Global Climate Change and Plant Stress Management E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Global Climate Change and Plant Stress Management Understand the impact of climate change on plant growth with this timely introduction Climate change has had unprecedented consequences for plant metabolism and plant growth. In botany, adverse effects of this kind are called plant stress conditions; in recent years, the plant stress conditions generated by climate change have been the subject of considerable study. Plants have exhibited increased photosynthesis, increased water requirements, and more. There is an urgent need to understand and address these changes as we adapt to drastic changes in the global climate. Global Climate Change and Plant Stress Management presents a comprehensive guide to the effects of global climate change on plants and plant metabolism. It introduces and describes each climate change-related condition and its components, offering a detailed analysis of the resulting stress conditions, the environmental factors which ameliorate or exacerbate them, and possible solutions. The result is a thorough, rigorous introduction to this critical subject for the future of our biome. Readers will also find: * Analysis of global climate change impact on various agricultural practices * Socio-economic consequences of climate change and plant stress conditions, and possible solutions * Strategies for sustainable agriculture Global Climate Change and Plant Stress Management is essential for researchers, scientists, and industry professionals working in the life sciences, as well as for advanced graduate students.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Author Biographies
Part 1: Views and Visions
1 Boosting Resilience of Global Crop Production Through Sustainable Stress Management
References
2 Sustaining Food Security Under Changing Stress Environment
References
3 Crop Improvement Under Climate Change
3.1 Crop Diversity to Mitigate Climate Change
3.2 Technology to Mitigate Climate Change
3.3 Farm Practices to Mitigate Climate Change
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Reactive Nitrogen in Climate Change, Crop Stress, and Sustainable Agriculture
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Reactive Nitrogen in Climate Change, Agriculture, and Beyond
4.3 Nitrogen, Climate, and Planetary Boundaries of Sustainability
4.4 Emerging Global Response and India’s Leadership in It
4.5 Regional and Global Partnerships for Effective Interventions
4.6 Building Crop NUE Paradigm Amidst Growing Focus on Stress
4.7 From NUE Phenotype to Genotype in Rice
4.8 Furthering the Research and Policy Agenda
References
Part 2: Climate Change: Global Impact
5 Climate‐Resilient Crops for CO
2
Rich‐Warmer Environment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Climate Change Trend and Abiotic Stress: Yield Losses Due to Major Climate Change Associated Stresses Heat, Drought and Their Combination
5.3 Update on Crop Improvement Strategies Under Changing Climate
5.4 Exploiting Climate‐Smart Cultivation Practices
5.5 CO
2
‐Responsive C
3
Crops for Future Environment
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Potential Push of Climate Change on Crop Production, Crop Adaptation, and Possible Strategies to Mitigate This
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Influence of Climate Change on the Yield of Plants
6.3 Crop Adaptation in Mitigating Extreme Climatic Stresses
6.4 Factors That Limit Crop Development
6.5 Influence of Climate Change on Plants’ Morphobiochemical and Physiological Processes
6.6 Responses of Plant Hormones in Abiotic Stresses
6.7 Approaches to Combat Climate Changes
6.8 Conclusions
Conflict of Interest Statement
Acknowledgment
References
7 Agrifood and Climate Change
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Causes of Climate Change
7.3 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
7.4 Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change
7.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
8 Dynamic Photosynthetic Apparatus in Plants Combats Climate Change
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Climate Change and Photosynthetic Apparatus
8.3 Engineered Dynamic Photosynthetic Apparatus
8.4 Conclusion and Prospects
References
9 CRISPR/Cas Enables the Remodeling of Crops for Sustainable Climate‐Smart Agriculture and Nutritional Security
9.1 Introduction: CRISPR/Cas Facilitated Remodeling of Crops
9.2 Impact of Climate Changes on Agriculture and Food Supply
9.3 Nutritionally Secure Climate‐Smart Crops
9.4 Novel Game Changing Genome‐Editing Approaches
9.5 Genome Editing for Crop Enhancement: Ushering Towards Green Revolution 2.0
9.6 Harnessing the Potential of NGS and ML for Crop Design Target
9.7 Does CRISPR/Cas Address the Snag of Genome Editing?
9.8 Edited Plant Code: Security Risk Assessment
9.9 Conclusion: Food Security on the Verge of Climate change
References
Part 3: Socioeconomic Aspects of Climate Change
10 Perspective of Evolution of the C
4
Plants to Develop Climate Designer C
4
Rice as a Strategy for Abiotic Stress Management
10.1 Introduction
10.2 How Did Plants Evolve to the C
4
System?
10.3 What Are the Advantages of C
4
Plants over C
3
Plants?
10.4 Molecular Engineering of C
4
Enzymes in Rice
10.5 Application of CRISPR for Enhanced Photosynthesis
10.6 Single‐Cell C
4
Species
10.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
11 Role of Legume Genetic Resources in Climate Resilience
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Legumes Under Abiotic Stress
11.3 Genetic Resources for Legume Improvement
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Oxygenic Photosynthesis – a Major Driver of Climate Change and Stress Tolerance
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Evolution of Chlorophyll
12.3 The Great Oxygenation Event
12.4 Role of Forest in the Regulation of O
2
and CO
2
Concentrations in the Atmosphere
12.5 Evolution of C
4
Plants
12.6 The Impact of High Temperature
12.7 C
4
Plants Are Tolerant to Salt Stress
12.8 Converting C
3
Plants into C
4
– A Himalayan Challenge
12.9 Carbonic Anhydrase
12.10 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase
12.11 Malate Dehydrogenase
12.12 Decarboxylating Enzymes
12.13 Pyruvate Orthophosphate Dikinase
12.14 Regulation of C
4
Photosynthetic Gene Expression
12.15 Use of C
3
Orthologs of C
4
Enzymes
12.16 Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
13 Expand the Survival Limits of Crop Plants Under Cold Climate Region
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Physiology of Cold Stress Tolerant Plants
13.3 Stress Perception and Signaling
13.4 Plant Survival Mechanism
13.5 Engineering Cold Stress Tolerance
13.6 Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
14 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Climate‐Smart Agriculture
