Handbook of Agricultural Biotechnology, Volume 2 E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Handbook of Agricultural Bionanobiotechnology
- Sprache: Englisch
Handbook of AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
The book provides a detailed examination of the application of nanobioherbicides that come from plants including information on the different metabolites derived from numerous plants that could become bioherbicides.
The book gives attention to weed-plant physiology and chronicles the activities of nanobioherbicides on weeds during preliminary bioassays, pot assays, in-house screenings, and during field trials. Furthermore, deep data is provided on the commercial potential of these nanobioherbicides derived from plants, while toxicity assays are also highlighted.
Other topics covered include: documented patents on nanobioherbicides; the process involved in the registration of these novel products as nanobioherbicides for both conventional and organic farming; relevant information on the application of molecular techniques for improvement of nanobioherbicides, such as genomics, proteomics, informatics, bioinformatics, and chemoinformatics; details about the non-target effect of the nanobioherbicides. Highlighted, too, is information on the biochemical, enzymatic, and ultrastructural effects of these nanobioherbicides, as well as detailed information on the nutritional qualities of agricultural crops after nanobioherbicidal application.
Audience
The book is a useful resource for a diverse audience, including industrialists, food industry professionals, agriculturists, agricultural microbiologists, plant pathologists, botanists, microbiologists, biotechnologists, nanotechnologists, microbial biotechnologists, farmers, policymakers, and extension workers.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
1 Nanotechnology: History, Trends and Modern Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Nanotechnology
1.3 Recent Trend of Nanotechnology
1.4 Application of Nanotechnology Across Industry
1.5 Role of Nanotechnology in the Environment
1.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Remediation of Polluted Soil
1.7 Conclusion
References
2 Mitigating Action of Nanobioherbicides from Natural Products on Agricultural Produce
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bioherbicides/Bioherbicide Formulations
2.3 Bioherbicides Sourced From Plants
2.4 Bioherbicides Sourced From Natural By-Products
2.5 Overview of the Benefits of Bioherbicides
2.6 Bioherbicides, Sources, and Effects on Target Weeds
2.7 Description of Nanoherbicides and Nanotechnology
2.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles
2.9 Application of Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers
2.10 Mode of Action of Nanobioherbicides
2.11 Nanobioherbicides and Their Mechanisms of Action
2.12 Conclusion
References
3 Beneficial and Natural Metabolites Derived From Plants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Plant Metabolites
3.3 Relevance/Uses of Secondary Metabolites
3.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4 Nanobioherbicides and Nutrient Uptakes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bioherbicides
4.3 Various Assumptions to Bioherbicides Approaches
4.4 Different Opportunities to the Bioherbicide Methodology
4.5 Examination of Bioherbicides With a Wide Range of Host
4.6 The Improvement of Bioherbicide
4.7 Roles of Various Microbial Products With Herbicidal Properties
4.8 The Capability of Nanotechnology in the Improvement of Bioherbicides
4.9 Roles of Phytotoxic Nanoparticles in Bioherbicides Enhancement
4.10 Conclusion
References
5 Nanobioherbicide and Photosynthetic Pigment Synthesis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Herbicides
5.3 Categories of Herbicides
5.4 Classes of Herbicides
5.5 Nanobiotechnology
5.6 Photosynthesis
5.7 Photosynthetic Pigments
5.8 Chloroplasts
5.9 Nanoherbicide and Agriculture
5.10 Future of Nanotechnology
5.11 Nanoparticle–Plant Interaction
5.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Nanobioherbicides and Plant Growth Hormone Synthesis and Stress-Mediated Hormones
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History of Nanotechnology
6.3 Types of Nanoparticles
6.4 Application of Nanotechnology
6.5 Nanobioherbicides
6.6 Agroindustrial Waste-Based Nanoparticles
6.7 Bioherbicides
6.8 Impact of Nanoherbicides on Plant Growth Hormones
6.9 Plant Growth Hormones
6.10 Synthesis of Plant Growth Hormones
6.11 Types of Plant Growth Hormones
6.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
7 Relevance of Nanobiofungicides in the Prevention of Abiotic Stress
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Environment Stress and Fungal Effects
7.3 Fungicides
7.4 Biofungicides
7.5 Limiting Factors in the Use of Microbial Biofungicides
7.6 Challenges in the Use of Biofungicides
7.7 Nanoparticles as Applied to Biofungicides
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8 The Influence of Nanobioherbicides on the Social Economy and Its Bioeconomy Perspectives in Attaining Sustainable Development Goals
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Review
8.3 The Role of Nanobioherbicides in the Creation of Sustainable Development Goals
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops After Application of Nanobioherbicides
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Significant Importance of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops
9.3 Effects of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops
9.4 Prospect of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops
