Graphene-based Energy Devices E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 831

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

This first book dedicated to the topic provides an up-to-date account of the many opportunities graphene offers for robust, workable energy generation and storage devices.
Following a brief overview of the fundamentals of graphene, including the main synthesis techniques, characterization methods and properties, the first part goes on to deal with graphene for energy storage applications, such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and hydrogen storage. The second part is concerned with graphene-based energy-generation devices, in particular conventional as well as microbial and enzymatic fuel cells, with chapters on graphene photovoltaics rounding off the book. Throughout, device architectures are not only discussed on a laboratory scale, but also ways for upscaling to an industrial level, including manufacturing processes and quality control.
By bridging academic research and industrial development this is invaluable reading for materials scientists, physical chemists, electrochemists, solid state physicists, and those working in the electrotechnical industry.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1: Fundamental of Graphene

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Synthesis of Graphene

1.3 Characterization of Graphene

1.4 Optical Property Modification of Graphene

1.5 Optoelectric Application of Graphene

References

Chapter 2: Graphene-Based Electrodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Working Principle of LIBs

2.3 Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for LIBs

2.4 Graphene-Based Anode Materials for LIBs

2.5 Two-Dimensional (2D) Flexible and Binder-Free Graphene-Based Electrodes

2.6 Three-Dimensional Macroscopic Graphene-Based Electrodes

2.7 Summary and Perspectives

References

Chapter 3: Graphene-Based Energy Devices

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Graphene for Li-Ion Batteries

3.3 Graphene for Supercapacitors

3.4 Graphene for Li–Sulfur Batteries

3.5 Graphene for Fuel Cells

3.6 Graphene for Solar Cells

3.7 Summary

References

Chapter 4: Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors

4.3 Issues and Perspectives

References

Chapter 5: High-Performance Supercapacitors Based on Novel Graphene Composites

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Graphene Synthesis Methods

5.3 Graphene-Based Electrodes for Supercapacitors

5.4 Conclusions and Prospects

References

Chapter 6: Graphene for Supercapacitors

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Electrode Materials for Graphene-Based Capacitors

6.3 Graphene-Based Asymmetric Supercapacitors

6.4 Graphene-Based Microsupercapacitors

6.5 Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Graphene-Based Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Basic Architectures of Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices

7.3 Promising Prospects of Graphene in Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices

7.4 Graphene-Based Integrated Photoelectrochemical Cells

7.5 Graphene-Based Mixed-Colloid Photocatalytic Systems

7.6 Graphene-Based Photovoltaic/Electrolyzer Devices

7.7 Conclusion and Perspective

References

Chapter 8: Graphene Derivatives in Photocatalysis

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide

8.3 Synthesis of Graphene-Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts

8.4 Photocatalytic Applications

8.5 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9: Graphene-Based Photocatalysts for Energy Applications: Progress and Future Prospects

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Energy Applications

9.3 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 10: Graphene-Based Devices for Hydrogen Storage

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Storage of Molecular Hydrogen

10.3 Storage of Atomic Hydrogen Based on Hydrogen Spillover

References

Chapter 11: Graphene-Supported Metal Nanostructures with Controllable Size and Shape as Advanced Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Fuel Cells

11.3 Graphene-Based Metal Nanostructures as Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells

11.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12: Graphene-Based Microbial Fuel Cells

12.1 Introduction

12.2 MFC

12.3 The Development History of MFCs

12.4 The Application Prospect of MFC

12.5 Problems Existing in the MFCs

12.6 Graphene-Based MFC

References

Chapter 13: Application of Graphene-Based Materials to Improve Electrode Performance in Microbial Fuel Cells

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Graphene Materials for Anode Electrodes in MFCs

13.3 Graphene Materials for Cathode Electrodes in MFCs

13.4 Outlook

References

Chapter 14: Applications of Graphene and Its Derivative in Enzymatic Biofuel Cells

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Membraneless Enzymatic Biofuel Cells

14.3 Modified Bioanode and Biocathode

14.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 15: Graphene and Its Derivatives for Highly Efficient Organic Photovoltaics

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Various Applications in Solar Cells

15.3 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 16: Graphene as Sensitizer