14.1 Introduction
14.2 What Is Climate‐Smart Agriculture?
14.3 AMF as a Tool to Practice Climate‐Smart Agriculture
Acknowledgment
References
Part 4: Plant Stress Under Climate Change: Molecular Insights
15 Plant Stress and Climate Change
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Different Stress Factors and Climate Changes Effects in Plants
15.3 Plant Responses Against Stress
15.4 Conclusion
References
16 Developing Stress‐Tolerant Plants
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Brief Overview of GTP‐Binding Proteins
16.3 Small GTP‐Binding Proteins
16.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
17 Biotechnological Strategies to Generate Climate‐Smart Crops
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Climate Change and Crop Yield
17.3 Effect of Climate Change on Crop Morpho‐physiology, and Molecular Level
17.4 Plant Responses to Stress Conditions
17.5 Strategies to Combat Climate Change
17.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
Acknowledgments
Declaration of Interest Statement
References
18 Receptor‐Like Kinases and ROS Signaling
18.1 Preamble
18.2 Climate Change: The Agent of Stress
18.3 Abiotic Stress: A Severe Threat by Itself and a Window of Opportunity for Biotic Stress Agents
18.4 Plant Receptor‐Like Kinases (RLKs)
18.5 Receptor‐Like Cytosolic Kinases
18.6 Why Are Receptor‐Like Cytosolic Kinases Needed?
18.7 Receptor‐Like Cytosolic Kinases in Plant Defense
18.8 Receptor‐Like Cytosolic Kinases in Plant Development
18.9 Reactive Oxygen Species: Dual Role in Plants and Links to Receptor‐Like Protein Kinases
18.10 Conclusion
References
19 Phytohormones as a Novel Weapon in Management of Plant Stress Against Biotic Agents
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Phytohormones and Biotic Stress Management
19.3 Phytohormone Mediated Cross‐Talk in Plant Defense Under Biotic Stress
References
20 Recent Perspectives of Drought Tolerance Traits
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Effects and Response During Drought Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Traits of Plants
20.3 Recent Advances in Drought Stress Tolerance
20.4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Plant Growth‐Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) in Drought Stress Tolerance
20.5 Genomic Level Approach in Drought Stress Tolerance
20.6 Conclusion
References
21 Understanding the Role of Key Transcription Factors in Regulating Salinity Tolerance in Plants
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Transcription Factors Conferring Salinity Tolerance
21.3 Conclusion
References
Part 5: Stress Management Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture
22 Seed Quality Assessment and Improvement Between Advancing Agriculture and Changing Environments
22.1 Introduction: A Seed’s Viewpoint on Climate Change
22.2 Assessing Seed Quality: Invasive and Non‐invasive Techniques for Grain Testing
22.3 Improving Seed Quality: Optimizing Priming Techniques to Face the Challenges of Climate Changes
22.4 Understanding Seed Quality: Molecular Hallmarks and Experimental Models for Future Perspectives in Seed Technology
22.5 Conclusive Remarks
References
23 CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing and Plant Stress Management
23.1 Introduction
23.2 CRISPR/Cas9
23.3 Construct of the CRISPR/Cas9
23.4 Plant Genome Editing
23.5 Plant Stress
23.6 Genome Editing for Plant Stress
23.7 Elimination of CRISPR/Cas from the System After Genetic Editing
23.8 Prospects and Limitations
References
24 Ethylene Mediates Plant‐Beneficial Fungi Interaction That Leads to Increased Nutrient Uptake, Improved Physiological Attributes, and Enhanced Plant Tolerance Under Salinity Stress
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Plant Response Towards Salinity Stress
24.3 Plant–Fungal Interaction and the Mechanism of Plant Growth Promotion by Fungi
24.4 Fungi and Ethylene Production and Its Effects
24.5 Role and Mechanism of Ethylene in Salinity Stress Tolerance
24.6 Conclusion
References
25 Role of Chemical Additives in Plant Salinity Stress Mitigation
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Types of Chemical Additives and Their Source
25.3 Application and Mechanism of Action
25.4 NO (Nitric Oxide) in Salt Stress Tolerance
25.5 Melatonin in Salt Stress Tolerance
25.6 Polyamines in Salt Stress Tolerance
25.7 Salicylic Acid (SA) in Salt Stress Tolerance
25.8 Ethylene in Salinity Stress Tolerance
25.9 Trehalose in Salinity Stress Tolerance
25.10 Kresoxim‐Methyl (KM) in Salinity Stress Tolerance
25.11 Conclusion
References
26 Role of Secondary Metabolites in Stress Management Under Changing Climate Conditions
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary Metabolites
26.3 Heavy Metal Stress and Secondary Metabolites
26.4 Counteradaptation of Insects Against Secondary Metabolites
26.5 Sustainable Crop Protection and Secondary Metabolites
26.6 Conclusion
References
27 Osmolytes
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Osmolytes – An Overview
27.3 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Impact of climate change on cereal crop production.
Table 7.2 Impact of climate change on other crop production.
Table 7.3 Productivity shock due to climate change on rice, wheat, and coars...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 CRISPR/Cas‐based approaches for the improvement of majorly consume...
Table 9.2 CRISPR/Cas‐based designing tools.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Major photosynthetic enzymes in C
4
plant.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Wild gene pool of lentil reported for tolerance against abiotic s...
Table 11.2 Wild gene pool of mungbean reported for tolerance against abiotic...
Table 11.3 Wild gene pool of pigeon pea reported for tolerance against abiot...
Table 11.4 Wild gene pool of chickpea reported for tolerance against abiotic...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Identified genes and their functions in plants for improving cold...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Responses of AMF inoculation in crop plants exposed to different ...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Molecular responses of important crops under diverse climate fact...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Some representative receptor like kinases found in plants (Jose e...
