Green Catalysis, Volume 2 E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Handbook of Green Chemistry
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 624

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

The shift towards being as environmentally-friendly as possible has resulted in the need for this important volume on heterogeneous catalysis. Edited by the father and pioneer of Green Chemistry, Professor Paul Anastas, and by the renowned chemist, Professor Robert Crabtree, this volume covers many different aspects, from industrial applications to the latest research straight from the laboratory. It explains the fundamentals and makes use of everyday examples to elucidate this vitally important field.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Zeolites in Catalysis

1.1 Introduction

1.2 General Process Considerations

1.3 Zeolite Fundamentals

1.4 Reaction Mechanisms

1.5 Mass Transport and Diffusion

1.6 Zeolite Shape Selectivity

1.7 Counter Ion Mobility

1.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Sol–Gel Sulfonic Acid Silicas as Catalysts

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Preparation of Meso–structured Silica Sulfonic Acid Catalysts

2.3 Application in Organic Transformations

2.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

Chapter 3: Applications of Environmentally Friendly TiO2 Photocatalysts in Green Chemistry: Environmental Purification and Clean Energy Production Under Solar Light Irradiation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Principles of Photocatalysis

3.3 Application of Photocatalysts in Green Chemistry: Solar Energy Conversion and Environmental Protection

3.4 Development of Visible Light-Responsive TiO2 Photocatalysts

3.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Nanoparticles in Green Catalysis

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Advanced Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles

4.3 Nickel Nanoparticles: a Versatile Green Catalyst

4.4 Copper Nanoparticles: an Efficient Catalyst

4.5 Bimetallic Nanoparticles in a Variety of Reactions

References

Chapter 5: ‘Heterogreeneous Chemistry’

5.1 Introduction

5.2 ‘Heterogreeneous Catalysis’

5.3 Solvents for Green Catalysis

5.4 Conclusion and Outlook

References

Chapter 6: Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts via Surface-Bound Organometallic and Inorganic Complexes

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Generalities

6.3 Hydrogenation and Hydrosilylation

6.4 Metathesis and Homologation Processes of Alkenes

6.5 Metathesis, Dimerization, Trimerization and Other Reactions Involving Alkynes

6.6 Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Reactions

6.7 Oxidation

6.8 Alkane Homologation

References

Chapter 7: Sustainable Heterogeneous Acid Catalysis by Heteropoly Acids

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Development of HPA Catalysts Possessing High Thermal Stability

7.3 Modification of HPA Catalysts to Enhance Coke Combustion

7.4 Inhibition of Coke Formation on HPA Catalysts

7.5 Reactions in Supercritical Fluids

7.6 Cascade Reactions Using Multifunctional HPA Catalysts

7.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: The Kinetics of TiO2-based Solar Cells Sensitized by Metal Complexes

8.1 Introduction

8.2 History

8.3 DSSC Design

8.4 Function of the DSSC

8.5 Performance of a DSSC

8.6 Kinetics Processes

8.7 Charge Injection

8.8 Recombination to the Dye

8.9 Regeneration

8.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9: Automotive Emission Control: Past, Present and Future

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The First Oxidation Catalysts (1975–80)

9.3 Three-Way Catalysis (1980–Present)

9.4 Diesel Catalysis

9.5 Diesel Emission Control: The Future

9.6 Fuel Cells and the Hydrogen Economy for Transportation Applications: The Future

9.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Heterogeneous Catalysis for Hydrogen Production

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Catalysis

10.3 Catalytic Decomposition of Ethanol

10.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 11: High-Throughput Screening of Catalyst Libraries for Emissions Control

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Experimental Techniques and Equipment

11.3 Low-Temperature CO Oxidation and VOC Combustion

11.4 NOx Abatement

11.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Catalytic Conversion of High-Moisture Biomass to Synthetic Natural Gas in Supercritical Water

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Survey of Different Technologies for the Production of Methane from Carbonaceous Feedstocks

