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Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
Kategorie: Fachliteratur
Sprache: Englisch
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

With its unique focus on specifically addressing the problems for societies and economies associated with corrosion and their solution, this book provides an up-to-date overview of the progress in corrosion chemistry and engineering. International experts actively involved in research and development place particular emphasis on how to counter the economic and environmental consequences of corrosion with the help of science and technology, making this a valuable resource for researchers as well as decision makers in industry and politics. Further major parts of the book are devoted to corrosion prevention in the naval and energy sector as well as to corrosion monitoring and waste management.

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Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Related Titles

Title Page

Dedication

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

About The Editor

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Basics of Corrosion Chemistry

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Metallic Corrosion

1.3 Metallic Passivity

1.4 Localized Corrosion

1.5 Corrosion Rust

1.6 Atmospheric Corrosion

1.7 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 2: Corrosion and Electrochemistry

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Thermodynamics and the Stability of Metals

2.3 Free Energy and Electrode Potential

2.4 Electrode Potential Measurements

2.5 Equilibrium Electrode Potentials

2.6 Use of Pourbaix Diagrams

2.7 Dynamic Electrochemical Processes

2.8 Concentration Polarization

References

Further Reading

Index

Related Titles

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The Editors

Prof. Sanjay K. Sharma

Professor of Chemistry

Department of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering

Jaipur Engineering College & Research Center

JECRC Foundation

Jaipur (Rajasthan)

India

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32930-4

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-64180-2

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-64179-6

Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-64181-9

oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-64178-9

Dedication

This book is for

My Parents Dr. M.P. Sharma and Smt. Parmeshwari Devi on their ‘Golden Jubilee’.

. . . as they are the “real force”

behind all my success.

Foreword

In spite of the fact that several corrosion inhibitors have been synthesized and utilized for corrosion control, the search for newer inhibitors is not yet a fulfilled mission. The journey started with inorganic compounds and has successfully captured heteroatom(s)-rich organic compounds along its route. So far, the journey has not ended but has captured the extract of living organism into its route. Recently, computer modeling has been a subject matter and has yielded positive and definite results.

One of the major concerns on the industrial utilization of raw materials and other products involves a task that will ensure that the quality of the environment is not negatively altered. We have only one global village and that is the world. Therefore, our action or inaction should not be targeted toward the initiation or extension of adverse environmental impact. Corrosion is an essential process involving the electrochemical conversion of metals into its original form. Corrosion is one of the processes nature has adopted to recycle its content. We cannot stop corrosion but the rate at which metals corrodes can be reduced by using various methods.

I have gone through the contents of this book and I am satisfied that the book has convincingly addressed the major problems associated with corrosion and the various green control methods that can be adopted to reduce its impact. The authors are sound academicians in the field and have translated their basic knowledge of corrosion into a book form.

I hereby recommend the book for use by all science and engineering students of tertiary institutions as well as those who want to gain good insight into the chemistry of corrosion.

Dr. Nabuk Okon Eddy, MRSC

Computational and Corrosion Chemist

Department of Chemistry,

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Kaduna State

Nigeria

Preface

Green Chemistry represents the pillars that hold up our sustainable future. It is imperative to teach the value of Green Chemistry to tomorrow's Chemists.

Daryle Busch (ACS President, 1999–2001)

The mighty words of Daryle Busch are the need of the day and that is why editing this book has been a very special experience for me… because of its theme and essence. Green Chemistry is a 14 years old philosophy given by the brilliant duo Anastas and Warner (1998); which is now the choice of billions of researchers world wide. I am also one of them, who are thrilled by this new concept of thinking and mind-set especially at a time when we are all facing severe environmental disorders and extremely dangerous threats such as air pollution and global warming.

The fast growing industrialization and development activities cause many problems such as water pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution, air pollution, and so on. At the same time, these pollutions cause damage, deformation, destruction, and decay of materials and metals, which is commonly known as Corrosion. It is one of the most dangerous industrial problems world wide that must be confronted for safety, environmental, and economic reasons. It also incurs heavy maintenance costs and environmental impacts of billions of dollars.

