levey–Jennings control chart for a glucose control solution. Qua...

Figure 1.6. Interlaboratory variation in hematology results. These distribut...

Figure 1.7. CLSI and Bland–Altman bias plots. The results were tabulated and...

Figure 1.8. Deming and Passing–Bablok method comparisons. The results were t...

Figure 1.9. Effects of different decision thresholds on classifying test res...

Figure 1.10. Examples of diagnostic properties of assays. These examples dem...

Figure 1.11. Analysis of the diagnostic properties of serum [tT

4

] and [fT

4

]

e

...

Figure 1.12. Comparison of diagnostic value of two theoretical assays by ROC...

Figure 1.13. Selecting decision thresholds with ROC curves. In this theoreti...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1. Schematic models of hematopoiesis. Each day, billions of blood c...

Figure 2.2. Neutrophil kinetics in health. Marrow has three major neutrophil...

Figure 2.3. Neubauer hemocytometer. The hemocytometer has two components: (i...

Figure 2.4. [WBC] via impedance method. Blood cells suspended in an isotonic...

Figure 2.5. [WBC] and WBC identification via flow cytometry methods.

Figure 2.6. Schematic representation of IDEXX QBC VetTube after centrifugati...

Figure 2.7. Transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) of typical nongreyhound...

Figure 2.8. Neutrophilia kinetics.

Figure 2.9. Neutropenia kinetics.

Figure 2.10. Lymphocytosis kinetics.

Figure 2.11. Lymphopenia kinetics.

Figure 2.12. Toxic neutrophils (A–E) and a pseudo‐toxic neutrophil (F). A. T...

Figure 2.13. Reactive lymphocytes (D–H) in contrast to unreactive small (A),...

Figure 2.14. Activated monocytes or macrophages in blood. A. Feathered edge,...

Figure 2.15. Bacteria in WBCs. A. Neutrophil containing bacterial bacilli, c...

Figure 2.16. A. Yeast stages of Histoplasma capsulatum in a neutrophil, cat....

Figure 2.17. Purple mast cell granules in a monocyte (A) and neutrophil (B),...

Figure 2.18. Abnormal inclusions in neutrophil (A), eosinophil (B), and lymp...

Figure 2.19. Congenital granulocyte hyposegmentation, dog. A. Short sausage‐...

Figure 2.20. Neutrophils with Barr bodies (left) in a 3‐mo‐old phenotypicall...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1. RBC kinetics in health. The erythron contains three major pools:...

Figure 3.2. Hemoglobin synthesis in adult domestic mammals.

Figure 3.3. Physiologic processes involving bilirubin.

Figure 3.4. Fe kinetics in healthy animals.

Figure 3.5. Major biochemical reactions in RBCs.

Figure 3.6. RBC VHC (volume hemoglobin concentration) cytograms from dogs. W...

Figure 3.7. A. Rouleaux, horse. B–D. Agglutination, dog. RBC agglutination m...

Figure 3.8. Saline dispersion of rouleaux in nonstained wet preparations, do...

Figure 3.9. A. Appropriate rubricytosis with a rubricyte, a metarubricyte, a...

Figure 3.10. A. Ghost RBCs with little residual Hgb and hyperchromic spheroc...

Figure 3.11. A–C. Continuum from immature aggregate reticulocytes to punctat...

Figure 3.12. A. Anaplasma marginale, cow. B. Anaplasma centrale, cow. C and ...

Figure 3.13. RBC inclusions. A. Basophilic stippling of plumbism, dog. B. Ca...

Figure 3.14. A. Macrocyte and resulting anisocytosis, horse. B. Leptocytic, ...

Figure 3.15. Poikilocytes (part 1). A. Acanthocytes, splenic hemangiosarcoma...

Figure 3.16. Poikilocytes (part 2). A. Pincered (mushroom) cells, dog. B. Py...

Figure 3.17. An approach to problem‐solving anemias. After anemia has been d...