12.3 Water as Solvent and Reactant

12.4 The Role of Heterogeneous Catalysis

12.5 Continuous Catalytic Hydrothermal Process for the Production of Methane

12.6 Summary and Conclusions

12.7 Outlook for Future Developments

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.6

Table 6.7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 8.1

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 12.5

Table 12.6

Table 12.7

List of Illustrations

Scheme 1.1

Figure 1.1

Scheme 1.2

Scheme 1.3

Scheme 1.4

Scheme 1.5

Scheme 1.6

Scheme 1.7

Scheme 1.8

Scheme 1.9

Scheme 1.10

Scheme 1.11

Scheme 1.12

Scheme 1.13

Scheme 1.14

Scheme 1.15

Scheme 1.16

Scheme 1.17

Scheme 1.18

Scheme 1.19

Scheme 1.20

Scheme 1.21

Scheme 1.22

Scheme 1.23

Scheme 1.24

Scheme 1.25

Scheme 1.26

Scheme 1.27

Scheme 1.28

Scheme 1.29

Scheme 1.30

Scheme 1.31

Scheme 1.32

Scheme 1.33

Scheme 1.34

Figure 2.1

Scheme 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Scheme 2.2

Scheme 2.3

Scheme 2.4

Scheme 2.5

Scheme 2.6

Scheme 2.7

Scheme 2.8

Scheme 2.9

Scheme 2.10

Scheme 2.11

Scheme 2.12

Scheme 2.13

Scheme 2.14

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Scheme 3.1

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 4.1

Scheme 4.1

Scheme 4.2

Scheme 4.3

Scheme 4.4

Scheme 4.5

Scheme 4.6

Scheme 4.7

Scheme 4.8

Scheme 4.9

Scheme 4.10

Scheme 4.11

Scheme 4.12

Scheme 4.13

Scheme 4.14

Scheme 4.15

Scheme 4.16

Scheme 4.17

Scheme 4.18

Scheme 4.19

Scheme 4.20

Scheme 4.21

Scheme 4.22

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Scheme 5.1

Figure 5.3

Scheme 5.2

Scheme 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Scheme 5.4

Scheme 6.1

Scheme 6.2

Scheme 6.3

Scheme 6.4

Scheme 6.5

Scheme 6.6

Scheme 6.7

Scheme 6.8

Scheme 6.9

Scheme 6.10

Scheme 6.11

Scheme 6.12

Scheme 6.13

Scheme 6.14

Scheme 6.15

Scheme 6.16

Scheme 6.17

Scheme 6.18

Scheme 6.19

Scheme 6.20

Scheme 6.21

Scheme 6.22

Scheme 6.23

Scheme 6.24

Scheme 6.25

Scheme 6.26

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Scheme 7.1

Scheme 7.2

Scheme 7.3

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Scheme 7.4

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Scheme 7.5

Scheme 7.6

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Scheme 7.7

Figure 7.10

Scheme 7.8

Scheme 7.9

Scheme 7.10

Scheme 7.11

Figure 7.11

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Scheme 10.1

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Scheme 10.2

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Scheme 10.3

Scheme 10.4

Figure 10.7

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 11.14

Figure 11.15

Figure 11.16

Figure 11.17

Figure 11.18

Figure 11.19

Figure 11.20

Figure 11.21

Figure 11.22

Figure 11.23

Figure 11.24

Figure 11.25

Figure 11.26

Figure 11.27

Figure 11.28

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8

Figure 12.9

Figure 12.10

Figure 12.11

Figure 12.12

Figure 12.13

Figure 12.14

Figure 12.15

Figure 12.16

Figure 12.17

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

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Handbook of Green Chemistry

Volume 2Homogeneous Catalysis

Volume Edited by Robert H. Crabtree

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.:

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

ISBN: 978-3-527-32497-2

About the Editors

Series Editor

Paul T. Anastas joined Yale University as Professor and serves as the Director of the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering there. From 2004–2006, Paul was the Director ofthe Green Chemistry Institute in Washington, D.C. Until June 2004 he served as Assistant Director for Environment at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy where his responsibilities included a wide range of environmental science issues including furthering international public-private cooperation in areas of Science for Sustainability such as Green Chemistry. In 1991, he established the industry-governmentuniversity partnership Green Chemistry Program, which was expanded to include basic research, and the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. He has published and edited several books in the field of Green Chemistry and developed the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry.

Volume Editor

Robert Crabtree took his first degree at Oxford, did his Ph.D. at Sussex and spent four years in Paris at the CNRS. He has been at Yale since 1977.He has chaired the Inorganic Division at ACS, and won the ACS and RSC organometallic chemistry prizes. He is the author of an organometallic textbook, and is the editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry and Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry. He has contributed to C-H activation, H2 complexes, dihydrogen bonding, and his homogeneous tritiation and hydrogenation catalyst is in wide use. More recently, he has combined molecular recognition with CH hydroxylation to obtain high selectivity with a biomimetic strategy.

List of Contributors

Masakazu Anpo

Osaka Prefecture University

Graduate School of Engineering

Department of Applied Chemistry

Gakuen-chi, 1-1

Sakai

Osaka 599-8531

Japan

Stephen H. Brown

EMRE CSR

1545 Route 22 East

Annandale, NJ 08801

USA

Joel Cizeron

Symyx Technologies, Inc.