16.1 Graphene as Sensitizer

16.2 Graphene as Storage Current Collector

16.3 Graphene as Photoanode Additive

16.4 Graphene as Cathode Electrocatalyst

16.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12

Figure 1.13

Figure 1.14

Figure 1.15

Figure 1.16

Figure 1.17

Figure 1.18

Figure 1.19

Figure 1.20

Figure 1.21

Figure 1.22

Figure 1.23

Figure 1.24

Figure 1.25

Figure 1.26

Figure 1.27

Figure 1.28

Figure 1.29

Figure 1.30

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.22

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

Figure 3.27

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.30

Figure 3.31

Figure 3.32

Figure 3.33

Figure 3.34

Figure 3.35

Figure 3.36

Figure 3.37

Figure 3.38

Figure 3.39

Figure 3.40

Figure 3.41

Figure 3.42

Figure 3.43

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Scheme 7.1

Scheme 7.2

Scheme 7.3

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Figure 7.12

Figure 7.13

Figure 7.14

Figure 7.15

Figure 7.16

Figure 7.17

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 14.6

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 15.5

Figure 15.6

Figure 15.7

Figure 15.8

Figure 15.9

Figure 15.10

Figure 15.11

Figure 15.12

Figure 15.13

Figure 15.14

Figure 15.15

Figure 15.16

Figure 15.17

Figure 15.18

Figure 15.19

Figure 15.20

Figure 15.21

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

List of Tables

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.5

Table 6.6

Table 6.7

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 15.1

Related Titles

Yusoff, A.R.b.M. (ed.)

Graphene Optoelectronics

Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, and Applications

2014

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-33634-0 also available in digital formats

Beguin, F., Frackowiak, E. (eds.)

Supercapacitors

Materials, Systems, and Applications

2013

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32883-3 also available in digital formats

Rao, C.N., Sood, A.K. (eds.)

Graphene

Synthesis, Properties, and Phenomena

2013

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-33258-8 also available in digital formats

Fujita, S., Suzuki, A.

Electrical Conduction in Graphene and Nanotubes

2013

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-41151-1 also available in digital formats

Malic, E., Knorr, A.

Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes

Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics and Optics

2013

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-41161-0 also available in digital formats

Akasaka, T.T. (ed.)

Chemistry of Nanocarbons

2010

Print ISBN: 978-0-470-72195-7 also available in digital formats

Edited by A. Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff

Graphene-based Energy Devices

The Editor

Prof. A. Rashid bin Mohd Yuso

Department of Information Display

Dongdaemoon-ku

130 – 701 Seoul

South Korea

Cover

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List of Contributors

Richa Agrawal

Florida International University

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

10555 W. Flagler Street

EC 3463

Miami, FL 33174

USA

Norasikin Ahmad-Ludin

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI)

43600 Selangor

Malaysia

Donald K.L. Chan

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Institute of Environment Energy and Sustainability

Department of Chemistry

Shatin, N.T.

Hong Kong

P. R. China

Chunhui Chen

Florida International University

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

10555 W. Flagler Street

EC 3463

Miami, FL 33174

USA

Wei Chen

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry

State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry

130022 Changchun

Jilin

P. R. China

Siti Nur Farhana Mohd Nasir

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI)

43600 Selangor

Malaysia

Joaquim L. Faria

Chemical Engineering Department

Faculdade de Engenharia

Universidade do Porto

LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials

Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM

Rua Dr. Roberto Frias

4200-465 Porto

Portugal

JoséL.Figueiredo

Chemical Engineering Department

Faculdade de Engenharia

Universidade do Porto

LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials

Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM

Rua Dr. Roberto Frias

4200-465 Porto

Portugal

Jian Ru Gong

National Center for Nanoscience and Technology

Laboratory for Nanodevices

11 Beiyitiao Zhongguancun

100190 Beijing

P. R. China

Yong Hao

Florida International University

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

10555 W. Flagler Street

EC 3463

Miami, FL 33174

USA

Zhen He

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

403 Durham Hall

Blacksburg, VA 24061

USA

Tao Hu

Northeastern University

Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials of Ministry of Education

Shenyang 110819

P. R. China

Mohd A. Ibrahim

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI)