9.5 Recent Reports on Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Application of Plant-Based Nanobiopesticides for Mitigation of Several Abiotic Stress
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Stress Speculations
10.3 Stress Patterns
10.4 Natural Stress
10.5 Organic Stress
10.6 Abiotic Stress
10.7 Thermodynamic Pressure
10.8 Stress on Heavy Metals
10.9 Plant Response to Abiotic Stress
10.10 Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms
10.11 Biotechnical Techniques to Reduce Plant Abiotic Stress
10.12 Methods in Genetic Engineering to Resist Abiotic Stress
10.13 Metabolite Engineering to Increase Resistance to Abiotic Stress
10.14 Stress-Responsive Qualities and Record Variables Can Be Hereditarily Adjusted
10.15 Devices for Gene Editing to Increase Plant Stress Resistance
10.16 An Approach For Future Applications of Nanomaterials In Combating Plant Stress
10.17 Take-Up, Translocation, and Biological Impacts of Plants
10.18 Nanobiopesticides
10.19 Conclusion
References
11 Nanobioherbicide Applications: Current Trends
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nanoparticles for Agrochemicals
11.3 Key Features of Nanobioherbicides
11.4 Approaches for Application of Nanobioherbicides
11.5 Mechanisms of Actions of Nanobioherbicides
11.6 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Nanobioherbicides
11.7 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides
11.8 Safety Tests for Nanobioherbicides
11.9 Nanoinformatic-Enhanced Weed Control
11.10 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nanobioherbicides
11.11 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge
Acknowledgments
References
Appendix
12 Preliminary Testing and Bioassays of Nanobioherbicides
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pot Assay
12.3 Field Trial
12.4 Sampling of Raw Agricultural Commodity
12.5 Information/Raw Data on Individual Field Trials (Test Substance: Nanobioherbicide)
12.6 In-House Screening: Confirming Exposure and Maintaining Test Concentration
12.7 Test Media Characterization
12.8 Measuring Uptake in Soil Organisms
12.9 Nanobioherbicide Soil Sorption Assay
12.10
Allium cepa
Chromosome Aberration Assay
References
13 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicides
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations
13.3 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations
13.4 Nanoatrazine: Effectiveness and Side Effects
13.5 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides With Nontarget Organisms in Agroecosystem
References
14 Host Range Tests of Nanobioherbicides
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge
References
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Plants bioactive secondary metabolites.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Representative bioherbicide agents for nanoformulations.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Annual yield loss due to weeds with respect to selected countries.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Effects of some nanoatrazine (nanobioherbicides).
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Host range test(s) for (nano)bioherbicides.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Schematic illustration of plant metabolism showing respiration and ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 The Lycurgus cup (a) the glass appears green in reflected light (b)...
Figure 5.2 Carbon dioxide fixation (Calvin–Benson cycle). The enzymes that cat...
Figure 5.3 Chlorophyll bio synthesis pathways [30].
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 The development of nanoherbicides in a hierarchical order.
Figure 6.2 In compared to other traditional approaches, the bioactivity of a 2...
Figure 6.3 Allelochemicals inhibiting growth of nearby plant [76].
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Development of nanotechnology in agricultural sectors.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Different abiotic factors that influence plants.
Figure 10.2 Categorization of stresses.
Figure 10.3 Types of pressure.
Figure 10.4 A simplified depiction of the cellular responses of plants to abio...
Figure 10.5 Biotech methods for protecting plants from environmental hazards.
Figure 10.6 Probable sources of nanoparticles and its effect on plant with res...
Figure 10.7 Nanoparticles uptake, translocation and accumulation in plants and...
Figure 10.8 Application of nanobiopesticides delivery [25].
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Annual losses due to weed infestation with respect to selected cou...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
Also of Interest
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Handbook of Agricultural Biotechnology
Volume II Nanobioherbicides
Edited by
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
and
Julius Kola Oloke
This edition first published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of WarrantyWhile the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-83615-5
Cover image: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson
Preface
The management of weeds is a great problem that mitigates an adequate increase in the yield and development of agricultural crops. The utilization of synthetic herbicides has been named responsible for several adverse effects in the pursuit of sustainable organic agriculture. Some of these adverse effects include dilapidation of agricultural soil, development of herbicide resistance among weeds (especially among the biotypes of crops), higher level of pesticides residue on agricultural crops, etc.