3100 Central Expressway

Santa Clara, CA 95051

USA

Christophe Copéret

Université de Lyon

Institut de Chimie de Lyon

Laboratoire C2P2 – ESCPE Lyon

43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918

69616 Villeurbanne

France

Stephen Cypes

Symyx Technologies, Inc.

3100 Central Expressway

Santa Clara, CA 95051

USA

Robert J. Farrauto

BASF Catalysts

25 Middlesex–Essex Turnpike

Iselin, NJ 08830

USA

Anthony G. Fitch

California Institute of Technology

Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Beckman Institute and Kavli Nanoscience Institute

210 Noyes Laboratory, 127–72

Pasadena, CA 91125

USA

Alfred Hagemeyer

Süd-Chemie AG

Waldheimer Strasse 13

83052 Bruckmühl

Germany

Jeffrey Hoke

BASF Catalysts

25 Middlesex–Essex Turnpike

Iselin, NJ 08830

USA

Hicham Idriss

University of Aberdeen

Department of Chemistry

Meston Walk

Aberdeen, AB24 3EU

UK

Heiko Jacobsen

KemKom

1215 Ursulines Avenue

New Orleans, LA 70116

USA

Mazaahir Kidwai

University of Delhi

Department of Chemistry

Green Chemistry Research Laboratory

Delhi 110007

India

Ivan Kozhevnikov

Department of Chemistry

University of Liverpool

Liverpool L69 7ZD

UK

Adam F. Lee

University of York

Department of Chemistry

Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Group

Heslington

York YO10 5DD

UK

Nathan S. Lewis

California Institute of Technology

Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Beckman Institute and Kavli Nanoscience Institute

210 Noyes Laboratory, 127–72

Pasadena, CA 91125

USA

Masaya Matsuoka

Osaka Prefecture University

Graduate School of Engineering

Department of Applied Chemistry

Gakuen-chi, 1-1

Sakai

Osaka 599-8531

Japan

Morgan S. Scott

University of Auckland

Department of Chemistry

Private Bag 92019

Auckland

New Zealand

Frédéric Vogel

Paul Scherrer Institut

Laboratory for Energy and Materials Cycles

5232 Villigen PSI

Switzerland

Anthony Volpe Jr

Symyx Technologies Inc.

3100 Central Expressway

Santa Clara, CA 95051

USA

Don Walker

California Institute of Technology

Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Beckman Institute and Kavli Nanoscience Institute

210 Noyes Laboratory, 127–72

Pasadena, CA 91125

USA

Karen Wilson

University of York

Department of Chemistry

Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Group

Heslington

York YO10 5DD

UK

Chapter 1Zeolites in Catalysis

Stephen H. Brown

1.1 Introduction

Acid catalysis as a modern science is less than 150 years old. From its inception, acid catalysis has been explored as a means of producing fuels, lubes and petrochemicals. Ordinary homogeneous acids, both inorganic and organic, never proved industrially useful at temperatures much above 150 °C. The first reports of aluminosilicate solid acid catalysts involved the use of clays after the turn of the century. The inspiration for the first commercial synthetic aluminosilicate catalysts came from work done co precipitating silicon and aluminum salts during WWI by a Sun Oil chemist [1]. The Brnsted acid site in these materials is most often represented as in Scheme 1.1. Useful features of this novel type of acid versus homogeneous liquid acids were their high temperature stability, moderate acidity (roughly equivalent to a 50% sulfuric acid solution), solid and non-corrosive character and regenerability by air oxidation. These features enabled acid catalyzed reactions of chemicals to be contemplated at a greatly extended range of temperatures (up to 600 °C) and metallurgies.

Scheme 1.1 The Brnsted acid site of an aluminosilicate.

The first embodiments of many modern refining processes including heavy oil cracking, naphtha reforming and light gas oligomerization did not use catalysts [2]. As soon as these thermal processes commercialized, exploration of the use of solid acid catalysts ensued naturally.

Because of the key role played in the development of the automotive industry, heavy oil cracking to gasoline provided a focal point for the early development of heterogeneous acid catalysis. Temperatures above 400 °C and pressures below 3 atmospheres are thermodynamically favorable for the conversion of heavy oils to light hydrocarbons rich in olefins. Acceptable heavy oil cracking rates are achieved without a catalyst at temperatures above 600 °C. This was the basis of the thermal cracking process. Thermal cracking produces high yields of methane and aromatic hydrocarbons. The goal of researchers was to find a catalyst that could crack heavy hydrocarbons selectively to gasoline with only minimal formation of gases with molecular weights of less than 30. Due to thermodynamic constraints, the catalyst had to be effective at a temperature above 400 °C. In order to avoid unselective thermal cracking, the catalyst had to be effective below 550 °C.