Genomics Approach to Bioremediation E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1224

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Genomics Approach to Bioremediation Provides insights into the various aspects of microbial genomics and biotechnology for environmental cleanup In recent years, the application of genomics to biodegradation and bioremediation research has led to a better understanding of the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms, their interactions with hazardous and toxic chemical compounds, and their adaptability to changing environmental conditions. Genomics Approach to Bioremediation: Principles, Tools, and Emerging Technologies provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on cutting-edge technologies and approaches in bioremediation and biodegradation of environmental pollutants. Edited by prominent researchers in the field, this authoritative reference examines advanced genomics technologies, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and state-of-the-art bioinformatics tools while offering valuable insights into the unique functional attributes of different microbial communities and their impact on the removal of chemical contaminants. Each chapter includes numerous high-quality illustrations, detailed tables, extensive references, and step-by-step descriptions of various microbial metabolic pathways of degradation and biotransformation of environments containing various inorganic, metallic, organometallic, and organic hydrocarbon contaminants. * Describes methodologies and underlying theory for the remediation, detoxification, and degradation of contaminated environments * Covers new genomics technologies that address nutrient removal, resource recovery, and other major trends in environmental cleanup * Highlights recent advances in microbial biotechnological approaches including the latest description of the relationship between microbes and the environment focusing on their impact on ecosystem services. * Offers perspectives on energy saving, production, sustainability, and community involvement * Discusses current challenges and future directions in the field of bioremediation Genomics Approach to Bioremediation: Principles, Tools, and Emerging Technologies is an essential resource for biochemical and environmental engineers, environmental microbiologists, academic researchers, process and treatment plant managers, policymakers, and industry professionals working in the areas of microbial degradation, bioremediation, and phytoremediation.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part 1: Fundamentals of Metagenomics and Bioremediation

1 Application of Bioremediation for Environmental Clean‐Up:

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach

1.3 Importance of Vegetation for Bioremediation

1.4 Application of Bioremediation to Clean Up Environmental Pollutants

1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation Technology

1.6 Recent Advancements in Bioremediation Technology

1.7 Conclusion

References

2 Omics in Biomethanation and Environmental Remediation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Feedstocks Used

2.3 Microbiology and Biochemical Reactions in Anaerobic Digestions

2.4 Omics in Biomethanation and BiorRemediation

2.5 Role of Factors in Anaerobic Digestions in Biomethanation

2.6 Inhibitory Substances for Anaerobic Digestion

2.7 Degradation and Bioremediation of Toxic Compounds for Enhanced Production of Biomethanation

2.8 Circular Economy Perspective in Biogas Production

2.9 Conclusion

References

3 Enzyme Immobilization:

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Immobilization of Enzymes

3.3 Aspects Affecting the Performance of Immobilized Enzyme

3.4 Factors Contributing Toward the Immobilized Enzyme Activity Enhancement

3.5 Immobilized Enzyme Applications

3.6 Conclusion

References

4 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation:

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Biostimulation

4.3 Bioagumentation

4.4 Commercially Available Bioremediation Agents

4.5 Conclusions

References

5 Plant Microbe Synergism for Arsenic StressAmelioration in Crop Plants

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Distribution of Arsenic in Soil and Water

5.3 Methods of Arsenic Remediation

5.4 Arsenic‐Induced Toxicity in Crop Plants

5.5 Arsenic Remediation Through Mineral Fertilization

5.6 Bioremediation

5.7 Plant–Microbe Interaction and Their Role in Reducing As Toxicity in Crop Plants

5.8 Plant–Microbe Interaction as a Boon for Arsenic Remediation

5.9 Microbial Methylation of Arsenic in Soil and its Reduced Uptake in Plants

5.10 Conclusion

References

6 Metagenomic Characterization and Applications of Microbial Surfactants in Remediation of Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals for Environmental Safety:

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Biosurfactants’ Characteristics

6.3 Classification of Biosurfactants

6.4 Screening of Microorganisms for Biosurfactants Production

6.5 Metagenomic Characterization of Biosurfactant‐Producing Microorganisms

6.6 Biosynthesis of Biosurfactants

6.7 Characterization of Biosurfactants

6.8 Factors Influencing Biosurfactants Production

6.9 Applications of Biosurfactants in Heavy Metals Environmental Remediation

6.10 Challenges in Cost‐Effective Production of Biosurfactants

6.11 Future Research Needs

6.12 Conclusions

References

Part 2: Metagenomics in Environmental Cleanup

7 Metagenomic Approaches Applied to Bioremediation of Xenobiotics

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Metagenomic Approaches in Bioremediation Processes

7.3 Metagenomics in the Hydrocarbon Degradation

7.4 Metagenomic Approaches in the Drugs Degradation

7.5 Metagenomic Approaches in the Dye Degradation

7.6 Metagenomic Approaches in the Pesticides Degradation

7.7 Metagenomics in Heavy Metal Biorremediation

References

8 Omics Approaches for Microalgal Applications in Wastewater Treatment

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Concept on Microalgal Biofilms

8.3 Factors Influencing Nutrient Extraction and Microalgal Growth

8.4 Mechanism of Microalgal Remediation

8.5 Multi‐Omics Approach

8.6 Conclusion

References

9 Microbial Community Profiling in Wastewaterof Effluent Treatment Plant

9.1 Source of Wastewater

9.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant

9.3 Wastewater Treatment Facilities Have a Wide Range of Microbial Diversity

9.4 Microbial Composition in WWTPs

9.5 Screening, Selection, and Identification of Microbial Communities

9.6 Health Problem for Wastewater Treatment Employees

9.7 Conclusion

9.8 Future Prospective

References

10 Mining of Novel Microbial Enzymes Using Metagenomics Approach for Efficient Bioremediation:

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Omics for Microbial Enzymes in Bioremediation

10.3 Implementing Metagenomics for Énvironmental Remediations

10.4 Metagenomics, Microbial Enzymes, and Bioremediation

10.5 Meta –Omics Advances for Bioremediation

10.6 Conclusion

References

11 Bioremediation Approaches for Genomic Microalgal Applications in Wastewater Treatment

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Implantation of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment

11.3 Strategies to Enhance the Removal of Nutrients

11.4 Mechanism of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater

11.5 Biofuel Production with Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment

11.6 Genetic Engineering and Bioremediation Approaches

11.7 Bioremediation Approaches in Value‐Added Products Formation

11.8 Economic Feasibility of Nutrient Removal Methods

11.9 Conclusion

References

12 Application of Microbial Enzymes in Wastewater Treatment

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Types and Functions of Microbial Enzymes