Figure 3.18. RBC kinetics of acute blood loss.

Figure 3.19. RBC kinetics of chronic blood loss that results in Fe deficienc...

Figure 3.20. Hemolytic icterus (compare to Figure 3.3). Accelerated destruct...

Figure 3.21. Pathogenesis of hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria during intrav...

Figure 3.22. Pathogenesis of immune‐mediated hemolysis.

Figure 3.23. Pathogeneses of the erythrocytoses.

Figure 3.24. Agglutination reaction of a positive canine direct antiglobulin...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1. A. Megakaryocyte in the feathered edge of a blood film, dog. B. ...

Figure 4.2. Platelet kinetics. Blood platelet concentrations are established...

Figure 4.3. Canine blood film platelet densities representing health (A), th...

Figure 4.4. Small (A) and intermediate‐sized (B) platelet clumps in the bodi...

Figure 4.5. A. Oval and elongated platelets, fresh citrated blood, dog (most...

Figure 4.6. Abnormal giant, hypogranular platelet (A) and atypical megakaryo...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1A. The hemostatic process: vasoconstriction and primary hemostasis...

Figure 5.1B. The hemostatic process: secondary hemostasis (coagulation).

Figure 5.1C. The hemostatic process: tertiary hemostasis (fibrinolysis).

Figure 5.2. Coagulation cascade. The coagulation cascade begins with TF in t...

Figure 5.3. Synthesis of vitamin K–dependent factors. Coagulation factors II...

Figure 5.4. Antithrombin pathways. AT is produced primarily by hepatocytes a...

Figure 5.5. Schematic representation of the coagulation cascade as evaluated...

Figure 5.6. Schematic representation of cross‐linked fibrin formation from F...

Figure 5.7. TEG curves in health and hypo‐ or hypercoagulable states. Thromb...

Figure 5.8. Effects of vitamin K antagonism or deficiency on hepatocyte prod...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1. A. Promegakaryocyte (4N ploidy) with cytoplasmic blebs. B. Immat...

Figure 6.2. A. Erythropoiesis from rubriblasts through metarubricytes around...

Figure 6.3. A. Hypocellular bone marrow particle consisting mostly of adipoc...

Figure 6.4. Hemic cells found in the bone marrow of healthy mammals. The two...

Figure 6.5. Bone marrow from dogs with PIMA showing rubriphagocytosis of a r...

Figure 6.6. Histologic sections of bone marrow from two dogs with PIMA and a...

Figure 6.7. A. Amastigotes of Leishmania, extracellular and within bone marr...

Figure 6.8. General algorithm for hemic neoplasms. Such neoplasms may be sus...

Figure 6.9. A. Undifferentiated blasts including mitotic cells (A2) in the b...

Figure 6.10. Dysplastic large hypersegmented myelomonocytic cells (A), eryth...

Figure 6.11. A. Plasma cell myeloma, canine bone marrow. Relatively well‐dif...

Figure 6.12. Schematic examples of the interpretation of CBC and bone marrow...

Figure 6.13. A. Canine lymph node smear with predominantly small and interme...

Figure 6.14. A. Three plasma cells including one Mott cell, one large lympho...

Figure 6.15. A. Leishmania sp. amastigotes with rod‐shaped kinetoplasts in m...

Figure 6.16. A. Predominantly intermediate and large lymphocytes (compare to...

Figure 6.17. A. Small raft of pleomorphic epithelial cells and mostly small ...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1. Physiologic factors that influence serum or plasma protein conce...

Figure 7.2. Schematic structure of a typical mammalian immunoglobulin molecu...

Figure 7.3. Agarose gel SPE with the associated densitometer tracing for a h...

Figure 7.4. Canine serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and plasma protein el...

Figure 7.5. Feline and equine serum protein electrophoresis (SPE). SPE is mo...

Figure 7.6. Serum and urine protein electrophoresis for dog with a Bence Jon...