43600 Selangor

Malaysia

Seong C. Jun

Yonsei University

School of Mechanical Engineering

262 Seongsanno

120-749 Seoul

Republic of Korea

Seung J. Lee

Kyung Hee University

Advanced Display Research Center

Department of Information Display

130-701 Seoul

Republic of Korea

Miaomiao Liu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Shanghai Institute of Ceramics

State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure

1295 DinXi Road

200050 Shanghai

P. R. China

Minmin Liu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry

State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry

130022 Changchun

Jilin

P. R. China

and

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Graduate Faculty

100039 Beijing

P. R. China

Wei-Ren Liu

Chang Yuan University

Department of Chemical Engineering

200 Chung-Pei Road

32023 Chung Li

Taiwan

Mohd A. Mat-Teridi

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI)

43600 Selangor

Malaysia

A. Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff

Kyung Hee University

Department of Information Display

Advanced Display Research Center

Dongdaemoon-gu

130– 701 Seoul

South Korea

Sergio Morales-Torres

Chemical Engineering Department

Faculdade de Engenharia

Universidade do Porto

LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials

Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM

Rua Dr. Roberto Frias

4200-465 Porto

Portugal

Luisa M. Pastrana-Martínez

Chemical Engineering Department

Faculdade de Engenharia

Universidade do Porto

LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials

Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM

Rua Dr. Roberto Frias

4200-465 Porto

Portugal

Jian Shan Ye

South China University of Technology

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Wushan Road

Guangzhou 510641

P. R. China

Adrién M.T. Silva

Chemical Engineering Department

Faculdade de Engenharia

Universidade do Porto

LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials

Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM

Rua Dr. Roberto Frias

4200-465 Porto

Portugal

Yin Song

Florida International University

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

10555 W. Flagler Street

EC 3463

Miami, FL 33174

USA

Kamaruzzaman Sopian

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI)

43600 Selangor

Malaysia

Mohamad Yusof Sulaiman

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI)

43600 Selangor

Malaysia

Jing Sun

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Shanghai Institute of Ceramics

State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure

1295 DinXi Road

200050 Shanghai

P. R. China

Li Xiao

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics

Milwaukee, WI 53211

USA

Junwu Xiao

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Luoyu Road

Wuhan 430074

P. R. China

Ming Xie

NingBo ATMK Lithium Ion Technologies Inc.

NingBo

Zhejiang

P. R. China

Yangyang Xu

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Luoyu Road

Wuhan 430074

P. R. China

Chunlei Wang

Florida International University

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

10555 W. Flagler Street

EC 3463

Miami, FL 33174

USA

Hou Wang

Hunan University

College of Environmental Science and Engineering

410082 Changsha

P. R. China

Ronghua Wang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Shanghai Institute of Ceramics

State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure

1295 DinXi Road

200050 Shanghai

P. R. China

Wanjun Wang

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Institute of Environment Energy and Sustainability

Department of Chemistry

Shatin, N.T.

Hong Kong

P. R. China

Shihe Yang

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Department of Chemistry

Clear Water Bay

Kowloon 999077

Hong Kong

Jimmy C. Yu

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Institute of Environment Energy and Sustainability

Department of Chemistry

Shatin, N.T.

Hong Kong

P. R. China

Xingzhong Yuan

Hunan University

College of Environmental Science and Engineering

410082 Changsha

P. R. China

Xuanxuan Zhang

NingBo ATMK Lithium Ion Technologies Inc.

NingBo

Zhejiang

P. R. China

Yezhen Zhang

Nanyang Normal University

College of Chemistry and Pharmacy Engineering

Wolong Road

Nanyang 473061

P. R. China

Preface

Graphene, the nanoscale wonder material, is one of the hottest areas of materials science research. Discovered in 2004 by two Russian scientists, Andrei Geim and Kostya Novoselov at the University of Manchester, graphene's revolutionary physical properties won the two scientists the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. Since then, considerable efforts have been put forward to fully utilize graphene as an energy material, and today huge advancements have been realized in developing highly efficient energy conversion and storage devices. In this context, this book aims to provide an overview of the recent advancements of research in the field of energy conversion and storage. Researchers from various fields, namely physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, and engineering, have contributed a variety of chapters based on their research expertise in these fields.