12.3 Major Contaminants in Waste Water

12.4 Technologies Used for Enzymatic Treatment of Waste Water

12.5 Enzymatic Treatment Benefits

12.6 Conclusion

12.7 Future Perspectives

References

13 Microbial Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons:

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Pollution and Toxic Effect of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

13.3 Taxonomic Relationships of Hydrocarbon‐Utilizing Microorganisms

13.4 Biotransformation

13.5 Microbial‐Mediated Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

13.6 Metagenomics Approaches

13.7 Current and Future Prospective

Acknowledgments

References

14 Sewage Treatment System

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Important Monitoring and Water Quality Parameters in Biological Sewage Treatment Systems

14.3 Biological Treatment Option for Sewage Treatment Systems

14.4 Challenges and Opportunities with Current Biological Sewage Treatment Processes

14.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

15 Omics Approach in Nano‐Bioremediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants

15.1 Introduction

15.2 POPs Into the Environment

15.3 Nano‐bioremediation of POPs

15.4 Types of POPs and Their Degradation Pathways in the Environment

15.5 Nanomaterial Used in Thermal Degradation of Persistent Organic Pollutants

15.6 Conclusion

References

16 Application of Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Bioremediation

16.3 Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMMs) for Bioremediation

16.4 GMMs for Bioremediation of Heavy Metal‐Contaminated Wastewater

16.5 Case Studies

16.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

17 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Impact of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Microbial Diversity

17.3 Genomic Approaches

17.4 Soil Bioremediation

17.5 Groundwater and Surface Water Bioremediation

17.6 Organic and Inorganic Amendments to Biostimulation

17.7 Conclusion

References

18 Omics Approach in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals (HMs) in Industrial Wastewater

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Nomenclature Used

18.3 Heavy Metals as Pollutant Into the Water Environment: Sources and Pathways

18.4 Toxicity and Physio‐Biochemical Effects of Heavy Metals

18.5 Existing Technologies for the Removal of Heavy Metals from the Environmental Matrices

18.6 Omics Approach in the Bioremediation of Heavy Metals

18.7 Nano‐Bioremediation of Heavy Metals: An Emerging Approach

18.8 Recent Advancement and Development of Nano‐Bioremediation of HMs

18.9 Conclusion

References

Part 3: Recent Trends and Future Outlook in Metagenomics to Bioremediation

19 CRISPR/Cas Editing in Relation to Phytoremediation

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Conventional Molecular Tools for Creating Genetically Modified Plants

19.3 CRISPR‐Mediated Gene Editing Technique

19.4 Target Genes of CRISPR‐Mediated Genetic Modification

19.5 CRISPR‐Mediated Strategies for Phytoremediation

19.6 Role CRISPR‐Mediated Strategies in Generating Stress Tolerant Plants

19.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

References

20 Biosensors as a Principal Tool for Bioremediation Monitoring

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Types of Biosensors

20.3 Biochemical Potential and Working of Different Biosensors

20.4 Analysis Systems of Biosensors for Bioremediation Detection

20.5 Using Biosensors to Detect Biochemical Potentials

20.6 Biosensors

20.7 Molecular‐Based Methods

20.8 Biosensors Based on Enzymes

20.9 Bioaffinity‐Based Biosensors

20.10 Monitoring Bioremediation

20.11 Parameters Monitored During Bioremediation

20.12 Chemical Parameters

20.13 Biological Parameters

20.14 Toxicity Assessment

20.15 Online Monitoring of Bioremediation

20.16 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

21 Integration of Pathway Analysis as a Powerful Tool for Microbial Remediation of Pollutants

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Microbial Approaches for Remediation of Pollutants

21.3 Integration of Genetic and Metabolic Engineering in Remediation Process

21.4 Alternative Strategies for Microbial Remediation of Pollutants via Synthetic Biology

21.5 Using Bacteria as Whole Cell Bacterial Catalysis

21.6 Ecological Safety and Risk Assessment

21.7 Future Perspective and Challenges

21.8 Conclusion

References

22 Oxidative Catalytic Potential of Lignin‐Modifying Enzymes in the Treatment of Emerging Contaminants

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Ligninolytic Enzymes

22.3 Conclusion and Perspectives

References

23 Omics Technologies in Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Basics of Bioremediation

23.3 Limitations of Conventional Molecular Sequencing Technologies

23.4 Omics Technologies: An Overview

23.5 Applications of Omics in Bioremediation Research

23.6 Computational, Bioinformatics, and Biostatistics Tools in Omics Approaches

23.7 Challenges and Opportunities

23.8 Conclusions

References

24 Bioinformatics and Its Contribution to Bioremediation and Genomics

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Bioinformatics Tools for Bioremediation

24.3 Application of Omics Technology in Bioremediation

24.4 Conclusion

References

25 Genetically Modified Bacteria for Arsenic Bioremediation

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Genetically Modified Bacteria for Arsenic Bioremediation

25.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

26 Proteomics and Bioremediation Using Prokaryotes

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Prokaryotic Membranes, Proteins, and Adaptation to Biodegradation Dynamics

26.3 Stimuli to Biodegradation

26.4 Protein Contribution of Subcellular Components to Biodegradation

26.5 Expression of Proteins and Proteomic Steps

26.6 Strategies for Identifying and Quantifying Proteins by Mass Spectrometry (MS)

26.7 Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins

26.8 Improvements Required to Proteomic Techniques

26.9 Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Representation of substances that are needed for bacterial activi...

Table 2.2 Representation of different metals showing inhibitory and toxic c...

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Enzyme immobilization with different enzymes and their characteri...

Table 3.2 Various applications of immobilized enzymes.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Examples of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) used in bioaugmen...

Table 4.2 Characteristics of cell and gene bioaugmentation.

Table 4.3 Bioremediation agents in the US‐National contingency plan product...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Physical and chemical methods of As remediation and their limitat...

Table 5.2 Implementation of PGPRs for As stress amelioration in crop plants...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Biosurfactants are classified according to their usage in the cle...

Table 6.2 List of bacteria that produce biosurfactants.

Table 6.3 Recent research on the use of biosurfactants in the removal of he...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Microbial degradation potential of xenobiotics presents in the en...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Removal of organics from different wastewater sources using selec...