Table 18.2 Some representative receptor‐like cytosolic kinases in plants and...
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Drought‐mediated physiological and biochemical consequences and p...
Table 20.2 Drought stress resistance induction using a different approach in...
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Major TFs characterized in response to salinity stress.
Table 21.2 Transgenic plants overexpressing major TF genes for enhanced sali...
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Various plant responses under salinity stress.
Table 24.2 Endophytic fungi‐mediated salinity stress tolerance in plants.
Table 24.3 Beneficial role of endophytic fungi in salinity stress tolerance....
Chapter 25
Table 25.1 Exogenous application of priming agent mitigates salt stress in p...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Schematic diagram showing the present global scenario of changing...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Potential factors that decrease crop productivity.
Figure 6.2 Potential impacts posed by alterations in climate.
Figure 6.3 Impacts on crops due to changes in climate.
Figure 6.4 Role of some plant hormones in stress control.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Impact of livestock on climate change.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Effect of abiotic stresses viz., salinity, high and low temperatu...
Figure 8.2 Several routes are being studied to improve photosynthesis in res...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Novel approaches to genome editing conferring precise modificatio...
Figure 9.2 The regulatory roadmap for the CRISPR/Cas‐based genome editing (G...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Current and projected world population.
Figure 10.2 Landmarks in evolution, from C
3
to C
4
plants, in the geological ...
Figure 10.3 Global temperature and CO
2
increase in recent times.
Figure 10.4 Global yield of rice (a) and the top 10 global producers of rice...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Relative probability of absorption of photons of different wavel...
Figure 12.2 Average photosynthetic rates of C
4
and C
3
plants grown in 10 and...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Schematic representation of cold responsive genes involved in st...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an important constituent ...
Figure 14.2 Direct and mycorrhizal pathways of P‐uptake in plants. Root hair...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Small GTPase regulatory cycle. Small GTPases cycle between an ac...
Figure 16.2 Schematic representation of RAB protein domain architecture. Dif...
Figure 16.3 Schematic representation of RAN protein domain architecture. Dif...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Integration of multi‐omics based approaches to achieve stress to...
Figure 17.2 Biotechnological approaches for crop improvement. Overexpression...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 RTK architecture includes a JM region enriched in basic residues...
Figure 18.2 Domain architecture of Arabidopsis RLKs. (a) SERK (LRR), (b) Lec...
Figure 18.3 RLCKs that are potentially anchored to the plasma membrane throu...
Figure 18.4 A model of receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) functions in ...
Figure 18.5 Generation of ROS intracellularly and in the apoplast: the proce...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Drought resistance mechanisms shown by plants.
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Salinity tolerance in plants mediated by major transcription fac...
Figure 21.2 Schematic representation of different members of the APETALA 2 (...
Figure 21.3 The consensus WRKY domain of three major WRKY groups in plants. ...
Figure 21.4 Diagram of a C‐terminal WRKY domain interacting with the DNA. Th...
Figure 21.5 Diagram of a bHLH transcription factor interacting with the DNA....
Figure 21.6 Schematic representation of different members of MYB TFs with on...
Figure 21.7 Schematic diagram of structures of NAC proteins. (a) The N‐termi...
Figure 21.8 Schematic representation of the NF‐Y subunits. Color shaded boxe...
Figure 21.9 Schematic diagram of a bZIP dimer bound to the DNA. Two proteins...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Outline of the main sources of environmental stress related to c...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Overview of the CRISPR/Cas system. Adaptive immunity by CRISPR/C...
Figure 23.2 tracrRNA:crRNA co‐maturation and Cas9 co‐complex formation. The ...
Figure 23.3 RNA‐guided cleavage of target DNA. Details of duplex tracrRNA:cr...
Figure 23.4 RNA–DNA heteroduplex formation.
RNA–DNA heteroduplex formation.
...
Figure 23.5 Some orthologs of Crispr loci of type II. Canonical CRISPR locus...
Figure 23.6 Deaminase‐mediated and reverse transcriptase‐mediated precise ge...
Figure 23.7 Different types of genetic modifications generated by CRISPR‐bas...
Figure 23.8 General procedure for plant genome editing. (a) Schematic illust...
Figure 23.9 Types of plant stress.
Figure 23.10 Effects of biotic and abiotic stress.
Figure 23.11 Mechanisms of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Salinity stress affects and tolerance mechanism operating in pla...
Figure 24.2 Regulation of salinity stress by endophytic fungi.
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Mechanism of melatonin in salinity stress tolerance.
Figure 25.2 Mechanism of priming agents in salinity stress tolerance.
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1 Examples of different flavonoids: a major phenolic group of seco...
Figure 26.2 Some of the members of terpenoid plant secondary metabolites.
Figure 26.3 Different types of alkaloids (N‐containing compounds) produced i...
Figure 26.4 Some of the cynogenic glycosides in plants.
Figure 26.5 Basic outline for biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites...
Figure 26.6 Phenolic compounds biosynthetic pathway in plants (shikimic acid...
Figure 26.7 The figure shows two pathways (MEP pathway and mevalonate pathwa...
Figure 26.8 Heavy metal stress tolerance by non‐enzymatic antioxidant system...