The world population is forecasted to reach nine billion in the year 2050. Therefore, there is a need to search for an alternative, ecofriendly technology as a replacement to synthetic herbicides. It has been discovered that the top pest management for organic agriculture could be derived from natural plant based products.
The application of natural phytotoxins, coupled with their structural diversity, could help in the development of compatible bioherbicides with new target sites based on applied structures. These applications, especially those using plant-based natural active ingredients, are considered to be sustainable techniques that could yield to more agricultural crops.
Nanotechnology is expected to play a crucial role in capitalizing on the active compound present in plants and the development of sustainable nanobioherbicides, which are cost effective, efficient, low-toxic, economical, and biocompatible in nature.
Therefore, this book provides a detailed examination of the application of nanobioherbicides that come from plants. It includes information on the different metabolites derived from numerous plants that could become bioherbicides. Covered thoroughly herein are the relevant methodology and techniques that could be applied for the characterization and structural elucidation of the active constituents from plants.
The book gives attention to weed-plant physiology, which helps in proper elucidation of their modes of action and host range test of these nanomaterial as bioherbicides. It chronicles the activities of nanobioherbicides on weeds during preliminary bioassays, pot assays, in-house screenings, and during field trials. Furthermore, deep data is provided on the commercial potential of these nanobioherbides derived from plants, while toxicity assays are also highlighted.
Other topics covered include: documented patents on nanobioherbicides; the process involved in the registration of these novel products as nanobioherbicides for both conventional and organic farming; relevant information on the application of molecular techniques for improvement of nanobioberbicides, such as genomics, proteomics, informatics, bioinformatics, and chemoinformatics; and details about the non-target effect of the nanobioherbicides. Highlighted, too, is information on the biochemical, enzymatic, and ultrastructural effects of these nanobioherbicdes, as well as detailed information on the nutritional qualities of agricultural crops after nanobioherbicidal application.
This book is a useful resource for a diverse audience, including global leaders, industrialists, food industry professionals, agriculturists, agricultural microbiologists, plant pathologists, botanists, agricultural experts, microbiologists, biotechnologists, nanotechnologists, environmental microbiologists and microbial biotechnologists, investors, innovators, farmers, policy makers, extension workers, educators, researchers, and many in other interdisciplinary fields of science. It also serves as an educational resource manual and a project guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as for educational institutions that seek to carry out research in the field of agriculture and nanotechnology.
I offer my deepest appreciation to all the contributors who dedicated their time and efforts to make this book a success. Furthermore, I want thank my co-editors for their effort and dedication during this project. Moreover, I wish to gratefully acknowledge the suggestions, help, and support of Martin Scrivener and the Scrivener Publishing team.
Professor Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji (Ph.D, AAS affiliate, FRSB (UK) FNYA; FBSN; FNSM, MNBGN)
Director of Research and Innovation, Edo State University, Uzairue, Nigeria
December, 2023
1Nanotechnology: History, Trends and Modern Applications
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji1*, Olalekan Akinbo1, John Tsado Mathew2, Chukwuebuka Egbuna3, Abel Inobeme4, Olotu Titilayo5, Olulope Olufemi Ajayi6, Wadazani Dauda7, Shakira Ghazanfar8, Frank Abimbola Ogundolie9, Julinan Bunmi Adetunji10, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi11, Shakirat Oloruntoyin Ajenifujah-Solebo12 and Abdullahi Tunde Aborode13
1Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo University Iyamho, Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria
2Department of Chemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria
3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
4Department of Chemistry, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria
5Department of Microbiology, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
6Department of Biochemistry, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria
7Department of Crop Protection, Federal University Gasua, Zamfara State, Nigeria
8Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
9Department of Biotechnology, Baze University Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
10Laboratory for Reproductive Biology and Developmental Programming, Department of Physiology, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria
11Department of Natural Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Precious Cornerstone University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
12Department of Biochemistry, Osogbo, Osun State University, Osun State, Nigeria
13Healthy Africans Platform, Research and Development, Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are expanding fields of research that include tools and platforms with new characteristics and roles owing to the organization of molecules nanoscale. Nanotechnology contributes extensively to numerous fields of science, like physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, computer science, physiology, anatomy, and technology. Although lack of information and the potential for negative influences on human health and the environment, continues to be of concern, the possible roles in many fields like coatings and paints, apparel and textiles, cosmetics, catalysis, food technology, and more have offered new opportunities to improve measurement, monitoring, and control methods. This chapter describes an overview of the advances and basic principles of nanotechnology and presents both premodern and modern eras of detections and innovative milestones in their areas of application.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, applications, human health, safety, sustainability
1.1 Introduction
Virtually, several fields of technology, science, physiology, and engineering in the area of nanoscience are making life easier. Nanotechnology is a growing field of study that include structures, tools, and platforms possessing new characteristics and roles owing to the organization of atoms in the nanoscale [1]. This field was a topic of budding public consciousness and debate in the early 2000s, resulting in the commercial applications of nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology contributes to several fields of science, like physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, engineering, and computer science. In recent few decades, nanotechnology has been utilized in human health with encouraging results, particularly in the area of cancer management [2]. To appreciate the advancement in nanotechnology, it is useful to consider the chronology of detections that have led to the recent development in the field. This overview describes the advances and basic ethics of nanotechnology presented in both premodern and modern eras of findings and advances in their areas of application.
