Green Processes, Volume 8 E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Handbook of Green Chemistry
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 621

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

The shift towards being as environmentally-friendly as possible has resulted in the need for this important volume on the topic of green nanoscience. Edited by two rising stars in the community, Alvise Perosa and Maurizio Selva, this is an essential resource for anyone wishing to gain an understanding of the world of green chemistry, as well as for chemists, environmental agencies and chemical engineers.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Formation of Nanoparticles Assisted by Ionic Liquids

1.1 Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Synthesis

1.2 Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Stabilization

1.3 Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Recyclable Multiphase Catalyst-Systems

1.4 General Remarks

References

Chapter 2: CO2-Expanded Liquids for Nanoparticle Processing

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Controlling Nanoparticle Dispersibility and Precipitation

2.3 Size-Selective Fractionation of Nanoparticles

2.4 Tuning the Precipitation Range

2.5 Modeling Nanoparticle Dispersibility in CXLs

2.6 Thin-Film Deposition

2.7 Formation and Synthesis of Nanoparticles in CXLs

2.8 Nanoparticle Phase Transfer Using CXLs

2.9 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Green Synthesis and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles

3.3 Magnetic Separation as a Green Separation Tool

3.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Photocatalysis by Nanostructured TiO2-based Semiconductors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Structure and Photocatalytic Properties

4.3 Nanostructures, Nanoarchitectures, and Nanocomposites for Pollution Remediation

4.4 Nanostructures, Nanoarchitectures, and Nanocomposites for Energy Applications

4.5 Nanostructures, Nanoarchitectures, and Nanocomposites for Green Synthesis

4.6 Materials Stability and Toxicology – Safety Issues

4.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Nanoencapsulation for Process Intensification

5.1 Introduction and Scope

5.2 Cascade Reactions for Process Intensification

5.3 Other Cascade Reactions with Incompatible Catalysts – Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Thimbles for Generic Site Isolation

5.4 Potential Methods of Nanoencapsulation

5.5 Conclusion and Future Directions

References

Chapter 6: Formation of Nanoemulsions by Low-Energy Methods and Their Use as Templates for the Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Use of Nano-emulsions as Templates for the Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles

References

Chapter 7: Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes

7.1 Introduction – Nanotoxicology: Should We Worry?

7.2 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes

7.3 Dermal Exposure to CNTs

7.4 Pulmonary Response to CNTs

7.5 Toxic Response to CNTs in the Intra-Abdominal Cavity

7.6 CNTs and Immunity

7.7 CNT Interactions with the Cardiovascular Homeostasis

7.8 Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity of CNTs

7.9 Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics of CNTs

7.10 Biodegradation of CNTs

7.11 Biocompatibility of CNT-Based Biomaterials

7.12 Conclusions – Are CNTs safe?

References

Chapter 8: A Review of Green Synthesis of Nanophase Inorganic Materials for Green Chemistry Applications

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Green Synthesis of Nanophase Inorganic Materials

8.3 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles

8.4 Green Chemistry Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials

8.5 Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials

8.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 9: Use of Extracted Anthocyanin Derivatives in Nanostructures for Solar Energy Conversion

References

Chapter 10: Nanomaterials from Biobased Amphiphiles: the Functional Role of Unsaturations

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)

10.3 Conclusion

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Table 1.6

Table 2.1

Table 3.1

Table 5.1

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Scheme 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Scheme 1.2

Figure 1.5

Scheme 1.3

Figure 1.6

Scheme 1.4

Figure 1.7

Scheme 1.5

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.18

Scheme 5.1

Scheme 5.2

Scheme 5.3

Scheme 5.4

Scheme 5.5

Scheme 5.6

Scheme 5.7

Scheme 5.8

Scheme 5.9

Scheme 5.10

Scheme 5.11

Scheme 5.12

Scheme 5.13

Scheme 5.14

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Scheme 5.15

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Scheme 5.16

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Scheme 9.1

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

About the Editors

Chapter 1

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Handbook of Green Chemistry

Volume 8Green Nanoscience

Edited by

Alvise Perosa and Maurizio Selva

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32628-0

About the Editors

Series Editor

Paul T. Anastas joined Yale University as Professor and serves as the Director of the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering there. From 2004–2006, Paul was the Director of the Green Chemistry Institute in Washington, D.C. Until June 2004 he served as Assistant Director for Environment at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy where his responsibilities included a wide range of environmental science issues including furthering international public-private cooperation in areas of Science for Sustainability such as Green Chemistry. In 1991, he established the industry-government-university partnership Green Chemistry Program, which was expanded to include basic research, and the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. He has published and edited several books in the field of Green Chemistry and developed the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry.