Figure 7.7. Illustration of fluid movements because of Starling’s law in a t...

Figure 7.8. Conceptual representation of the Gibbs–Donnan equilibrium. The p...

Figure 7.9. Schematic representation of the principles of colloid osmometry....

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1. ADH actions. Either hypovolemia or hyperosmolal plasma stimulate...

Figure 8.2. Glomerular filtration barrier. The GFB consists of the capillary...

Figure 8.3. Major physiologic processes of renal tubules that pertain to sol...

Figure 8.4. Osmolality changes in a healthy mammal’s nephron. (Details of th...

Figure 8.5. Graphical representation of the effects of chronic renal disease a...

Figure 8.6. Physiologic processes or concepts concerning urea and Crt.Urea sy...

Figure 8.7. Physiologic processes or concepts concerning SDMA. SDMA is one o...

Figure 8.8. Urine appearance. Photograph of urine samples with different gro...

Figure 8.9. Illustration of scales in a Leica TS400 hand‐held refractometer....

Figure 8.10. Illustration of scales in a Leica VET 360 hand‐held veterinary ...

Figure 8.11. Comparison of osmolality and USG

ref

in canine urine samples wit...

Figure 8.12. Types of proteinuria. Proteins in the urine vary with the patho...

Figure 8.13. Protein‐losing nephropathy and renal failure. Illustrations dep...

Figure 8.14. WBCs and RBCs in urine sediment. WBCs (black arrows) are larger...

Figure 8.15. Neoplastic lymphocytes in urine sediment. A and B. Unstained we...

Figure 8.16. Epithelial cells found in urine sediment. A. Angular (squamous)...

Figure 8.17. Organisms found in urine sediment. A. Large bacterial rods with...

Figure 8.18. Casts found in urine sediment. A. Hyaline cast (10× objective)....

Figure 8.19. Crystals found in urine sediment. A. Struvite crystals, typical...

Figure 8.20. Miscellaneous urine sediment findings. A. Lipid droplets with d...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1. Basic concepts for electrolyte and H

2

O movements into and out of...

Figure 9.2. Actions of aldosterone on principal epithelial cells in cortical...

Figure 9.3. Electrolyte exclusion effect.The body regulates the [Na

+

] in t...

Figure 9.4. Secretion of H

+

by type A (

A

cid secreting) intercalated cells of...

Figure 9.5. Multiple acid‐base transport pathways affecting H

+

and K

+

shifts...

Figure 9.6. Gastric or abomasal secretion of H

+

and Cl

−

.H

+

and HCO

3

−

...

Figure 9.7. Renal excretion of H

+

via NH

4

+

.

132

Epithelial cell of proximal ...

Figure 9.8. Conservation of HCO

3

−

in PCTs.H

+

secreted by a luminal b...

Figure 9.9. Secretion of HCO

3

−

by type B (

B

ase secreting) intercalated...

Figure 9.10. Bar diagrams of anion gap concepts.In all cases, total cation...

Figure 9.11. Lactate‐associated acidosis (lactic acidosis).During states o...

Figure 9.12.

L

‐Lactate metabolism.The traditional view is that pyruvate is...

Figure 9.13. Schematic comparison of total osmotic pressure and colloid osmo...

Figure 9.14. Bar diagram of serum osmolality (Osm

m

) concepts.Cations are s...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1. Acid‐base basics. Metabolic pathways in cells continually produ...

Figure 10.2. Blood gas and pulmonary gas exchanges

Figure 10.3. Oxygenation and deoxygenation of Hgb. Circles represent RBCs; r...

Figure 10.4. Oxygen‐hemoglobin dissociation curve. With a typical pO

2

(a) of ...

Figure 10.5. Comparison of acid‐base data from paired arterial and central‐v...

Figure 10.6. A. There are three major reasons for a metabolic acidosis and i...

Figure 10.7. Acidemia of lactic acidosis. ATP is ionized in neutral solution...