Chapter 27
Figure 27.1 Schematic representation of the major abiotic stress‐impacts and...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Author Biographies
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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Global Climate Change and Plant Stress Management
Edited by
Mohammad Wahid Ansari
Zakir Husain Delhi College (Delhi University),
New Delhi, India
Anil Kumar Singh
ICAR‐National Institute for Plant Biotechnology
New Delhi, India
Narendra Tuteja
ICGEB,
New Delhi, India
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Ansari, Mohammad Wahid, editor. | Singh, Anil Kumar (Principal scientist of plant biotechnology), editor. | Tuteja, Narendra, editor.Title: Global climate change and plant stress management / edited by Mohammad Wahid Ansari, Anil Kumar Singh, Narendra Tuteja.Description: Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, 2023. | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2023000299 (print) | LCCN 2023000300 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119858522 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119858539 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119858546 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Plants–genetics | Plants–metabolism | Stress, Physiological–genetics | Adaptation, Physiological | Carbon Dioxide–physiology | Climate ChangeClassification: LCC QK981.3 (print) | LCC QK981.3 (ebook) | NLM QK 981.3 | DDC 572.8/2–dc23/eng/20230518LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023000299LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023000300
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Salvideo/E+/Getty Images
Prof. Jitendra Paul Khurana
(30 October 1954 to 27 October 2021)
Prof. Jitendra Paul Khurana was an Indian botanist known for his contributions to the fields of plant molecular biology. He obtained a PhD in Botany from the University of Delhi in 1982 and did postdoctoral work at the prestigious Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (1985–1986) and the Michigan State University, USA (1986–1988). He was a visiting professor at the USDA, Beltsville, between 1996 and 1998, and at the Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, USA, in 2001. He was a founder faculty member of the Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus. He was a J.C. Bose National Fellow of SERB at the University of Delhi South Campus. He was the Vice President of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) for International Affairs. Prof. Khurana was Pro‐Vice Chancellor (Interim), University of Delhi, and Director, University of Delhi South Campus, for over three years (2016–2019); he also had additional charge as Dean (Colleges).
Prof. Khurana’s work on Arabidopsis mutants led to the identification of a novel blue light receptor, phytotropin 1, which primarily controls phototropism and leaf orientation to capture maximal solar energy for photosynthesis. Recently, his group has demonstrated the role of other blue light receptors, cryptochrome 1 (CRY1), in controlling plant height in mustard and CRY2 in regulating flowering time in both mustard and rice. He played a key role in sequencing of rice, tomato, and wheat genomes as part of the International Consortia. Using in‐house expertise, they provided evidence for bZIP and F‐box protein‐coding genes in regulating light, hormone, and stress signaling leading to panicle and seed development. OsbZIP62 serves as Flowering Locus D (FD), preferentially expressing in the shoot apical meristem, and interacts with the mobile flowering signal “florigen” (FT) to regulate the transition to flowering and panicle development in rice. His recent work stressed on the role of the bZIP and F‐box proteins in abiotic stress responses and the interplay of light and environmental stress in plant development. His work is documented in over 200 publications. Professor Khurana was the elected Fellow of all the National Science Academies (INSA, IASc, NASI, and NAAS) and the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), Trieste, Italy. His other honors and awards include the Tata Innovation Fellowship (2010–2013) by the DBT, “J.C. Bose National Fellowship” by the DST‐SERB (2013 onward), Birbal Sahni Medal by the Indian Botanical Society (2011), “Goyal Prize” in Life Sciences (2017) by the Goyal Foundation, Shri Om Prakash Bhasin Award in Biotechnology (2017), and Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Visiting Fellowship (2019) by INSA, to name a few.
This book is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Jitendra P. Khurana as a token of our appreciation and respect for him and his achievements.
List of Contributors
Ganesh Kumar AgrawalDepartment of Education, Global Research Arch for Developing Education (GRADE)Academy Pvt. Ltd.Birgunj, Nepal
Department of Biotechnology, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB)Kathmandu, Nepal
Naser A. AnjumDepartment of BotanyAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
Mohammad Wahid AnsariDepartment of BotanyZakir Husain Delhi CollegeUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi, India
Rajeev Nayan BahugunaCenter for Advanced Studies on Climate ChangeDr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural UniversitySamastipur, Bihar, India
Agriculture BiotechnologyNational Agri‐Food Biotechnology InstituteSector 81, SAS NagarMohali, India
Gurdeep BainsDepartment of Plant PhysiologyGovind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & TechnologyPantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
Shivendra BajajFederation of Seed Industry of IndiaNew Delhi, India
Alma BalestrazziDepartment of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPavia, Italy
Ruchi BansalDivision of Plant PhysiologyICAR‐Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
Sahana BasuDepartment of Life ScienceCentral University of South BiharGaya, Bihar, India
Jyotsna BhartiPlant Biology and BiotechnologyNutritional Improvement of Crops GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)New Delhi, India
Abhishek BohraCentre for Crop & Food InnovationState Agricultural Biotechnology CentreFood Futures InstituteMurdoch University, MurdochWestern Australia, Australia
Isorchand ChongthamDepartment of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesMolecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of Turin, Turin, Italy
Sudeshna DasCenter for Advanced Studies on Climate ChangeDr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural UniversitySamastipur, Bihar, India
Karabi DattaDepartment of BotanyUniversity of CalcuttaKolkata, India
Swapan K. DattaDepartment of BotanyUniversity of CalcuttaKolkata, India
Sharma DeepikaDepartment of BotanyZakir Husain Delhi CollegeUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi, India
Laboratory of Soil Biology and Microbial EcologyDepartment of Environmental studiesUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi, India
H. K. DikshitDepartment of GeneticsICAR‐Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
Conrado DueñasDepartment of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPavia, Italy
Murugesh EswaranPlant Biology and Biotechnology, Nutritional Improvement of Crops GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)New Delhi, India
Shraddha Shridhar GaonkarDepartment of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPavia, Italy
Vikrant GoswamiLaboratory of Soil Biology and Microbial EcologyDepartment of Environmental studiesUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi, India
Adriano GriffoDepartment of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPavia, Italy
Ramwant GuptaDepartment of BiologyUniversity of GuyanaGeorgetown, South America
Present Address: Department of BotanyDeen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur UniversityGorakhpur, UP, India
Ratnesh K. JhaCenter for Advanced Studies on Climate ChangeDr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural UniversitySamastipur, Bihar, India