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Reclamation techniques for treatment of wastewater.

Table 9.2 Microbial composition of WWTPs.

Table 9.3 Molecular biology approaches to access microbial community profil...

Table 9.4 Efficient methods for microbial community profiling.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Recent reports over bioremediation targeted by microbial enzymes...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Genetic engineering techniques involved for the nutrient removal...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Functions of microbial enzymes.

Table 12.2 Contaminants present in wastewater.

Table 12.3 Applications of microbial enzymes.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Bioremediation

in situ

treatments.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Concentration of sewage contents in grams per capital per day....

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Showing chemical formula and structure of different pesticides....

Table 15.2 Some of the microbes which can degrade various chemicals.

Table 15.3 Showing POPs removal from the nanoparticles.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Pros and cons of

in situ vs. ex situ

bioremediation.

Table 16.2 Remediation of target contaminants by genetically modified micro...

Table 16.3 Acceptable limits for heavy metals.

Table 16.4 Sources of heavy metals and their impact on human health.

Table 16.5 Recent case studies on genetically modified microorganisms‐media...

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Case studies of successful bioaugmentation and biostimulation us...

Table 17.2 Bioremediation studies: comparison between bioaugmentation, bios...

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Depicting the acceptable limits and permissible limits for the v...

Table 18.2 Depicts the various heavy metal removal with the utilization of ...

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Recent gene editing tools and techniques used to improve the phy...

Table 19.2 CRISPR‐based plant gene editing systems.

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Major pollutants and identified microbes (bacteria, fungi, algae...

Table 21.2 List of natural plasmids involved in catabolic activity.

Table 21.3 Genetic engineering approaches applied for biodegradation of con...

Table 21.4 Various applications of synthetic biology.

Table 21.5 Microorganisms and their respective carbon sources.

Table 21.6 Advantages and challenges / shortcomings of microbial remediatio...

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Lignin‐modifying enzymes (LMEs).

Table 22.2 Applications of laccase in removing emerging contaminants.

Table 22.3 Applications of the enzyme manganese peroxidase in the removal o...

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Omics technologies used in bioremediation research.

Table 23.2 Computational and bioinformatics software used for metagenomic d...

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 List of chemical and biodegradative databases.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Overview of arsenic toxicity in humans.

Table 25.2 Conventional methods of arsenic removal.

Table 25.3 Genetically engineered bacteria for arsenic removal.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Microbial catalysts used in bioremediation.

Table 26.2 Diversity of post‐translational modifications.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 MSW’s consisting of various toxic and nontoxic wastes.

Figure 2.2 Regional waste generation annually (in million tones).

Figure 2.3 Classification of major feedstocks from different sectors.

Figure 2.4 Organic waste and its weightage.

Figure 2.5 Biogas production potential from fresh weight organic feedstock....

Figure 2.6 Biochemistry and four biological and chemical stages of anaerobic...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Factors affecting the performance of immobilized enzymes.

Figure 3.2 Enzyme inhibition control for immobilized enzyme activity enhance...

Figure 3.3 Effect of structure rigidification after immobilization.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Flowchart of

in situ

bioremediation techniques.

Figure 4.2 Flowchart of the factor affecting the bioremediation techniques i...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Effect of As‐induced toxicity in crop plants.

Figure 5.2 Methods of phytoremediation and their limitations.

Figure 5.3 Mechanism of microbial As remediation.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Mechanisms using biosurfactants to remove heavy metals from pollu...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Main sources of contamination by xenobiotic compounds.

Figure 7.2 Stages of the processes involved in the metagenomic approach.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Conventional methods for wastewater remediation.

Figure 8.2 A histogram of total lipid, crude proteins, and carbohydrate cont...

Figure 8.3 Ecosystem of microalgal production and wastewater treatment.

Figure 8.4 OMICS tools.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Source of wastewater.

Figure 9.2 Wastewater treatment plant.

Figure 9.3 Methods of wastewater plants.

Figure 9.4 Approaches to access microbial community profiling.

Figure 9.5 Process of sequencing approaches to access microbial community pr...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 The cycle; from diverse microbes to environmental cleanup via om...

Figure 10.2 The chain of meta‐microbial bioremediation.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Process of modification of adsorbent for recovery of nutrients f...

Figure 11.2 Thermochemical conversion of microalgal oil to biodiesel.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Types of microbial enzymes.

Figure 12.2 Microorganism producing enzymes.

Figure 12.3 Types of waste water contaminants.

Figure 12.4 Bioremediation techniques.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Different types of chemical structures.

Figure 13.2 Classification of petroleum hydrocarbons.

Figure 13.3 Microbial mediated remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Schematic illustration of the AF‐MBR and GEB‐Nirs/PPK‐AF‐MBR....

Figure 14.2 Mechanism of anoxic biofilm

in situ

enrichment of anammox bacter...

Figure 14.3 Mechanism of anoxic nitrification and denitrification using GNOF...

Figure 14.4 Schematic diagram of (a) conventional sludge treatment by AD and...

Figure 14.5 Mechanism of CPBC on anaerobic co‐digestion.

Figure 14.6 Schematic of the laboratory‐scale digester system, including fee...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Different types of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which in...

Figure 15.2 POPs emitted into the environment and they lead to Biomagnificat...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1

In situ

bioremediation techniques for heavy metal removal from p...

Figure 16.2

Ex situ

bioremediation techniques for heavy metal removal from p...

Figure 16.3 Adverse effects of heavy metals {arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chr...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Simplified scheme of polymerase chain reaction: a sample of DNA ...

Figure 17.2 Sample extraction for genomic or metagenomic analysis.

Figure 17.3 Simplified scheme of the

in situ

hybridization technique: first,...

Figure 17.4 Dynamics of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil.

Figure 17.5 Bioaugmentation and biostimulation correlated to petroleum hydro...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 The various sources of heavy metals in water resources.

Figure 18.2 The sources of cadmium in environment.

Figure 18.3 The sources of lead pollution in water resources.

Figure 18.4 The multi‐omics approaches utilized in the study of degradation ...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Different types of biosensors and their subclasses.

Figure 20.2 Working principle of a typical biosensor.

Figure 20.3 Application of Biosensors–Biological sensors uses a biochemical ...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 The input layer consists of various factors such as chemicals, l...

Figure 21.2 Various approaches for pathway analysis.

Figure 21.3 Input is the substrate; output is the product formed by the bioc...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Phenylpropane lignin precursor units.