Figure 10.8. Acidemia of ketoacidosis. The acidemia of ketoacidosis is creat...

Figure 10.9. Respiratory acidosis. Effects on the Henderson–Hasselbalch equa...

Figure 10.10. Metabolic alkalosis. Effects on the Henderson–Hasselbalch equa...

Figure 10.11. Respiratory alkalosis. Effects on the Henderson–Hasselbalch eq...

Figure 10.12. Algorithmic approach to classification of simple (not mixed) a...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1. Relationships of calcium kinetics and the production of PTH and...

Figure 11.2. Conceptual illustration of the effects of a changing plasma or ...

Figure 11.3. Conceptual relationships of total, free, and bound Ca

2+

fractio...

Figure 11.4. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.As represented by a lymph...

Figure 11.5 Schematic pathogenesis of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism in...

Figure 11.6. Sequential events during the development of secondary renal hyp...

Figure 11.7. PO

4

kinetics and the production of PTH and 1,25(OH)

2

D. (Note: H...

Figure 11.8. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH immunoassays.

Figure 11.9. Relationships between [PTH] and [tCa

2+

] in selected disorders o...

Figure 11.10. Names and structures of the major forms of vitamin D.

Figure 11.11. Sources and metabolism of Vitamin D.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1. Sources and routes of removal of serum enzymes discussed in thi...

Figure 12.2. Release of cytosolic enzymes by blebbing or necrosis. Blebbing ...

Figure 12.3. Increased production of ALP by induction. In healthy animals (t...

Figure 12.4. Initial reactions in assays for the serum enzymes discussed in ...

Figure 12.5. Interpretation of a single enzyme activity. On the day of sampl...

Figure 12.6. Isoenzymes and recognized isoforms of ALP. Isoenzymes (also cal...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1. Physiologic processes involving bilirubin.

Figure 13.2. Obstructive cholestatic icterus: Lesions of bile canaliculi or ...

Figure 13.3. Physiologic processes of BAs. Cholesterol is degraded in hepato...

Figure 13.4. Pathologic processes that increase serum [BA] (hypercholemia). ...

Figure 13.5. Physiologic processes of ammonium.

Figure 13.6. The urea cycle (Krebs–Henseleit cycle) in hepatocytes: Some rea...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1. Physiologic factors that influence blood [glucose]. The major h...

Figure 14.2. Glycated proteins (ketoamines). A small percentage of glucose t...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1. Physiologic processes that influence plasma or serum concentrat...

Figure 15.2. Physiologic processes that influence plasma or serum concentrat...

Figure 15.3. Physiologic processes that influence plasma or serum concentrat...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1. Graphic representation of selected lipoprotein characteristics ...

Figure 16.2. Basic physiologic processes: metabolism of endogenous lipids. H...

Figure 16.3. Basic physiologic processes: metabolism of exogenous or dietary...

Figure 16.4. Basic physiologic processes: metabolism of FAs (NEFAs).

Figure 16.5. Lipemia. A. Lipemic serum: Marked lipemia and mild hemolysis in...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1. Hormonal control of thyroid glands.

Figure 17.2. T

3

suppression test results in cats; liothyronine, 25 μg per os...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1. Regulation of cortisol and aldosterone secretion.

Figure 18.2. Common hyperadrenocorticism disorders.

Figure 18.3. Common hypoadrenocorticism disorders.

Figure 18.4. UCCRs in canine hyperadrenocorticism. The results of these two ...

Figure 18.5. ACTH concentrations in adrenocortical disorders of dogs and cat...

Figure 18.6. Patterns and interpretation of LDDST responses in dogs. Expecte...

Figure 18.7. Responses from canine ACTH‐stimulation tests. Assays and criter...

Figure 18.8. Adrenal steroidogenesis in hyperadrenocorticism. Most diagnosti...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1. Pleural fluid formation and removal. Forces of Starling’s law o...