Green Chemistry provides many environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors, called “Green inhibitors.” Several efforts have been made using corrosion preventive practices. Use of corrosion inhibitors and anti-corrosion coatings are some of them. The theme – Green Corrosion Chemistry and Engineering – involves all such genuine efforts which may reduce the maintenance costs and save the environment.

This book is a sincere effort to address the problem of corrosion and to discuss preventive measures with the help of eco-friendly (green) alternates including protective coatings, use of green inhibitors, application of micro-electrochemical techniques, use of nanocomposites and pre-treatments, and much more.

I hope this book provides an insightful text on the corrosion preventive techniques and processes that are being studied, optimized, and developed to sustain our environment.

I sincerely welcome feedback from my valuable readers and critics.

Happy Reading!

Sanjay K. Sharma

[email protected]

Acknowledgments

It is the time to express my gratitude to my friends, supporters, and well wishers to make them know that I am deeply obliged to have them and their valuable co-operation during the journey of the completion of the present book Green Corrosion Chemistry and Engineering: Opportunities and Challenges.

First of all, I feel greatly indebted to Prof. Paul Anastas and Prof. John Warner, because they are the key persons who ignited the fire of “Green Chemistry” in my heart. Specially Prof. Warner, who appreciated my work in the field of green corrosion inhibitors during a personal meet at Mumbai.

I also acknowledge Prof. Nabul Eddy for his moral support and best wishes, which I need most in this phase of writing-editing.

All our esteemed contributors to this book deserve special thanks for contributing their work, without which this book could not be possible in this form.

My teachers Dr. R.K. Bansal, Dr. R.V. Singh, Dr. R.K. Bhardwaj, and Dr. Saraswati Mittal, deserve special mention here as they are the Gurus behind all my academic achievements, publications etc.

I acknowledge the active interest and useful suggestions of the one and only Ackmez Mudhoo (co-author in many of my works), University of Mauritius, Mauritius. His prompt and precise suggestions are always useful to me. Thanks Ackmez. My friends, Dr. Rashmi Sanghi, Dr. V.K. Garg, Dr. R.V. Singh, Dr. Pranav Saxena, Dr. Alka Sharma, and Aruna were also of moral support in this journey.

I deeply acknowledge my parents Dr. M.P. Sharma and Mrs. Parmeshwari Devi, wife Dr. Pratima Sharma and other family members for their never ending encouragement, moral support, and patience during the course of this book.

I also express my gratitude to Mr. Amit Agarwal and Mr. Arpit Agarwal (Directors, JECRC) for giving me an opportunity to work with them. It is wonderful experience to work under so energetic and young team leaders.

My kids Kunal and Kritika also deserve special attention as their valuable moments were mostly stolen owing to my busy schedules.

I am also thankful to many others whose names I have not been able to mention but whose guidance value has not been less in any way.

Last, but not least I am thankful to all my valuable readers and critics for encouraging me to do more and more work.

Think Green!

Sanjay K. Sharma

[email protected]

About The Editor

Prof. (Dr.) Sanjay K. Sharma is a very well-known author and editor of many books, research journals, and hundreds of articles from the past 20 years. His recently published books are “Handbook on Applications of Ultrasound: Sonochemistry and Sustainability,” “Green Chemistry for Environmental Sustainability” (both from CRC Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Florida, Boca Raton, USA), and “Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications” (From Royal Society of Chemistry, UK).

He has also been appointed as the Series Editor by Springer's London for their prestigious book Series “Green Chemistry for Sustainability.” His work in the field of Green Corrosion Inhibitors is very well recognized and praised by the international research community. Other than this, he is known as a person who is dedicated to educate people about environmental awareness, especially for rain water harvesting.