Rohit JoshiDivision of BiotechnologyCSIR‐Institute of Himalayan Bioresource TechnologyPalampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR‐HRDC CampusGhaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Rashmi KaulPlant Biology and BiotechnologyNutritional Improvement of Crops GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)New Delhi, India
Tanushri KaulPlant Biology and BiotechnologyNutritional Improvement of Crops GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)New Delhi, India
Nafees A. KhanDepartment of BotanyAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
SM Paul KhuranaAmity Institute of BiotechnologyAmity University HaryanaGurugram, Haryana, India
David KothamasiLaboratory of Soil Biology and Microbial EcologyDepartment of Environmental studiesUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi, India
Strathclyde Centre for Environmental Law and GovernanceUniversity of Strathclyde GlasgowUnited Kingdom
Gautam KumarDepartment of Life ScienceCentral University of South BiharGaya, Bihar, India
Narendra KumarDepartment of BotanyGuru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalayaa Central UniversityBilaspur‐495009(C. G.), India
Sudarshna KumariDepartment of Plant PhysiologyGovind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & TechnologyPantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
Ratna KumriaFederation of Seed Industry of IndiaNew Delhi, India
Sayanta KunduCenter for Advanced Studies on Climate ChangeDr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural UniversitySamastipur, Bihar, India
Anca MacoveiDepartment of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPavia, Italy
Shuvobrata MajumderDepartment of BotanyUniversity of CalcuttaKolkata, India
Mamun MandalLaboratory of Applied Stress BiologyDepartment of BotanyUniversity of Gour BangaMalda, West Bengal, India
Asim MasoodDepartment of BotanyAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
Piyush MathurDepartment of BotanyMicrobiology LaboratoryUniversity of North BengalDarjeeling, West Bengal, India
Jyoti MauryaNational Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR)Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
Moaed Al MeselmaniSchool of BiosciencesGrantham CentreThe University of SheffieldSheffield, England
Francesca MessinaDepartment of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPavia, Italy
Khaled Fathy Abdel MotelbPlant Biology and BiotechnologyNutritional Improvement of Crops GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)New Delhi, India
Mamta NehraPlant Biology and BiotechnologyNutritional Improvement of Crops GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)New Delhi, India
Andrea PaganoDepartment of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPavia, Italy
Paola PaganoDepartment of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPavia, Italy
Hadi Pirasteh‐AnoshehDepartment of Agronomy ResearchNational Salinity Research CenterAgricultural ResearchEducation and Extension Organization (AREEO)Yazd, IranNatural Resources DepartmentFars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education CenterAREEO, Shiraz, Iran
Manoj PrasadNational Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR)Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
Ravinesh Rohit PrasadDepartment of GeographyFiji National UniversityLautoka, Fiji Islands
Swati PriyaDepartment of BotanyKurukshetra UniversityKurukshetra, Haryana, India
Nandula RaghuramCentre for Sustainable Nitrogen and Nutrient ManagementUniversity School of BiotechnologyGuru Gobind Singh Indraprastha UniversityNew Delhi, India
Randeep RakwalDepartment of Education, Global Research Arch for Developing Education (GRADE)Academy Pvt. Ltd.Birgunj, Nepal
Department of Biotechnology, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB)Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Health and Sport Science, Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faisal RasheedDepartment of BotanyAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
Anamika RoyLaboratory of Applied Stress BiologyDepartment of BotanyUniversity of Gour BangaMalda, West Bengal, India
Swarnendu RoyDepartment of BotanyPlant Biochemistry LaboratoryUniversity of North BengalDarjeeling, West Bengal, India
Bhuvnesh SareenDivision of BiotechnologyCSIR‐Institute of Himalayan Bioresource TechnologyPalampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
Abhijit SarkarLaboratory of Applied Stress BiologyDepartment of BotanyUniversity of Gour BangaMalda, West Bengal, India
Samir SharmaDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of LucknowLucknow, India
Zahid Hameed SiddiquiDepartment of BiologyFaculty of Science, University of TabukTabuk, Saudi Arabia
Genomic and Biotechnology UnitDepartment of BiologyFaculty of Science, University of TabukTabuk, Saudi Arabia
Roshan Kumar SinghNational Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR)Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
Satish K. SinghDepartment of Plant Breeding and GeneticsDr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural UniversitySamastipur, Bihar, India
Sonia Khan SonyPlant Biology and BiotechnologyNutritional Improvement of Crops GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)New Delhi, India
Sudhir K. SoporyDepartment of Plant Molecular BiologyInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
Rewaj SubbaDepartment of BotanyMicrobiology LaboratoryUniversity of North BengalDarjeeling, West Bengal, India
Arul Prakash ThangarajPlant Biology and BiotechnologyNutritional Improvement of Crops GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)New Delhi, India
Palaniswamy ThangavelDepartment of Environmental SciencePeriyar UniversitySalem, India
Baishnab C. TripathyDepartment of BiotechnologySharda UniversityGreater Noida, India
Manas K. TripathyDivision of Plant and Microbial BiotechnologyInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Narendra TutejaPlant Molecular Biology GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
Rajeev K. VarshneyCentre for Crop & Food InnovationState Agricultural Biotechnology CentreFood Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdoch, Western Australia, Australia
Rachana VermaPlant Biology and BiotechnologyNutritional Improvement of Crops GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)New Delhi, India
Ratnum K. WattalDepartment of BotanyZakir Husain Delhi CollegeUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi, India
Priya YadavDepartment of BotanyZakir Husain Delhi CollegeUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi, India
Foreword
I am overjoyed to write about this book, Global Climate Change and Plant Stress Management, which symbolizes a comprehensive and current exchange on the newest insights into the improvement of crops under climate change and plant stress management. At the present time, the global climate change (see, e.g. The Discovery of Global Warming by Spencer R, Weart, 2008, Harvard University Press) and the population increase are two important restrictions before us, and dealing with these crucial issues is of paramount importance in the field of agriculture. This book deals with a subject of enormous significance not only for plant scientists but also for farmers worldwide. Research on exploring diverse aspects of an easy, money‐making, and ecologically oriented practice of pre‐soaking seeds in salt solutions (what one calls “halo priming”) seems desirable, as it might aid in sustaining agricultural production in our changing environment. The recent trend in climate change involving high salinity, increased temperature, draught, and heavy metal toxicity, as well as negative effects of bacterial, viral, and fungal diseases and insect infestation have gloomy effects on agriculture productivity. To add to this, predicted increase in CO2, with ocean acidification, is expected to cause a drastic decline in global agriculture productivity. All of this will have a considerable harmful impact on our ecosystem. Thus, this particular volume, which deals with various aspects of plant stress physiology, together with plant stress responses, and physiological and molecular mechanism of plant tolerance to environmental stresses, is particularly welcome. It goes a long way toward finding ways to overcome the gloomy predictions before us.