Volume Editors

Maurizio Selva earned his Laurea degree (cum Laude) in Industrial Chemistry in 1989, at the Università degli Studi Ca' Foscari Venezia. From 1990 until 1992, Maurizio Selva was first a researcher for the National Council of Research (Italian CNR, research scholarship) and then a grant holder from Tessenderlo Chemie (http://www.tessenderlo.com) at the Department of Environmental Sciences of the Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, where he worked as a research associate. In January 1993, he obtained the position of Assistant Professor of organic chemistry at the same University. In 2000, Maurizio Selva was visiting researcher at the NSF Science Technology Center for Environmentally Responsible Solvents and Processes of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (NC, USA), where he studied synthetic organic methodologies based on dense CO2 as a solvent. In 2002, he was appointed Associate Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Venice, Italy, where he is currently working. In the period 1999–2003, Maurizio Selva was Director of the Green Chemistry Laboratory of the Interuniversity Consortium Chemistry for the Environment (http://www.incaweb.org/), at the Scientific and Technological Park “VEGA” in Marghera, Italy. Since 2009, Maurizio Selva is Deputy-coordinator of the Doctoral School in Chemical Sciences at the Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, and scientific advisor for the “Coordinamento Interuniversitario Veneto per le Nanotecnologie” (http://www.civen.org/it/). Major research interests of Maurizio Selva are focussed on eco-friendly methodologies for organic syntheses. Particularly, based on the use of non-toxic compounds belonging to the class of dialkyl carbonates, of compressed CO2 as a reagent/solvent under batch and continuous-flow conditions, and of ionic liquids as organocatalysts and mediators for multiphase reaction systems. Maurizio Selva is (has been) active as scientific referent also in projects for research and education joint activities in Green Chemistry, funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) through local Government structures (Regione Veneto).

Maurizio Selva (on the right) and Alvise Perosa (left) lead the Green Chemistry group at the Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems of the University Ca' Foscari Venezia.

Alvise Perosa graduated in industrial chemistry in 1992 at the Università Ca' Foscari of Venice, Italy. In 1996 he obtained his PhD degree in chemistry as a Fulbright fellow at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, USA with Tony Pearson. He returned to Venice as a post-doc, where he got deeply involved with green chemistry as a researcher and through the European Summer School on Green Chemistry, that he coordinated from 1998 to 2006. His research focus was then mainly on the development of new multiphase catalytic systems for synthesis and for detoxification, and on the use of organic carbonates as green alkylating agents. In 2005 Alvise Perosa obtained the position of “ricercatore” of organic chemistry, i.e. assistant professor, at the same university. He sits on the scientific board of the Edizioni Ca' Foscari, on the International Relations Commission of the university, and on the Research Committee of the Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems. Currently Alvise's research focuses on greener synthesis of tailored ionic liquids and on their applications as organocatalysts including mechanism elucidation. Recent focus is on transformations of platform chemicals from biomass using green reagents, towards renewable chemical building blocks. The Green Organic Synthesis Team (GOST) at the Università Ca' Foscari of Venice is run jointly with Maurizio Selva. In 2007 Alvise Perosa was visiting scientist at the University of Sydney as an Endeavour Research Fellow of the Australian Government, where he pursued research and collaborations with Thomas Maschmeyer in the fields of new functional catalytic materials for green transformations and for the upgrade of bio-based chemicals. This collaboration is ongoing through a joint PhD program between Venice and Sydney. As scientific consultant of the Green Oil project in 2011 he set up a pilot-plant scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction/reaction system applied to the valorization of chemicals from biomass.