Presently, he is working as Professor of Chemistry at Jaipur Engineering College & Research Centre, JECRC Foundation, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India where he is teaching Engineering Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Courses to B. Tech. students and pursuing his research interests. Dr. Sharma has delivered many guest lectures on different topics of applied chemistry in various reputed institutions. His students appreciate his teaching skills and hold him in high esteem.

He is a member of the American Chemical Society (USA), International Society for Environmental Information Sciences (ISEIS, Canada), and Green Chemistry Network (Royal Society of Chemists, UK) and is also a life member of various international professional societies, including the International Society of Analytical Scientists, Indian Council of Chemists, International Congress of Chemistry and Environment, and Indian Chemical Society.

Dr. Sharma has 12 books on chemistry from national–international publishers and over 40 research papers of national and international repute to his credit.

Dr. Sharma is also serving as the Editor-in-Chief for four international research journals: the “RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry,” “International Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Pharmaceutical Research,” “International Journal of Water Treatment & Green Chemistry,” and “Water: Research & Development.” He is also a reviewer for many other international journals including the prestigious Green Chemistry Letters & Reviews.

List of Contributors

Todd R. Allen

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Department of Engineering Physics

1500 Engineering Drive

Madison, WI 53706

USA

S. Anand Kumar

Anna University

Department of Chemistry

Sardar Patel Road

Gundy

Chennai 600025

Tamilnadu

India

Y. Frank Cheng

University of Calgary

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2500 University drive NW

Calgary

Alberta, T2N 1N4

Canada

Flavio Deflorian

University of Trento

Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies

Via Mesiano 77

38123 Trento

Italy

Konstantinos D. Demadis

University of Crete

Department of Chemistry

Crystal Engineering

Growth and Design Laboratory

Voutes Campus

P.O. Box 2208

Heraklion Crete 71003

Greece

Michele Fedel

University of Trento

Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies

Via Mesiano 77

38123 Trento

Italy

Essam Khamis

Alexandria University

Faculty of Science

Mohram Bey

Alexandria

Egypt

Ananad Sawroop Khanna

Indian Institute of Technology

Corrosion Science & Engineering

Adi Shankaracharya Marg, Powai

Bombay 400076

Maharashtra

India

Girish Mehta

S V National Institute of Technology

Department of Applied Chemistry

Ichchanath

Dumas Road

Surat 395007, Gujarat

India

Ackmez Mudhoo

University of Mauritius

Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

Réduit

Mauritius

Maria Papadaki

University of Crete

Department of Chemistry

Crystal Engineering

Growth and Design Laboratory

Voutes Campus

P.O. Box 2208

Heraklion Crete 71003

Greece

Niketan Patel

S V National Institute of Technology

Department of Applied Chemistry

Ichchanath

Dumas Road

Surat 395007, Gujarat

India

Stefano Rossi

University of Trento

Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies

Via Mesiano 77

38123 Trento

Italy

Vedula Sankar Sastri

Sai Ram Consultant

1839 Greenacre Crescent

Ottawa

Ontario, K1J 6S7

Canada

Norio Sato

Hokkaido University

Graduate School of Engineering

Kita-13

Nishi-8

Kita-ku

Sapporo 060-8628

Hokkaido

Japan

R. Savitha

Anna University

Department of Chemistry

Sardar Patel Road

Guindy

Chennai 600025

Tamilnadu

India

Alka Sharma

University of Rajasthan

Department of Chemistry

JLN Marg

Jaipur 302044

Rajasthan

India

Sanjay K. Sharma

Jaipur Engineering College & Research Center

Department of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering

JECRC Foundation

Jaipur 302022

India

Lizhen Tan

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

One Bethel Valley Road

Oak Ridge

Tennessee 37831-6151

USA

Dimitrios Varouchas

University of Crete

Department of Chemistry

Crystal Engineering

Growth and Design Laboratory

Voutes Campus

P.O. Box 2208

Heraklion Crete 71003

Greece

Ying Yang

CompuTherm LLC

437 S. Yellowstone

Dr. Suite 217

Madison, WI 53719

USA

Caterina Zanella

University of Trento

Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies

Via Mesiano 77

38123 Trento

Italy

Basics of Corrosion Chemistry

Norio Sato

1.1 Introduction

Metallic materials in practical use are normally exposed to corrosion in the atmospheric and aqueous environments. Metallic corrosion is one of the problems we have often encountered in our industrialized society; hence it has been studied comprehensively since the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century. Modern corrosion science was set off in the early twentieth century with the local cell model proposed by Evans [1] and the corrosion potential model proved by Wagner and Traud [2]. The two models have joined into the modern electrochemical theory of corrosion, which describes metallic corrosion as a coupled electrochemical reaction consisting of anodic metal oxidation and cathodic oxidant reduction. The electrochemical theory is applicable not only to wet corrosion of metals at normal temperature but also to dry oxidation of metals at high temperature [3].

Metallic materials corrode in a variety of gaseous and aqueous environments. In this chapter, we restrict ourselves to the most common corrosion of metals in aqueous solution and in wet air in the atmosphere. In general, metallic corrosion produces in its initial stage soluble metal ions in water, and then, the metal ions develop into solid corrosion precipitates such as metal oxide and hydroxide. We will discuss the whole process of metallic corrosion from the basic electrochemical standpoint.

1.2 Metallic Corrosion

1.2.1 Basic Processes

The basic process of metallic corrosion in aqueous solution consists of the anodic dissolution of metals and the cathodic reduction of oxidants present in the solution:

1.1

1.2

In the formulae, MM is the metal in the state of metallic bonding, is the hydrated metal ion in aqueous solution, is the electron in the metal, Oxaq is an oxidant, is a reductant, and is the redox electron in the reductant. The overall corrosion reaction is then written as follows:

1.3

These reactions are charge-transfer processes that occur across the interface between the metal and the aqueous solution, hence they are dependent on the interfacial potential that essentially corresponds to what is called the electrode potential of metals in electrochemistry terms. In physics terms, the electrode potential represents the energy level of electrons, called the Fermi level, in an electrode immersed in electrolyte.

For normal metallic corrosion, in practice, the cathodic process is carried out by the reduction of hydrogen ions and/or the reduction of oxygen molecules in aqueous solution. These two cathodic reductions are electron transfer processes that occur across the metal–solution interface, whereas anodic metal dissolution is an ion transfer process across the interface.

1.2.2 Potential-pH Diagram

Thermodynamics shows that an electrode reaction is reversible at its equilibrium potential, where no net reaction current is observed. We then learn that the anodic reaction of metallic corrosion may occur only in the potential range more positive than its equilibrium potential and that the cathodic reaction of oxidant reduction may occur only in the potential range more negative than its equilibrium potential. Moreover, it is known that metallic corrosion in aqueous solution is dependent not only on the electrode potential but also on the acidity and basicity of the solution, that is, the solution pH.

The thermodynamic prediction of metallic corrosion was thus illustrated by Pourbaix [4] in the form of potential–pH diagrams, as shown for iron corrosion in Figure 1.1. The corrosion of metallic iron may occur in the potential–pH region where hydrated ferrous ions Fe2+, ferric ions Fe3+, and hydroxo-ferrous ions are stable. No iron corrosion occurs in the region where metallic iron is thermodynamically stable at relatively negative electrode potentials. In the regions where solid iron oxides and hydroxides are stable, no iron corrosion into water is expected to develop and the iron surface is covered with solid oxide films. In the diagram, we also see the equilibrium potentials of the hydrogen and oxygen electrode reactions. Atmospheric oxygen may cause iron corrosion in the potential range more negative than the oxygen equilibrium potential, , while hydrogen ions in aqueous solution may carry iron corrosion in the potential range more negative than the hydrogen equilibrium potential, .

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