On a positive note, the potential function of several important genes and, thus, the proteins that they code for, as well as a range of signaling molecules, such as plant hormones, that regulate plant growth and developmental processes, is now available. The above was possible because of detailed studies on responses of tolerant and susceptible agriculturally important crops to climate change from both physiological and biotechnological points of view. On the other hand, developing climate‐smart varieties through mutation breeding involving modification of a single gene rather than altering the whole genome is an attractive goal. Recent development in science relies on ‘Omics’ tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, and this is indeed being actively pursued at many institutions around the world. In addition, CRISPR/Cas techniques provide precision and rapidity to breeding programs to develop smart and nutrition crops in changing environment, which might be a key solution for ensuring food security.
The compilation of a comprehensive volume on this very important and challenging topic has been achieved in the current book entitled Global Climate Change and Plant Stress Management, edited by Mohammad Wahid Ansari, Anil Kumar Singh, and Narendra Tuteja; it is both commanding and timely. This book also emphasizes the effect of climate change studies on plant metabolism and adaptive characteristics; it is an up‐to‐date compilation for the benefit of researchers and academicians. In this book, authors introduce and classify climate change conditions as well as various stress components and then present a detailed discussion related to their effects on plant development, controlling factors of their biome, as well as the behavior of plants under climate change conditions and the associated adverse effects. This book also covers the new emerging technical concepts of stress management, which is an advanced concept to sustain agricultural productivity under recent climatic scenarios. Further, this book provides instant access to comprehensive, cutting‐edge data, making it possible for plant scientists and others to utilize this ever‐growing wealth of information. I strongly believe that this book provides a great deal of global implications not only for food security but also for the socioeconomic condition of communities affected by climate change worldwide. In addition, the knowledge presented in this book is expected to be of great benefit to the farmers, who can understand and exploit the useful crops as per the nature of the climate and benefit from it for public and private investment. The current insightful book is expected to provide key information, in an excellent manner, to students, postdoctoral fellows, plant scientists, and policymakers on what actions to take on plant stress management under the expected climate change. I am quite confident that this book will be read, understood, and exploited extensively.
I heartily appreciate the efforts of all the contributing 80 authors from 12 different countries – Australia, England, Fiji Island, Italy, India, Iran, Japan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Nepal, South America, and the United Kingdom, and all the outstanding editors for this well‐timed and enlightening publication on the important topic of the effects of global climate change on plants and what to do to alleviate its negative impact.
Govindjee Govindjee
(E‐mail: [email protected])
Professor Emeritus Plant Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics,
University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign
Urbana, IL, USA
15 November 2022
Preface
The existence of living organisms depends on the food synthesized by mainly green plants by capturing energy from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis. At present, a global challenge is to sustain crop productivity in a changing environment to meet the demand of increasing population. However, the current reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have made clear that the urgency to take action on global climate change and agrifood production is not well understood so far. There is an urgent need for agrifood systems to be more versatile to the existing and upcoming impacts of global climate change, which could be achieved through learning from superior practices, encouraging transformative adjustment strategies, plans, and its subsequent actions. A growing tendency toward climate change for the past few decades has badly hit global crop production on the large scale. It imposes environmental variations that include high salinity, very high and low temperatures, draughts, heavy metal toxicity and nutrient loss, the growth of bacteria, viruses, fungi, different pests, and parasites, harmful insect invasions, and increased CO2 and ocean acidification. This will have a considerably harmful impact on beneficial microbes, plant productivity, restoration efforts, and ecosystem health. Global warming is expected to elicit harsh weather trends, long‐lasting droughts, floods and waterlogging, storms, and increased disease incidence, which cause altered growth, impaired photosynthesis, and reduced physiological responses in plants that limit agrifood production.
Global sustainable farming systems are at risk owing to rising and co‐occurring temperatures, droughts, and salinity stresses. According to a new report from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the impact of water stress and drought hazards, including withering droughts and overwhelming floods, is thrashing African communities and ecosystems. The strategies to deal with increased CO2 concentrations and global warming and enhance plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses are important targets for sustainable agricultural production. Recent advances in science, such as CRISPR‐associated (Cas) protein‐based genome editing (CRISPR‐Cas) and “Omics” tools such as genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, have enhanced precision and rapidity in the progress of plant molecular breeding programs to develop nutrient‐enriched and stress‐tolerant plant variety, which might be the key players in ensuring food security. Additionally, it will contribute a significant amount of potential for developing more resilient and climate‐smart crops to respond to the rising threat of climate change and its undesirable effects on agrifood.
In the present book, Global Climate Change and Plant Stress Management, we present a collection of 27 chapters by 80 experts from 12 different countries – Australia, England, Fiji Island, Italy, India, Iran, Japan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Nepal, South America, and the United Kingdom. This book offers a current overview of recent developments in sustainable agriculture production in a changing environment. This book aims to accentuate issues of global climate change and food insecurity for billions of people, assuming they will face drastic hunger in the upcoming period. It emphasizes all concerns about carbon and nutrient cycles, global warming, and environmental stresses originating under a scenario of global climate change and thereby badly affecting basic agriculture production, on which the common world’s poor depend. This book also presents the potential ways of exploring, investigating, and adopting novel techniques and tools, methodologies, and scientific inventions to realize climate’s outcomes on food security. The knowledge convened herein might be inspiring to farmers who may respond to beneficial crops as per the foretold climate. This perceptive will result in good dealings for both scientists indicted for predicting global climate threats and policymakers responsible for influential decisions in the field. The present book is specifically appropriate for environmental and biological science students engaged in interdisciplinary research, research scholars, young scientists, and faculty members. We thank the late Prof. R.C. Pant and Dr. Alok Shukla who helped us during the initial phase of this work.