Figure 22.2 Molecular structure of the active site of the laccase enzyme fro...

Figure 22.3 Catalytic mechanism of laccase in the oxidation of phenolic and ...

Figure 22.4 Molecular structure of the active site of the manganese peroxida...

Figure 22.5 Manganese peroxidase catalytic cycle.

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Scheme of different “omics” technologies in environmental microb...

Figure 23.2 Applications of different “omics” technologies in bioremediation...

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Proposed microbial consortium system for the bioremediation of i...

Figure 25.2 (a) Plasmid map of pET30a‐ArsR; (b) PCR analysis of the recombin...

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Multiple “omics” approaches. Except for the genome, environment ...

Figure 26.2 Flowchart of the main steps of identification of proteins of int...

Guide

Cover Page

Title page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Genomics Approach to Bioremediation

Principles, Tools, and Emerging Technologies

Edited by

Vineet Kumar

GD Goenka University

Haryana, India

Muhammad Bilal

Poznan University of Technology

Poznan, Poland

Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira

Tiradentes University

Aracaju, Brazil

Hafiz M.N. Iqbal

Tecnologico de Monterrey

Monterrey, Mexico

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Dedicated to my teachers, and mentors, from whom I continue to learn and to my family for their abundant support, patience, understanding, love, encouragement, blessings, and educating us to date; without them this book would not have been possible – Vineet Kumar

Dedicated to our students, teachers, and mentors, from whom I continue to learn and my family for their support, blessings, motivation, and love. – Muhammad Bilal

Dedicated to my family especially my wife without whose support this book would not have been possible – Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira

This book is dedicated to my family members, colleagues, and besties. Their patience and understanding have given me the time and inspiration to research and edit this project. –Hafiz M.N. Iqbal

About the Editors

Dr. Vineet Kumar is presently working as an assistant professor in the Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences at GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India. Prior to joining GD Goenka University, Dr. Kumar served the various reputed institutions in India like CSIR‐National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Maharashtra, India; Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi; Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University Lucknow, India, etc. He received his M.Sc. (2010) and M.Phil. (2012) in microbiology at Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, India. Subsequently, he earned his Ph.D. (2018) in environmental microbiology from Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (A Central) University, Lucknow, India. He was awarded a Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship by the University Grants Commission, India, for his work on “Distillery Wastewater Treatment” in 2012. He has published more than 120 scientific contributions in the form of research articles, reviews articles, book chapters, and editorial‐type scientific articles in fields of science and engineering. He has an h‐index of 25 along with more than 1500 citations and serves as a scientific reviewer in numerous peer‐reviewed journals of high impact factors. His research interest includes bioremediation, phytoremediation, metagenomics, wastewater treatment, environmental monitoring, waste management, bioenergy, and biofuel production. Currently, his research mainly focuses on developing integrated and sustainable treatment techniques that can help minimize or eliminate hazardous waste in the environment. He has presented several papers relevant to his research areas at national and international conferences. Dr. Kumar has been serving as a guest editor and reviewer in many prestigious International Journals in his research area. Dr. Kumar is an active member of numerous scientific societies including the Microbiology Society (UK), the Indian Science Congress Association (India), the Association of Microbiologists of India (India), etc. He is the founder of the Society for Green Environment, India (website: www.sgeindia.org). He can be reached at [email protected]; [email protected].

Dr. Muhammad Bilal is working as an assistant professor in the Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland. He earned his Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University with a specialization in bioengineering and applied biotechnology. He has published more than 700 scientific contributions in the form of research, reviews, book chapters and editorial‐type scientific articles in various areas of Science and Engineering. He has an h‐index of 62 along with more than 15000 citations. He is associate editor of the Bioengineered (Taylor & Francis), Frontiers in Microbiology, Frontiers in Chemical Engineering and Frontiers in Environmental Science (Frontiers). He has edited several special issues and books and serves as a scientific reviewer in numerous peer‐reviewed journals. Dr. Bilal has a collaborative network with national and international institutes/universities across the globe. His research interests include bioengineering, environmental biotechnology, nanotechnology, bio‐catalysis, enzyme engineering, immobilization, chemical modifications and industrial applications of microbial enzymes, bioremediation of hazardous and emerging pollutants, liquid, and solid waste management – valorization of agro‐industrial wastes and biomaterials for bioenergy.

Prof. Dr. Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira is an associate professor at Tiradentes University and a researcher at the Institute of Technology and Research in Aracaju/Sergipe, Brazil. He earned his PhD in microbiology from the University of São Paulo. He has over 150 scientific contributions in the form of research, reviews, book chapters, and editorial‐type scientific articles in various fields of science and engineering. He has experience as a visiting researcher at the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa with Professor Samir Kumar Khanal. He got a CNPq Research Productivity Scholarship – Level 2 and serves on the editorial board of the World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology and as a review editor for Frontiers in Microbiology. He is a reviewing advisor of research projects of several research foundations in Brazil, as FAPESP, the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). He has an h‐index of 17 along with more than 950 citations and serves as a scientific reviewer in numerous peer‐reviewed journals of high impact factors. Romanholo Ferreira has a collaborative network with national and international institutes/universities across the globe. He is currently a member of the Society for Green Environment, India. Furthermore, he has published more than 100 research articles with high impact and book chapters in leading international and national journals or books. His research interests include environmental biotechnology/bioengineering, nanotechnology, bio‐catalysis, ecotoxicology, applied microbiology, bioremediation of hazardous and emerging pollutants, liquid and solid waste management, and valorization of agro‐industrial wastes and biomaterials for bioenergy.

Prof. Dr. Hafiz M.N. Iqbal is a full‐time professor at the School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico. He completed his PhD in biomedical sciences with a specialization in applied biotechnology and materials science at the University of Westminster, London, UK. Dr. Iqbal’s research group is engaged in environmental engineering, bioengineering, biomedical engineering, materials science, enzyme engineering, bio‐catalysis, bioremediation, algal biotechnology, and applied biotechnology related research activities. Dr. Iqbal has an h‐index of 55 along with more than 9000 citations. Dr. Iqbal had guest‐edited several special issues and served as an editorial board member for several peer‐reviewed journals. Dr. Iqbal has published more than 400 scientific contributions in the form of research, reviews, book chapters, and editorials at several platforms in various journals of national/international repute with a high impact factor.