The preface “nano” is a Greek word meaning “dwarf” or very little, which stands for thousandths of a meter. Nanotechnology and nanoscience must be distinguished or separated. Nanoscience is the study of nanometer-scale molecules or structures in the range of one to hundred nm, and the tools that apply them to hands-on uses like tools is called nanotechnology [3]. For comparison, it should be understood that the thickness of one human hair is 60,000 nm, and the radius of DNA double helix structure is 1 nm [4].
Advances in nanoscience can be traced to the era of the Democritus and Greeks in the 5th century BC. At the time, researchers viewed the question of whether the matter is continuous and can be divided into infinitely lesser parts, or whether it consists of indivisible, small, imperishable matter and particle [4].
Nanotechnology is one of the most advanced tools of the 21st century with the capability to transform nanoscience theories into valuable uses by measuring, analyzing, manipulating, manipulating, assembling, and creating materials on the nanoscale [5].
This definition assumes two settings for nanotechnology; the first is a matter of scale. Nanotechnology uses structures to control size and shape at the nanoscale. More so, the second problem is the novelty since nanoscale nanotechnology has to do with small molecules by taking advantage of certain characteristics [6, 7].
Nanotechnology is the utilization of scientific techniques to control and manipulate molecules at the nanoscale to exploit size, shape, and arrangement-dependent characteristics and spectacles as opposed to those involving single molecules or wholesale materials [8]. This field presents new opportunities to develop FMCG products with improved efficiency, lowered manufacturing costs, and reduced raw material usage. Nanotechnology, closely aligned with European Union’s agenda for sustainable, smart, and accountable growth, is possibly a major social change confronting the region, like health requirements of an ageing population, better utilization of available resources, and the development of renewable energy sources. It will help to solve the problem to meet the increased requirements [9].
However, questions remain that the role of nanoparticles, mostly due to the inadequate level of information on their characteristics and usefulness, as well as concerns about the adverse effects nanotechnology, may have on health and the environment. This chapter provides a brief overview of nanoparticles utilized in key industries.
Nanotechnology has advanced growth and innovation in many industries. Nanotechnology is considered a major tool for a diverse range of utilizations in healthcare, electronics, chemistry, cosmetics, material science, energy, and more. Uses fewer raw materials. Despite advances in nanotechnology, several challenges are still encountered by scientists in providing adequate outstanding and role of nanotechnology in several industrial sectors. Inadequate information and the potential for negative influences on human health, environment, sustainability, and safety continue to be of concern [10–15].
1.2 History of Nanotechnology
Nanoscience and nanotechnology must be distinguished. Nanoscience is a combination of materials science, physics, biology, and technology that involves the manipulation of matter at the molecular level. Nanotechnology is also the ability to observe, quantify, manipulate, collect, control, analyze, and create matter on the nanometer scale [16]. Some reports show the account of nanoscience but there are no reports that summarize nanoscience and technology as a progressive event from the beginning of nanoscience to that era. It is therefore essential to recap the major advances in nanoscience and technology to fully appreciate advances in this field.
American Nobel laureate and physicist Richard Feynman introduced the idea of nanotechnology in 1959 [17]. At the American Physical Society meeting, Feynman gave a public lecture (California Institute of Technology) entitled “There’s a lot of space on the floor.” Feynman hypothesized, “Why can’t we write all 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on Pinhead?” And he defined an idea of utilizing technologies to make machines small to molecular level [18]. This new idea showed that Feynman’s hypothesis was accurate, and for this reason, he is given the father of contemporary nanotechnology.