List of Contributors

D. Brad Akers

Clemson University

Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

130 Earle Hall

Clemson, SC 29634

USA

Vijai Shankar Balachandran

City College of New York

Department of Chemistry

160 Convent Avenue

New York, NY 10031

USA

and

City University of New York

Graduate School and University Center of New York

365 Fifth AvenueNew York, NY 10016

USA

Gabriela Calderó

Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC) and CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)

C/ Jordi Girona 18–26

08034 Barcelona

Spain

Matteo Cargnello

University of Trieste

Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT) and INSTM – Trieste Research Unit

Via L. Giorgieri 1

34127 Trieste

Italy

Jairton Dupont

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)

Institute of Chemistry

Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis

Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500

91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS

Brazil

Paolo Fornasiero

University of Trieste

Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT) and INSTM – Trieste Research Unit

Via L. Giorgieri 1

34127 Trieste

Italy

Homer Genuino

University of Connecticut

Department of Chemistry

55 North Eagleville Road

Unit 3060

Storrs, CT 06269

USA

Gabriele Giancane

Università del Salento

Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione

Via Monteroni

73100 Lecce

Italy

Silvia Giordani

Trinity College Dublin

School of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)

College Green

Dublin 2

Ireland

Hui Huang

University of Connecticut

Department of Chemistry

55 North Eagleville Road

Unit 3060

Storrs, CT 06269

USA

Kendall M. Hurst

Auburn University

Department of Chemical Engineering

212 Ross Hall

Auburn, AL 36849

USA

Swapnil Rohidas Jadhav

City College of New York

Department of Chemistry

New York, NY 10031

USA

and

City University of New York

Graduate School and University Center of New York

365 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10016

USA

George John

City College of New York

Department of Chemistry

New York, NY 10031

USA

and

City University of New York

Graduate School and University Center of New York

365 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10016

USA

Christopher L. Kitchens

Clemson University

Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

130 Earle Hall

Clemson, SC 29634

USA

Thomas Maschmeyer

The University of Sydney

School of Chemistry (F11)

Sydney, NSW 2006

Australia

Anthony F. Masters

The University of Sydney

School of Chemistry (F11)

Sydney, NSW 2006

Australia

Dania Movia

Trinity College Dublin

School of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)

College Green

Dublin 2

Ireland

Eric Njagi

University of Connecticut

Department of Chemistry

55 North Eagleville Road

Unit 3060

Storrs, CT 06269

USA

Alexandre L. Parize

Universidade de Brasília

Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro

Instituto de Química

Asa Norte

70910970 Brasíli, DF

Brazil

Martin H.G. Prechtl

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)

Institute of Chemistry

Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis

Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500

91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS

Brazil

Christopher B. Roberts

Auburn University

Department of Chemical Engineering

212 Ross Hall

Auburn, AL 36849

USA

Liane M. Rossi

Universidade de São Paulo

Instituto de Química

Departamento de Química Fundamental

Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748

Cidade Universitária

05508-000 São Paulo, SP

Brazil

Joel C. Rubim

Universidade de Brasília

Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro

Instituto de Química

Asa Norte

70910970 Brasília, DF

Brazil

Steven R. Saunders

Auburn University

Department of Chemical Engineering

212 Ross Hall

Auburn, AL 36849

USA

Jackson D. Scholten

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)

Institute of Chemistry

Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis

Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500

91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS

Brazil

Vito Sgobba

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen

Department Chemie und Pharmazie

Egerlandstrasse 3

91058 Erlangen

Germany

Conxita Solans

Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC) and

CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)

C/ Jordi Girona 18–26

08034 Barcelona

Spain

Lisa Stafford

University of Connecticut

Department of Chemistry

55 North Eagleville Road

Unit 3060

Storrs, CT 06269

USA

Steven L. Suib

University of Connecticut

Department of Chemistry

55 North Eagleville Road

Unit 3060

Storrs, CT 06269

USA

and

University of Connecticut

Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Materials Science

191 Auditorium Road

Storrs, CT 06269

USA

Ludovico Valli

Università del Salento

Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione

Via Monteroni

73100 Lecce

Italy

Gregory Von White II

Clemson University

Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

130 Earle Hall

Clemson, SC 29634

USA

Aaron J. Yap

The University of Sydney

School of Chemistry (F11)

Sydney, NSW 2006

Australia