This book is organized into two areas, namely fundamentals and applications. In the fundamentals chapter (Chapter 1), the readers are introduced to the basic and important aspects of graphene, followed by its synthesis. In the synthesis part, it discusses mechanical cleavage, which is one of the simplest methods to obtain graphene from highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. Besides, this chapter also discusses epitaxial growth, chemical vapor deposition, and solution processing, which includes ultrasonication, intercalation, and chemical exfoliation. Chapter 1 also deals with various characterization methods, such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion on the optical properties of graphene and also some optoelectric applications of graphene.

The second, large, part of this book can be divided into two different fields: namely (i) graphene-based energy storage and (ii) graphene-based energy conversion. In graphene-based energy storage devices are included lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, photochemical water splitting, photocatalysis, and hydrogen storage. The last portion of this second part comprises fuel cells, microbial biofuel cells, enzymatic biofuel cells, polymer solar cells, and sensitizers.

The second part of this book begins with a “combo” of chapters dealing with lithium-ion batteries, namely Chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 2 introduces some basic working principles of lithium-ion batteries, the application of graphene as cathode and anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, and graphene-based flexible cathode and anode materials. On the other hand, Chapter 3 provides some extra discussions on graphene for supercapacitors, lithium– sulfur batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells.

Chapters 4, 5, and 6 are devoted to high-performance graphene supercapacitors. Starting with electric double-layer capacitors, Chapter 4 mostly brings us to a new dimension where an in-depth discussion is provided on graphene/metal oxide nanocomposites and graphene/conducting polymer composites as main materials in supercapacitors. Chapter 5 starts with some synthesis routes of graphene, including top-down and bottom-up approaches, and discusses graphene/metal oxide/conducting polymer nanocomposite supercapacitors. Chapter 6 looks different from Chapters 4 and 5 because it deals with the fundamentals of capacitors and electrochemical capacitors. In addition, this chapter also introduces capacitors based on double-layer capacitance, which consist of electrodes based on graphene synthesized by the reduction of graphene oxide, activated graphene, graphene and carbon nanostructure composites, and nitrogen-doped graphene. Electrodes based on graphene/pseudocapacitive material composites and graphene-based asymmetric supercapacitors are also discussed in detail. Finally, Chapter 6 ends with a discussion on graphene-based microsupercapacitors.

Chapter 7 deals with water splitting, which is one of the energy storage mechanisms. This chapter begins with the basic building blocks of solar-driven water-splitting devices and discusses the prospects of graphene in this type of devices. It also introduces the combination of graphene with a variety of semiconductors for application in integrated photochemical cells. The highly oxidized and exfoliated products of pristine graphite provide a great convenience for the development of graphene-based mixed photocatalytic systems. This chapter also touches upon graphene-based electrolyzer device which convert sunlight into electricity and provide the essential voltage for the electrolysis of water. Some good conclusions and perspectives finally end this chapter.

Chapters 8 and 9 focus on graphene-based photocatalysis. The first part of Chapter 8 deals with the synthesizing mechanism of graphene and graphene oxide as well as their properties. It also discusses graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts, which utilize a single titanium dioxide (rutile) crystal as the photoanode and platinum as the counterelectrode. The chapter ends with a discussion of various photocatalytic applications such as photodegradation of organic pollutants, photocatalytic splitting of H2O, photocatalytic reduction of CO2, and other applications. Chapter 9 starts with the synthesis methods of graphene-based photocatalysts including ex situ and in situ hybridization strategies. In the latter case, the hydrothermal method is considered as a powerful and versatile tool to synthesize inorganic nanocrystals. Recently, the electrochemical and electrophoretic depositions have been attracting huge attention because they do not require any post-synthetic transfer of the composite materials. For example, a constant current has been successfully applied to seed nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide followed by the growth of nanoparticles under the constant potential mode. The discussion continues with chemical vapor deposition and photochemical reaction. The chapter ends with some discussions on energy applications, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, and environmental remediation.

Chapter 10 deals with graphene-based hydrogen storage, which consists of cryogenic liquids, high-pressure gas cells, low-temperature adsorbates, metal hydrides, and chemical storage. Moreover, this chapter also discusses the storage of molecular hydrogen and graphene-based metal/metal oxide nanoparticles which have recently attracted a lot of attention for hydrogen storage. In addition, graphenes doped with elements such as boron, aluminum, silicon, or nitrogen are discussed in detail for significantly enhancing their hydrogen binding capacity. The chapter ends with a discussion on the storage of atomic hydrogen based on hydrogen spillover.