About 15 years later, Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi first used and defined the term “nanotechnology” [19]. After Feynman revealed this novel area of study that has attracted the attention of numerous researchers, two methods have been established to explain the diverse potentials of nanostructure production. These industrial methods fall into two classes: bottom-up and top-down, which vary in speed, cost particles, and quality. This can be attained utilizing innovative methods like lithography and precision tools [9, 20, 21].
Bottom-up approaches use the controlled manipulation of atomic self-assembly to represent the growth of nanoparticles under molecule-to-molecular through chemical and physical approaches in the nanoscale range (1 nm to 100 nm) and Molecular [22]. Chemical production is a method of generating coarse materials which can be utilized in bulk and chaotic form straight in products.
A self-assembly is an approach in which molecules are organized into well-ordered nanostructures through physicochemical connections. Positional assembly is a way by which individual molecules can be easily arranged one at a time. Nanoparticles were utilized in the 4th century AD by the Romans, who showed an interesting model of nanotechnology [23].
The Lycurgus bowl in the British Museum is adjudged to be one of the greatest accomplishments of the early glass industry. This is the ancient known sample of dichroic glass. Dichroic glass defines two kinds of glass that transform color under some lighting situations. Thus, the cups are two kinds of colors. Glass looks green under different lighting conditions [24].
The account of nanotechnology development traces the evolution of perceptions and research work that fall within the wide-ranging group of nanotechnology. Advances in nanotechnology in the 1980s were facilitated through a merging of research advances, like the creation of the scanning tunneling microscope and the innovation of fullerenes in the 80s. Commercial applications of nanotechnology occurred in the early 2000s [24].
1.3 Recent Trend of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology appears to have flourished over the past decade, as researchers develop new tools for observing and manipulating materials on the nanoscale. Technologies like scanning tunneling microscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescent microscope, and magnetic force microscopy, enable researchers to analyze events at the cellular level. Also, economic realities in the microchip technology industry have necessitated the creation of novel lithography techniques that continuously reduce element size and cost [25].
Whilst Galileo’s understanding was inadequate due to the level of technological development at that time, recently, deficiency of sophisticated hardware hindered researchers from attaining more information on nanoscale. With more advanced tools being developed for analysis, managing, and calculating events at the nanoscale, our understanding and ability will be further enhanced [26].
Currently, two nanoscale structures are of particular interest to scientists: carbon nanotubes and nanowires. Nanowires are termed wires with small diameters like nanometers often recommended for transistors microcircuits development. During the last few decades, carbon nanotubes obscured nanowires utilization. Nanotechnology has been suggested to be relevant in several fields like coatings and paints, apparel and textiles, cosmetics, catalysis, food technology, and more. Nanotechnology also offers novel opportunities to enhance measurement, monitoring, and control methods. Nanotechnology has become a growing and rapidly changing field [27]. A new generation of nanomaterials will be developed, which may present new and unexpected challenges. Today, nanotechnology has pieces of several aspects of development from clothing to food. Each segment of the range has everything we need to facilitate further fulfilment in our future and present lives.
Because nanoparticles have a high surface area with nanoscale factor, they are often utilized as tools in the development of biosensors for drug delivery systems, medical imaging technology and diagnostics [28]. Nanomaterials possess exclusive physicochemical characteristics when compared to bigger materials. The characteristic of nanomaterials can affect their communications with biomolecules owing to their special shape, size, chemical nature, surface integrity, electric charge, mass, and solubility. For instance, nanoparticles can be utilized for excellent images analysis of tumor locations. Single-walled carbon nanotubes are utilized as highly efficient carriers for the delivery of biomolecules and other constituents from the extracellular fluid into cells [28].
Nanotechnology has become a global emerging technology owing to the convergence with several other methods and the development of a sophisticated and original hybrid protocol. The biology-based procedure is interwoven with nanotechnology to control the genetic process to create biological constituents. The capability of nanotechnology to construct substances on the minimum scales is changing fields like engineering, information technology, physiology, biotechnology, and cognitive science, leading to new interconnected fields in these fields. Additional research in the field can benefit all aspects of human endeavors. Medicine, stem cell physiology, nutraceuticals, pharmacology, and microbiology are some of the key fields that will be improved by nanotechnology innovation.