Figure 19.2. Starling’s forces in capillary beds. The movement of fluid out ...

Figure 19.3. Major changes in Starling’s forces of pleural and peritoneal ef...

Figure 19.4. Effusion classifications based on microscopic and numerical cri...

Figure 19.5. Nondegenerate neutrophils and macrophages (A and B); peritoneal...

Figure 19.6. Degenerate neutrophils in exudates with bacterial sepsis, perit...

Figure 19.7. Lymphocytes and plasma cells, pleural fluid, cats (A, B) and do...

Figure 19.8. Lymphomatous effusions. A. Atypical intermediate‐sized lymphocy...

Figure 19.9. Phagocytosis by macrophages. A. Two macrophages containing RBCs...

Figure 19.10. Mesothelial cells. A. Sheet of nonreactive mesothelial cells w...

Figure 19.11. Hemorrhagic effusion (pathologic hemorrhage). A. The body of a...

Figure 19.12. Eosinophils and mast cells. A. Mostly eosinophils and blue fib...

Figure 19.13. Carcinomatous effusions. A. Cluster of pleomorphic large cells...

Figure 19.14. Hepatocytes and squamous cells. A. Cluster of three pinkish‐ta...

Figure 19.15. Bacterial and fungal effusions. A. Neutrophilic inflammation w...

Figure 19.16. Protozoa from ruptured equine intestine. A. Ciliated intestina...

Figure 19.17. Urine crystals and sperm. A. Calcium carbonate crystals and ou...

Figure 19.18. Bile, mucus, fecal pigment, and fibrin in effusions. A. Neutro...

Figure 19.19. Protein crescents and stippling. Lower and higher magnificatio...

Figure 19.20. Pancreatitis‐associated effusion. Macrophages and nondegenerat...

Figure 19.21. Macrophage phagocytosis of neutrophils containing bacteria. A....

Figure 19.22. Amniotic fluid. Nucleate and anucleate squamous epithelial cel...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1. Major components of a generic synovial joint and its synovium ...

Figure 20.2. Glycoprotein crescents in a thick region of a direct smear of s...

Figure 20.3. A. LE cell (short arrow) in a cytocentrifuge preparation of hya...

Figure 20.4. A. Degenerate neutrophils containing small bacterial cocci (str...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1. Major CNS structural components related to CSF. Much of the CSF...

Figure 21.2. Neubauer and Fuchs–Rosenthal hemocytometer grids for measuring ...

Figure 21.3. A. Cells commonly seen in CSF without disease: a monocytoid cel...

Figure 21.4. CSF with a mixed inflammatory pleocytosis including an increase...

Appendix A

Figure A1. Two microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis at the feathered edge of...

Figure A2. A recommended battlement approach to WBC differential counts. By ...

Guide

COVER PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT PAGE

DEDICATION PAGE

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE

Begin Reading

Appendix A THE COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT AND BLOOD SMEAR EVALUATION

INDEX

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Fundamentals of VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Third Edition

Edited by

Steven L. Stockham, DVM, MS

Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Pathologists(Clinical Pathology), now deceasedProfessor in the Department of Diagnostic Medicine/PathobiologyDirector of the Clinical Pathology LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary MedicineKansas State University, USA

Michael A. Scott, DVM, PhD

Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Pathologists(Clinical Pathology)Associate Professor EmeritusDepartment of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation,College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied for

HB ISBN: 9781118809532ePDF: 9781118809587epub: 9781118809556

Cover Design: WileyCover Images: Courtesy of Michael A. Scott

This edition is dedicated to Dr. Steve Stockham, consummate teacher and life‐long learner.

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Steven L. Stockham, DVM, MS, Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Pathologists (Clinical Pathology), Professor Emeritus, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA. [Deceased 2019]

Michael A. Scott, DVM, PhD, Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Pathologists (Clinical Pathology), Associate Professor Emeritus, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.