Editors
Mohammad Wahid Ansari, ZHDC, University of Delhi, India
Anil Kumar Singh, ICAR‐NIPB, IARI, Pusa, New Delhi, India
Narendra Tuteja (Superannuated), PMB, ICGEB, New Delhi, India
Author Biographies
Dr. Mohammad Wahid Ansari is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College (University of Delhi), India. He has an extensive research and educational background in the field of plant molecular physiology. His special interest lies in plant hormone homeostasis and cross‐talk to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Dr. Ansari has published over 75 scientific papers in peer‐reviewed international journals with an overall Impact Factor above 234 and citations more than 3401, h‐index of 26, and i‐10 index of 50. He has contributed 17 book chapters and has edited four books. As a PI, he has completed research project(s), DST/SERB Government of India, and guided PhD student(s). He is a recipient of Young Scientist Fellow‐DST (ICGEB), Post‐Doctoral Fellow‐DBT (ICGEB), Post‐Doctoral Fellow‐DST (GBPUAT), and Senior Research Fellow‐UPCAR (GBPUAT). He is awarded with DBT‐CTEP Travel Award, Best Teacher Award (ATDS), and Best research paper award, Government of Uttarakhand. He, as convener/co‐convener/coordinator/organizing secretary, has organized 10 international and national conferences/webinars and in‐house workshops and has presented paper orally at INPPO, Italy. He has been a member of the Departmental Research Committee (DRC) of the University of Delhi and the Science‐Setu program of NII and DBT, Government of India. He is an academic editor of PLoS ONE journal and is a member of Plant Signaling and Behaviors journal.
Dr. Anil Kumar Singh is currently the Principal Scientist at the ICAR‐National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. He has been working in the field of plant molecular biology and biotechnology for more than two decades. His group has characterized genomes and transcriptomes of several important organisms, including crop plants and commercially important microbes, and developed gene resources for crop improvement. Dr Singh has published more than 80 articles in peer‐reviewed international journals with cumulative Impact Factor >250, >2500 citations, and h‐index 28. He has also authored 15 book chapters and delivered invited/keynote talks at >35 national and international conferences in India and abroad. He is serving as editor of various reputed journals, such as Frontiers in Plant Science, PLoS ONE, BMC Research Notes, Phyton‐International Journal of Experimental Botany, and has guest edited special issues in Antioxidants, Genes, Tree Physiology, and Physiologia Plantarum. For his excellent publication record and contribution to plant molecular biology research, he has been conferred membership in the National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) and Plant Tissue Culture Association‐India.
Narendra Tuteja
An elected fellow of numerous National & International academies, Prof. (Dr.) Narendra Tuteja worked as Group Leader at International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Director at Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, NOIDA, India. He has made significant contributions to crop improvement under adverse conditions, reporting the first helicase from plant and human cells and demonstrating new roles of Ku autoantigen, nucleolin and eIF4A as DNA helicases. Furthermore, he discovered novel functions of helicases, G‐proteins, CBL‐CIPK and LecRLK in plant stress tolerance, and PLC and MAP‐kinase as effectors for Gα and Gβ G‐proteins. Dr. Tuteja also reported several high salinity stress tolerant genes from plants and fungi and developed salt/drought tolerant plants. Dr. Tuteja is recipient of many prestigious awards and also featured consecutively in the “World Ranking of Top 2% Scientists” prepared by Stanford University, USA and Elsevier EV.Citation: 37,786; h‐index: 80; i.10‐index: 290.
Part 1Views and Visions
1Boosting Resilience of Global Crop Production Through Sustainable Stress Management
Rajeev K. Varshney and Abhishek Bohra
Centre for Crop & Food Innovation, State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
Climate change is a global phenomenon with unequivocal evidence of its impact on life worldwide. The average temperature has increased at a rate of 1.7 °C per century worldwide since 1970. The Earth’s surface temperature was recorded to be the warmest in the last decade (https://www.un.org/en/climatechange). According to the IPCC report, limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5 °C or even 2 °C calls for drastic and immediate measures for large‐scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC 2021). The agriculture sector that provides livelihoods for 1.1 billion people remains one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions from the aspect of land‐based emissions and removals (Lamb et al. 2021).
To feed 10 billion people in 2050, cutting‐edge technologies and resource‐efficient strategies are needed for producing 56% more food than today without expanding the agricultural landscape (Ranganathan et al. 2018). The climate change induced rise/unpredictability in weather extremes, rainfall patterns, and pest‐pathogen dynamics severely impacts global efforts to achieve food and nutritional security targets (Varshney et al. 2021a). A paradigm shift is inevitable in crop breeding strategies, which earlier focused on developing high‐yielding cultivars that relied heavily on the supply of fossil energy inputs.
Genetic improvement of agricultural crops through breeding practices and advanced genomic tools is one of the most promising approaches to bring sustainable gains in productivity and resilience of the crop production systems (Bohra et al. 2020). Modern genomic resources have greatly expanded our capacity and knowledge to harness the enormous genetic and breeding potential archived in the global as well as local germplasm repositories (Bohra et al. 2022; Varshney et al. 2021b). Recent examples of large‐scale genome sequencing in rice (Wang et al. 2018) and chickpea (Varshney et al. 2021c) reveal the high‐resolution genetic relationships and beneficial genes or haplotypes for designing future germplasm management and breeding strategies aimed at climate change adaptation. Also, the availability of pangenomes in different crop species highlights the significance of structural variations in environmental adaptation including biotic and abiotic stress response (Della Coletta et al. 2021). The concurrent developments in plant stress phenotyping have unlocked doors for the implementation of machine learning and artificial intelligence tools for building cutting‐edge predictive models based on large‐scale phenotyping datasets alone or in combination with sequence information.