The last part of this book is focused on fuel cells, microbial biofuel cells, enzymatic biofuel cells, polymer solar cells, and sensitizers. The first part of Chapter 11 deals mostly with the configuration and design of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, direct formic acid fuel cells, and direct alcohol fuel cells. The second part discusses graphene/metal nanostructures that have been used as electrocatalysts including metal nanoclusters (Au, Ag, and Cu), monometallic particles and alloy nanoparticles, core@shell nanostructures, hollow nanostructures, cubic nanostructures, nanowires and nanorods, flower-like nanostructures, nanodendrites, and two- or three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures.

Chapters 12 and 13 are focused on graphene in microbial fuel cells. Chapter 12 discusses the basic working principle of microbial fuel cells, some of their advantages, and their classification. It is followed by a history and some future prospects of microbial fuel cells. Finally, this chapter deals with graphene-based microbial fuel cells with regard to their various aspects such as the anode, membrane, and cathode. Chapter 13 deals with the improvement of electrode performance in microbial fuel cells. It begins with graphene and its derivatives such as nanosheets, 3D graphene, and graphene oxide as anode electrodes. The discussion continues with graphene materials as cathode electrodes, which include bare graphene, coated graphene, and doped graphene. Finally, the chapter ends with some positive outlook and a detailed discussion on the future improvement in graphene-based microbial fuel cells.

Chapter 14 introduces another type of fuel cells, namely enzymatic biofuel cells. This chapter is rather short because research in this field has just started. The first part of this chapter deals with membraneless enzymatic biofuel cells, while the second part discusses modified anodes and cathodes. These include electrochemically reduced graphene oxide and graphne-single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Chapter 15 discusses various applications of graphene in solar cells. Today, graphene has been successfully employed in organic solar cells as the anode, the hole and electron interfacial layer, as well as the top electrode. This chapter also touches upon the possibility of replacing the currently used transparent electrode, indium tin oxide (ITO). The use of graphene as an intermediate layer in tandem solar cells is also discussed.

Chapter 16 finally deals with graphene as sensitizer in storage current collectors and anode and cathode current collectors. Moreover, this chapter also covers the field of photoanode additives in dye-sensitized solar cells. Finally, this chapter introduces graphene as a cathode electrocatalyst, which includes nitrogen-, boron-, phosphorous-, sulfur-, and selenium-doped graphene.

This book has brought together materials from various sources, including the authors' previously published articles, their latest experiments and lecture notes. All materials in this book have been organized, reviewed, and now presented in a consistent and more readable way because they have been reviewed very thoroughly and reformulated. It has been a great pleasure writing and at the same time editing this book on the graphene-based energy conversion and storage devices. For me, this book was a labor of love, and the adventure involved in compiling the content along a unifying theme was a great enriching experience and sufficient reward in and of itself. I hope that all readers will similarly find great enrichment and understanding as they explore the pages of this book. Finally, I would like to thank my lovely wife Sharifah Nurilyana and our families for their support and understanding. Special thanks also go to my students, colleagues, and, in particular, my director, Jin Jang, for fruitful discussions and help.

Seoul23 October 2014

A. Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff

1Fundamental of Graphene

Seong C. Jun

1.1 Introduction

Graphene, a single-atom-thick sheet of hexagonally arrayed sp2-bonded carbon atoms, has got a significant attention due to its unique electronic [1], mechanical [2], and thermal [3] properties all derived from the unique details of its electronic band structure. Due to its flexibility, graphene provides infinite possibilities in various fields [4, 5] and the peculiar dispersion relation of carbon's π electrons is responsible for its unique properties [1].

There are different ways to produce “pristine” graphene. The graphene synthesis can be mainly classified into exfoliation [6], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [7], arc discharge [8], and reduction of graphene oxide (GO) [9]. One method for isolation of a sheet of graphene is through the mechanical exfoliation from a graphite crystal, but this is not scalable beyond one small flake of graphene, making graphene with lateral dimensions on the order of tens to hundreds of micrometers. But reports are also showing the development of patterned graphene through the mechanical exfoliation of patterned graphite.