List of Contributors

Komal AgrawalBioprocess and Bioenergy LaboratoryDepartment of MicrobiologyCentral University of RajasthanKishangarh, AjmerRajasthan, India

Department of Microbiology School of BioEngineering and Biosciences Lovely ProfessionalUniversity, Phagwara Punjab, India

Gautam AnandDepartment of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani CenterRishon LeZion, Israel

Uttpal AnandDepartment of Life Sciences and the NationalInstitute for Biotechnology in the NegevBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva, Israel

Vandana AnandDivision of Microbial TechnologyCSIR‐National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Department of Scientific and Industrial ResearchAcademy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchAcSIR, GhaziabadUttar Pradesh, India

Cristiano José de AndradeDepartment of Chemical Engineering & Food Engineering, Technological CenterFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, SC, Brazil

Ruby AnguranaDepartment of ZoologySchool of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, Punjab, India

J. ArunCentre for Waste ManagementSathyabama Institute of Science and TechnologyChennai, Tamilnadu, India

Sneha BandyopadhyayRestoration Ecology LaboratoryDepartment of Environmental Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (ISM) DhanbadDhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Paul Olusegun BankoleDepartment of Pure and Applied BotanyCollege of BiosciencesFederal University of Agriculture AbeokutaAbeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

Shreyan BardhanDepartment of BiotechnologyBengal Institute of Technology (BIT)Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Gabriela Pereira BarrosInstitute of Technology and Research (ITP)Tiradentes University (UNIT)Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

Ram Naresh BharagavaDepartment of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES)Babasaheb Bhimrao AmbedkarUniversity (A Central University)Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Nisha BhardwajDepartment of Chemical EngineeringInstitute of Chemical TechnologyMumbai, Maharashtra, India

Bioprocess and Bioenergy LaboratoryDepartment of MicrobiologyCentral University of RajasthanKishangarh, AjmerRajasthan, India

Ankita BhattHydro and Renewable Energy DepartmentIndian Institute of Technology (IIT) RoorkeeRoorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Vidisha BistDivision of Microbial TechnologyCSIR‐National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Department of Scientific and Industrial ResearchAcademy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchAcSIR, GhaziabadUttar Pradesh, India

Sthefany Araujo BomfimGraduate Program on Process EngineeringTiradentes University (UNIT)Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

Karina CescaDepartment of Chemical Engineering & Food Engineering, Technological CenterFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, SC, Brazil

Himani ChandelEMBL‐Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology LaboratoryEERG‐Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation GroupSchool of BiotechnologyShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Banani Ray ChowdhuryDepartment of BiotechnologyBengal Institute of Technology (BIT)Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Ho Kah ChunFaculty of EngineeringBuilt Environment, and Information TechnologySEGi University, Kota DamansaraPetaling Jaya, Malaysia

Sudip DasDepartment of BiotechnologyBengal Institute of Technology (BIT)Kolkata, West Bengal, India

S.S. DawnCentre for Waste ManagementSathyabama Institute of Science and TechnologyChennai, Tamilnadu, India

Centre of Excellence for Energy ResearchSathyabama Institute of Science and TechnologyChennai, Tamilnadu, India

Isabela Karina Della‐FloraDepartment of Chemical Engineering & Food Engineering, Technological CenterFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, SC, Brazil

Abhijit DeyDepartment of Life SciencesPresidency UniversityKolkata, West Bengal, India

Satarupa DeyDepartment of BotanyShyampur Siddheswari MahavidyalayaHowrah, West Bengal, India

Daljeet Singh DhanjalDepartment of BiotechnologySchool of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, Punjab, India

Varsha DharmeshDivision of Microbial TechnologyCSIR‐National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Department of Scientific and Industrial ResearchAcademy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchAcSIRGhaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abhinav Singh DograEMBL‐Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology LaboratoryEERG‐Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation GroupSchool of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management SciencesSolan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Alysson Wagner Fernandes DuarteLaboratory of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitologyFederal University of AlagoasArapiraca, AL, Brazil

Shruti DwivediDepartment of BiotechnologyDeen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur UniversityGorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Katlin Ivon Barrios EguiluzGraduate Program on Process EngineeringTiradentes University (UNIT)Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

Institute of Technology and Research (ITP)Tiradentes University (UNIT)Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

Luiz Fernando Romanholo FerreiraWaste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes UniversityAracaju, SE, Brazil

Manan Kaur GhaiAmity School of Earth and Environmental SciencesAmity University HaryanaGurugram, ManesarHaryana, India

Mimosa GhoraiDepartment of Life SciencesPresidency UniversityKolkata, West Bengal, India

Sougata GhoshDepartment of MicrobiologySchool of ScienceRK UniversityRajkot, Gujarat, India

Kuruvalli GouthamiDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health SciencesREVA UniversityBengaluru, Karnataka, India

Supriya GuptaDepartment of BiotechnologyDeen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur UniversityGorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Teow Yeit HaanResearch Centre for Sustainable Process TechnologyFaculty of Engineering and Built EnvironmentUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Department of Chemical and Process TechnologyFaculty of Engineering and Built EnvironmentUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Muddasarul HodaDepartment of Biological SciencesAliah UniversityKolkata, West Bengal, India

Chien Hwa ChongDepartment of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaSemenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

Parul JohriDepartment of Biotechnology,Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped,Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Navneet JoshiDepartment of BiosciencesSchool of Liberal Arts and SciencesMody University of Science and TechnologyLakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India

JyotiAmity School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Amity University HaryanaGurugram, ManesarHaryana, India

Dhriti KapoorDepartment of BotanySchool of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, Punjab, India

Vaidehi KatochDepartment of Forensic ScienceSchool of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, Punjab, India

Jasvinder KaurDivision of Microbial TechnologyCSIR‐National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Department of BotanyKumaun UniversityNainital, Uttarakhand, India

Maikon KelbertDepartment of Chemical Engineering & Food Engineering, Technological CenterFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, SC, Brazil

Sarita KhaturiaDepartment of ChemistrySchool of Liberal Arts and SciencesMody University of Science and TechnologyLakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India

Navneet KumarEMBL‐Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology LaboratoryEERG‐Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation GroupSchool of BiotechnologyShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Vineet KumarDepartment of Basic and Applied SciencesSchool of Engineering and SciencesGD Goenka UniversityGurugram, Haryana, India

Dibyajit LahiriDepartment of BiotechnologyUniversity of Engineering and Management (UEM)Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Ana Maria Queijeiro LópezInstituto de Química e Biotecnologia (IQB)Universidade Federal de AlagoasMaceió‐Al, Brasil