The precise information about key genetic loci revealed through the latest deep sequencing efforts in different crops paves the way for their rapid and targeted manipulation by genome engineering or gene editing tools. The easily customizable DNA binding specificity of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) has stimulated greater interest in this class of programmable sequence‐specific nucleases for controlled genetic manipulation of the target sequence (Zsögön et al. 2017). The remarkable efficiency of the CRISPR‐Cas9 system for precise genetic manipulation has opened novel routes to create ideal crop cultivars in order to broaden the array of food crops equipped with adaptation features.
Sustainable stress management of crops demands efficient utilization of the germplasm resources and appropriate modifications in cultivation techniques. Deployment of new crop cultivars that perform better in adverse environments forms the straightforward approach to cope with risks associated with the climate change. For example, the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) initiative has facilitated the release of more than 200 drought‐tolerant maize varieties benefitting over 43 million smallholder farmers in sub‐Saharan Africa (Katengeza and Holden 2021). For breeding programs aimed at improving crop stress response, focused identification of germplasm strategy (FIGS) has been extremely useful to develop germplasms carrying specific adaptive traits, as exemplified by the identification of germplasm resources for abiotic stress in soybean (Haupt and Schmid 2020). The increased tolerance levels of new lines resulting from transfer of the gene(s) and QTL(s) controlling stress tolerance traits have been evident in several crops (Varshney et al. 2021b). Like traditional multiline approach, the availability of a series of isogenic lines carrying different resistant genes by genomic breeding strategy provides scope for the deployment of spatial and temporal rotation for disease management (Wing et al. 2018). Functional genomics research in different crops has leveraged our understanding of the morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in crop plants that occur in response to stress. The enriched knowledge of the mechanisms involved in plant stress responses would help enhance stress management strategies to enable crops to withstand harsh climates. Novel genetic technologies such as TBF1‐cassette demonstrate the potential of regulating translation of defense proteins to trigger an immune response without any deterioration in plant performance (Xu et al. 2017). Besides these genetic approaches and exogenous application of phytohormones, phytoprotectants also enhance crop responses to adverse environments. Adoption of such genetic and non‐genetic approaches would support stress management strategies that in turn would reduce the indiscriminate use of chemicals as control measures.
The increased uniformity of crop varieties and species on farms has led to a growing realization that diversification of crop production and broadening crop diversity mitigate the risk associated with farming systems relying on a limited number of crop varieties and species (FAO 2010). Introducing more crop and species diversity into production systems would boost the resilience of agricultural systems. Cultivar mixtures, intercropping, crop rotation, and cover crop systems are among the major crop diversification strategies that have shown positive impacts on both crop production and biodiversity (Vernooy 2022). Improved soil fertility, reduced disease and pest damage, enhanced water use efficiency, and reduced risk of complete crop failure are the other outcomes of crop diversification. This has also stimulated efforts on the development and commercialization of farmers’ varieties/landraces and underutilized species. Farmers’ varieties and landraces represent the evolving reservoirs of genetic variability with high adaptation to the local environmental conditions.
Crop introductions, reintroductions, and domestication of new wild species have also contributed to diversify the farming systems and enhance domestic food production, thus transforming underutilized or minor crops into potential major crops. This is exemplified by the successful introduction of quinoa from Andean region to different countries, which in turn led to the expansion of the number of countries growing quinoa from 8 in 1980 to 75 in 2014 (Bazile et al. 2016). Reintroduction aims to protect endangered species in their natural habitats. Domestication of new wild species or manipulating domestication genes directly into wild plants has received greater attention in recent years (Li et al. 2018). Gene editing tools, owing to their ability to induce targeted genetic modifications, have demonstrated potential for rapid domestication of wild plants in several plant species including tomato (Rodríguez‐Leal et al. 2017; Zsögön et al. 2018), ground cherry (Lemmon et al. 2018), and more recently rice (Yu et al. 2021). As demonstrated recently in Vigna stipulacea (Takahashi et al. 2019), traditional breeding approaches, including trait introgression and mutagenesis, have been applied for rapid domestication to develop future crops suitable for low‐input agriculture.
Efficient seed production and distribution systems would be crucial to deliver the genetic gains from research settings to real‐life climates (Varshney et al. 2021c). Besides formal seed systems that are highly regulated, informal seed systems play an important role to facilitate seed production and enable farmers’ access to seed particularly in developing countries. For instance, in Africa, more than 90% of the smallholder farmers’ requirements for seeds are met by the informal sector that often provides seeds of variable quality (McGuire and Sperling 2016). Policy support from governments in the form of state‐sponsored subsidies can contribute significantly to improve the yield and resilience of crop production systems. This is exemplified by a national input subsidy program covering fertilizer and seed in Malawi that boosted maize productivity, resulting in a 53% surplus in 2007, which earlier had recorded a 43% national food deficit in 2005 (Denning et al. 2009). A dynamic seed system that ensures quick deployment and timely replacement of the latest cultivars will be key to impart climate adaptation to farming systems.
In summary, recent advances in plant biology have provided researchers with the tools and knowledge to develop a steady stream of crop technologies suitable for future cultivation requirements. Equally important will be the demonstration of the potential of these new crop technologies in farmers’ fields. The factors that remain crucial to maximize the potential of new crop technologies are the adoption of better crop production techniques, the use of digital agriculture tools, minimizing post‐harvest losses, and improving market access for farmers (Varshney et al. 2021d). International collaborations engaging multidisciplinary teams that bring together researchers with diverse skills would be essentially required to develop solutions to climate change issues that increasingly challenge the world agriculture.
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