Akshita MaheshwariDivision of Microbial TechnologyCSIR‐National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Subodh Kumar MaitiRestoration Ecology LaboratoryDepartment of Environmental Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (ISM) DhanbadDhanbad, Jharkhand, India

A.M.M. MallikarjunaswamyDepartment of Chemistry, School of Applied Science, REVA University, Bengaluru Karnataka, India

Hansa MathurDepartment of BiosciencesSchool of Liberal Arts and SciencesMody University of Science and TechnologyLakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India

Sikandar I. MullaDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health SciencesREVA UniversityBengaluru, Karnataka, India

Saransh NairEMBL‐Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology LaboratoryEERG‐Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation GroupSchool of BiotechnologyShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management SciencesSolan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Sonal NigamAmity Institute of Microbial TechnologyAmity UniversityNoida, Uttar Pradesh, India

N. NirmalaCentre for Waste ManagementSathyabama Institute of Science and TechnologyChennai, Tamilnadu, India

Potshangbam NongdamDepartment of BiotechnologyManipur UniversityImphal, Manipur, India

Débora de OliveiraDepartment of Chemical Engineering & Food Engineering, Technological CenterFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, SC, Brazil

Vanessa Kristine de Oliveira SchmidtDepartment of Chemical Engineering & Food Engineering, Technological CenterFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, SC, Brazil

Júlia Ronzella OttoniLaboratory of Environmental BiotechnologyUniversity for Latin American Integration (UNILA)Latin American Institute of Life Sciences and Nature, Foz do IguaçuPR, Brazil

Devendra Kumar PandeyDepartment of BiotechnologyLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, Punjab, India

Michel Rodrigo Zambrano PassariniLaboratory of Environmental BiotechnologyUniversity for Latin American Integration (UNILA)Latin American Institute of Life Sciences and Nature, Foz do IguaçuPR, Brazil

Sanjeev Kumar PrajapatiHydro and Renewable Energy DepartmentIndian Institute of Technology (IIT) RoorkeeRoorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Aline Cavalcanti de QueirozLaboratory of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitologyFederal University of AlagoasArapiraca, AL, Brazil

Abbas RahdarDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of ZabolZabol, Iran

Praveen C. RamamurthyInterdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR)Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore, Karnataka, India

Vivek RanaCentral Pollution Control Board (CPCB)Ministry of EnvironmentForest and Climate ChangeDelhi, India

Saloni SahalDepartment of ChemistrySchool of Liberal Arts and SciencesMody University of Science and TechnologySikar, Rajasthan, India

Amanda Lys dos Santos SilvaInstituto de Química e Biotecnologia (IQB)Universidade Federal de AlagoasMaceió‐Al, Brasil

Márcio Thomaz dos Santos VarjãoLaboratory of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitologyFederal University of AlagoasArapiraca, AL, Brazil

Ganesh Dattatraya SarataleDepartment of Food Science and BiotechnologyDongguk University‐SeoulGoyang‐si,Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea

Bishwarup SarkarCollege of Science,Northeastern University,Boston, MA, USA

Gaurav SaxenaEMBL‐Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology LaboratoryEERG‐Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation GroupSchool of BiotechnologyShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences,Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Jugnu ShandilyaHydro and Renewable Energy DepartmentIndian Institute of Technology (IIT) RoorkeeRoorkee, Uttarakhand, IndiaDepartment of BiotechnologyGraphic Era (Deemed to be University)Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Geetansh SharmaEMBL‐Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology LaboratoryEERG‐Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation GroupSchool of BiotechnologyShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences,Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Mahipal S. ShekhawatDepartment of Plant Biology and BiotechnologyKanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and ResearchPondicherry, India

Kirti ShyamEMBL‐Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology LaboratoryEERG‐Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation GroupSchool of BiotechnologyShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences,Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India

S.K. SingalHydro and Renewable Energy DepartmentIndian Institute of Technology (IIT) RoorkeeRoorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Aditi SinghAmity Institute of BiotechnologyAmity University Uttar PradeshLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Joginder SinghDepartment of BiotechnologySchool of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, Punjab, India

Sachidanand SinghInstitute of BiotechnologySRM UniversityAmravati, Maharastra, India

Simranjeet SinghInterdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR)Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore, Karnataka, India

Surbhi SinhaAmity Institute of BiotechnologyAmity UniversityNoida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Shaili SrivastavaAmity School of Earth and Environmental SciencesAmity University HaryanaGurugram, ManesarHaryana, India

Sonal SrivastavaDivision of Microbial TechnologyCSIR‐National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Department of Scientific and Industrial ResearchAcademy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchAcSIR, GhaziabadUttar Pradesh, India

Suchi SrivastavaDivision of Microbial TechnologyCSIR‐National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Department of Scientific and Industrial ResearchAcademy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchAcSIR, GhaziabadUttar Pradesh, India

Aiman TanveerDepartment of BiotechnologyDeen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur UniversityGorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Indu Shekhar ThakurAmity School of Earth and Environmental SciencesAmity University HaryanaGurugram, ManesarHaryana, India

Monika ThakurDivision BotanyDepartment of Bio‐SciencesCareer Point UniversityHamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India

Saurabh ThakurEMBL‐Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology LaboratoryEERG‐Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation GroupSchool of BiotechnologyShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management SciencesSolan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Mala TrivediAmity Institute of BiotechnologyAmity University Uttar PradeshLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Pradeep VermaBioprocess and Bioenergy LaboratoryDepartment of MicrobiologyCentral University of RajasthanKishangarh, AjmerRajasthan, India

Tunisha VermaDepartment of BotanySchool of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, Punjab, India

Dinesh YadavDepartment of BiotechnologyDeen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur UniversityGorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Manu YadavEMBL‐Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology LaboratoryEERG‐Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation GroupSchool of BiotechnologyShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management SciencesSolan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Nikita YadavAmity School of Earth and Environmental SciencesAmity University HaryanaGurugram, ManesarHaryana, India

Sangeeta YadavDepartment of BiotechnologyDeen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur UniversityGorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Sumit YadavDivision of Microbial TechnologyCSIR‐National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Preface

Over recent decades, a rampant industrial boom, urbanization, and exponential population growth resulted in widespread environmental impacts, with water being one of the leading affected resources. All different kinds of pollutants, such as organic compounds, heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, persistent/volatile organic compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, nitroaromatic compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, trichloroethylene, phthalate esters, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene (BTEX), heavy metals, pesticides, and toxic gases, have a major effect, either directly or indirectly, on human health and aquatic entities. Human‐made, agricultural, and industrial disposals contribute in triggering soil, air, and water pollution. Thus, strategies for their affordable and efficient decontamination of these emerging pollutants have become the prime focus of academic researchers, industry, and government to establish a sustainable and healthy human society. The conventional treatment of physicochemical methods are not configured to adequately treat and eliminate environmental pollutants. These remediation methods are associated with high operational cost, excess use of chemicals, sensitivity to variable water input, and less effective to mitigate pollution problems due to the formation of more toxic intermediates and a huge amount of toxic sludge generation as a by‐product with subsequent disposal problems. Therefore, new and state‐of‐the‐art technologies are highly desirable, possessing the advantages of excellent sensitivity, ease of use, and suitability for in situ, real‐time, and continuous degradation of environmental pollutants. In recent years, considerable research effort in academic, industrial, and government institutions have been focused on the development of innovative biotechnological methods to decontaminate the polluted environment. Due to the relatively low cost and the variations of work progress, the microbes‐based bioremediation of hazardous pollutants has intensified in recent years as humans strive to find sustainable ways to clean up and restore contaminated environments all over the world.

Bioremediation is a promising, sustainable, inexpensive approach that employs many different microbes acting in parallel or sequentially to remove or neutralize the pollutants present in the environment. It is defined as the acceleration of the natural metabolic process whereby microorganisms (i.e. bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and cyanobacteria) and green plants (termed phytoremediation) degrade or transform toxic contaminants to carbon dioxide, water, microbial biomass, inorganic salts, and other by‐products (metabolites) that may be less toxic than the parent compounds. This technology has been proved as an effective approach for the cleanup of contaminated soil, sediment, and water at numerous sites throughout the world and is accepted as a promising technology by the USEPA, Environment Canada, and other regulatory agencies the world over. Bioremediation is considered a simpler, cheaper, and environmentally sound approach than non‐biological treatment methods, in which the contaminants are transformed from one form to another. Thanks to recent advances in microbiology and biotechnology, genetically engineered microbes with the unique capacity to degrade environmental pollutants are widely used in environmental cleanup and restoration, resulting in bioremediation in a more eco‐sustainable and viable way. Bioremediation using microbes is more acceptable, which mainly relies on the enzymes or the enzymes laccases (Lac), lignin peroxidases (LiP), and manganese peroxidases (MnP) produced by them and takes part in the metabolic pathways. These microbes attack the pollutants and degrade them completely or convert them into less harmful products. Nevertheless, the bioremediation promise remains fully realized due to the lack of a comprehensive acquaintance with the factors regulating and controlling the growth, metabolism, and dynamics of diversified microbial communities in polluted environments. However, bioremediation using microbes has resulted in successes as well as failures due to low adaptability, time‐consuming, lack of competitiveness of the microbes, and low bioavailability to the target pollutants. In recent years, the application of genomics technologies to biodegradation research has generated a plethora of new data providing a greater understanding of the key pathways and new insights into the adaptability of organisms to changing environmental conditions. Recently, the development of state‐of‐the‐art tools, such as metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and fluxomic, has facilitated designing novel strategies for the effective treatment of contaminants in an eco‐friendly way. A plethora of worldwide research has substantiated the promising role of microbial technologies in the effective remediation of wastewater loaded with recalcitrant inorganic, organic, and organometallic polluting agents. They enable their safe disposal in the environment without negative impacts on human health and environmental equilibrium. Given the increasing importance of exploring low‐cost, innovative, eco‐friendlier, and sustainable solutions for wastewater management, the proposed book constitutes a timely effort to deliver comprehensive and cutting‐edge knowledge for effective wastewater remediation, reprocessing, reuse, and resource recovery.

The present book Genomics Approach to Bioremediation: Principles, Tools, and Emerging Technologies provides more insight into omics technologies in a more comprehensive manner, which enables the analysis of microbial behavior at a community level under different environmental stresses during degradation and detoxification of environmental pollutants. This whole book is spread over four sections and contains 30 chapters, contributed by leading workers, drawn from the world over, in their field, and provides the latest research and development in different aspects of omics technologies for the ecological restoration and safety of public health.

Chapter 1 highlights the potential of bioremediation technology for remediation of diverse environmental pollutants and its advancement toward achieving a sustainable ecosystem. Chapter 2 summarizes the operating reactor conditions, optimizing treatment capacity, and lowering operating costs, all of which would lead to unlocking the potential of biomethanation to promote bioenergy production.

Chapter 3 discusses the role of enzyme immobilization technology in cleaning up environmental pollutants. The frequent upgradation in the technologies of enzyme immobilization has improved its stability, enabled appropriate handling, reusability, and easy separation from the reaction mixture along with preservation of end products from enzyme contamination. The developed enzymes’ functionality can also be improved at broader pH and temperature, by altering protocols of immobilization and by the selection of suitable materials for immobilization leading to high thermal stability over its free form.

Chapter 4 presents examples of biostimulation to detoxify polluted sites, as well as microorganism strains used for cell and gene bioaugmentation (cBA or gBA) of different residues, on a pilot or field scale, and discusses the use of these techniques, with their advantages and strategies to overcome challenges. Chapter 5 provides a critical review of all the aspects of synergistic interaction between plants and microbes and the key mechanisms for decreased arsenic uptake in crop plants.

Chapter 6 discusses the properties, types, biosynthesis, characterization, and applications of biosurfactants in heavy metals remediation. This chapter explains what a microbial biosurfactant is, how it works, and how it can be used to bioremediate environmental toxins. In addition, this chapter discusses the features, kinds, and biosynthesis of biosurfactants. In addition, the authors have also presented biosurfactant applications in this chapter, with a focus on heavy metal bioremediation as a step toward green technology.

Chapter 7 describes the main information about the processes that occur because of bioremediation applications using metagenomics approaches in the treatment of environmental pollutants. In this chapter authors go deeper into the knowledge of bioremediation processes in ecosystems impacted with recalcitrant xenobiotic compounds including hydrocarbons, dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and heavy metals, originating from industrial and agrochemical sectors, through the use of metagenomic technology, aiming at a better understanding of the microbial community and the metabolic routes involved in degradation of these environmental pollutant compounds, as well as improving the understanding of culturomics technology. The application of omics tools eases recognizing the selected microorganisms present in the wastewater treatment plants and provides a better knowledge of their metabolism pathways. Chapter 8 focuses on the application of omics in microalgae‐associated bioremediation of the wastewater.

Chapter 9 discusses microbial community profiling, identification, and selection methods of microbial communities in WWTPs. A thorough perspective of the microbial population in WWTPs is also given with key examples. In addition, this chapter also provides a detailed overview of infectious and non‐specific diseases.

Chapter 10 discusses bioremediation that has always adapted new scientific and technological breakthroughs in order to create better habitats. The interest in metagenomics‐based bioremediation investigations has gradually grown. This research shows that metagenomics is speeding up bioremediation adaptations, resulting in the creation of a clean and nontoxic environment. The major microbial enzymes of metagenomic origin for bioremediation include oxidoreductases, hydrolases, laccases, etc. The relevance and potential of metagenomics approach in characterizing novel microbial enzymes for bioremediation of polluted environment is discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 11 describes the role of bioremediation approaches for genomic microalgal applications in wastewater treatment. The growth of microalgae in wastewater serves a dual purpose of utilizing the nutrients from the wastewater as well as the cultivation of microalgae for biomass production for biofuel production. Chapter 12 discusses the application of microbial enzymes in wastewater treatment. Enzymes of biological origin have a lower environmental impact, constructing an enzymatic wastewater treatment system a more environmentally friendly option. Microorganisms generate an abundant number of enzymes like ligninase, lipases, proteases, cellulase, peroxidase, etc., and all of them are specific in their work. Both lipase and lysozyme are used to improve sludge dewatering, and chitinase is utilized in bioconversion shellfish waste into N‐acetyl glucosamine.

Chapter 13 provides a comprehensive review of the unique progress, prospects, and challenges characteristic of microbial biodegradation and bioaugmentation of petroleum hydrocarbons. It also goes through a few research papers relating to the role of microbial exploitation in predicting the result of oil toxins from massive oil catastrophes. Chapter 14 reviews the development of biological treatment process in sewage treatment system including recent trends, challenges, and opportunities. Chapter 15 discusses the various types of NMs that have been used to eliminate POPs to create a clean and sustainable environment.

Chapter 16 gives an insight into the status of heavy metal pollution in water in India, its sources, and its toxicity. Finally, the recent case studies on the use of GMMs for remediation of heavy metals have been presented. In view of the present literature, it can be concluded that genetic engineering holds great potential for enhancing the bioremediation rate and removal of target contaminants from the wastewater. Chapter 17 explores the current state of the art and future trends on biostimulation and bioaugmentation of petroleum hydrocarbons: from microbial growth to genomics.

Chapter 18 provides a brief insight into the distribution, sources, pathways, toxicities, and introspect the conventional remedial techniques and the novice aspects of bioremediation with nanotechnology, related to heavy metals. Moreover, this chapter also focuses on the recent advancements and technical applicability in the form of nanobioremediation for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters.

Chapter 19 focuses on various molecular methods to produce stress‐tolerant plants suitable for phytoremediation purposes. CRISPR‐Cas‐mediated genome editing has revolutionized the field of gene editing and has become a game changer as it is user friendly and more efficient tool for gene‐edited plants.

Chapter 20 highlights the role of biosensors as a principal tool for bioremediation monitoring. Chapter 21 provides an outlook on potential applications of synthetic biology for bioremediation. Furthermore, it also gives substantial information about tools and techniques involved in the learning of systems biology and metabolic engineering to chalk out the strategy and optimization of microbial cells library for the bioremediation of pollutants at noteworthy level. The numerous omics‐based tools of systems biology, like genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, and computational tools for examination of data created from these techniques offer momentous information for understanding the composite performance of microbes that plays a vital role in bioremediation have been discussed.

Chapter 22 provides insights of oxidative catalytic potential of lignin‐modifying enzymes in the treatment of emerging contaminants. The application of enzymatic reactions by biotechnological processes has increasingly attracted the interest of biorefineries, as they can maximize the efficient and sustainable production of bioproducts, as well as generate less waste or contaminants in the environment.

Chapter 23 summarizes metagenomics approaches for bioremediation research. For instance, biodegradation pathways, metabolic molecular connectivity analysis, mineralization using co‐metabolic process, and bioremediation via metagenomics are discussed as reference material.

Chapter 24 presents the details of various bioinformatics approaches and tools applied in bioremediation techniques for the enhanced removal of pollutants from the environment. The present chapter aims to provide basic information to understand the complex association of bioinformatics with bioremediation.

Chapter 25 explains the role of genetically modified bacteria in arsenic bioremediation. The advances and limitations of proteomic studies are spotlighted to assist microbiological monitoring in environmental treatment sectors.

Chapters 26 discusses the advances and limitations of proteomic studies carried out over the last 20 years to assist microbiological monitoring in environmental treatment sectors, as well as new concepts in this growing area. The main aim of this book is to focus on the use of microbial bioremediation based genomic approaches in cleaning the polluted environment and making the depleted or degraded fields/water bodies fertile and rejuvenated to maintain sustainability. Thus, in our opinion, this book is extremely useful for scientists, environmentalists, and ecotoxicologists, working in the field of microbial degradation and bioremediation; is explicitly targeted as good teaching material for undergraduate, postgraduate, and more seasoned researchers; and is recommended reading for everyone interested in environmental microbiology, biotechnology, and molecular biology.

Acknowledgments

The book, Genomics Approach to Bioremediation: Principles, Tools, and Emerging Technologies, is the result of dedicated efforts of numerous individuals, and we, the editors, were not alone but assisted by many people, many of whom deserve special mention: First, we would like to acknowledge and appreciate the efforts of all the contributors who responded to our request and shared their knowledge enthusiastically with us in the form of manuscript containing the recent and updated information on the topic and made this primer a reality.

We wish to acknowledge our students, past and present, who provided the stimulation for the continuation of this work that makes it possible. We want to thank our teachers/mentors – who, in their way, have a true passion for science and an insistence that the right experiments are done.

We would also like to thank Wiley for giving us the opportunity to accomplish this project and share the knowledge with the scientific and academic fraternity. We are particularly indebted to, Summers Scholl, executive editor, physical sciences, for the execution of the publishing agreement, and her motivation, encouragement, support, and valuable suggestions are simply the best.