1.4 Application of Nanotechnology Across Industry
The progress in nanotechnology has demonstrated tremendous advantages in the generally very traditional fabric and apparel industries. The first nanoparticles coating development was recorded in the textile industry utilizing nanotechnology by NanoTex, a US-based industry. The coating is often used for nanoparticles in the textile – fibers processing owing to the high surface area to volume ratio, the high surface energy of several nanoparticles, with greater tissue strength [29].
The recent advances in the utilization of nanotechnology in the textile industries involve a combination of novel features into the textile systems for durability and safety purposes without altering the intrinsic advantages of textiles, like manufacturability, elasticity, washability, and smoothness. With nanotechnology, fabrics become multifunctional such as antimicrobial, Ultra Violet protection, stress-free cleaning, water, and dust repugnant, fragrance control products [30].
The complex scientific and engineering trials of the food and biotechnology industry to produce safe, excellent food via effective and viable means can be resolved with nanotechnology [31]. Nanotechnology can be utilized in food production and agriculture in the form of nanosensors to monitor crop development and control pests through prompt detection of plant infections. These nanosensors could assist increase manufacturing and increase food safety.
Bacterial discovery and food quality check to utilize intelligent biosensors, smart and intelligent food package system; nanoencapsulation of biologically active food combinations are like. The nanocomposite coating manner can increase food packaging by applying an antimicrobial agent directly to the coated film surface. It could increase heat resistance and mechanical properties and reduce the rate of oxygen transfer [32].
The coatings and paints industry is developing day by day worldwide. Nanotechnology in paints and coatings can fulfil all desired characteristics. A novel staining technique uses nanoscale silver to combat bacterial and fungal growth [33]. Silver nanoparticles in wall paint prevent mould growth inside buildings and algae development on the exterior membrane. Silver inhibits different stages of cell digestion. It can destroy a variety of microorganisms and can interfere with the development of microbial resistance. Nanoparticles are so small that they are sufficiently “organized” and connect to form a “molecularly” wrapped surface.
Pesticides are usually utilized in agriculture to increase return and increase yield. Nanopesticides are a novel strategy utilized in solving agricultural difficulties [34]. A regulated release formulation of imidacloprid produced from polyethene glycol and various aliphatic diacids utilizing encapsulation technology has been utilized to effectively control pests in a variety of crops [35]. Furthermore, some of the produced regulated release preparations showed greater yields compared to commercial preparations and controls [36]. Nanotubes are used across the petroleum industry to make stronger, corrosion-resistant, and lighter structural materials. Nanotechnology could help enhance oil and gas generation, for example, by simplifying the separation of oil and gas in tanks by better understanding procedures at the molecular level. A specific petroleum laboratory has established a progressive fluid with a mixture of nanosized particles and fine powders that significantly improved drilling rates and eliminated stratum damage in areas near wells [12].
Superficial micro and nanosensors can be introduced into oil and gas wells for extraction [37]. Nanotechnology can be used to expand opportunities for the development of nontraditional gas resources. Immediate issues relate to the infrastructure, efficiency, quality, and development of technologies for liquid and gas production of liquefied natural gas [38]. Medium-term challenges include developing a super pipeline. Construction of floating platforms for liquid transport; regasification, storage issues, and production; compacted natural gas transportation. Long-term problems are the generation of methane and gas hydrates by wires, the generation of electricity from the site of the gas source, and the transport of electrical energy to the market through wires instead of by pipelines [39].
Nanotechnology can solve problems related to access to natural gas resources by manufacturing nanoscale and nanocatalysts membranes for the generation of liquid liquids and forming nanostructured particles for compacted natural gas or distance power conduction [12]. Cosmetics are the rapidly growing section of the beauty care industry [37, 38]. Liposomes are utilized in different cosmeceuticals due to biodegradable, nontoxic, biocompatible, bendable vesicles, and can easily capture active constituents. One of the major components of liposomes is phosphatidylcholine, utilized in beauty care products (moisturizers, creams, lotions, conditioner, and shampoo). This is because of its emollient and conditioning properties [40]. There are a variety of nanotechnology-based cosmeceutical products utilized as cleansers, moisturizers, antiwrinkle, antiaging, and sunscreens [41, 42].
1.5 Role of Nanotechnology in the Environment
For the removal of pollutants through diverse environmental remediation, environmental media primarily relies on the utilization of several tools (absorption, adsorption, photocatalysis, chemical responses, and filtering) (water, air, and soil). Because nanotechnology-based substances have quite a larger specific surface area proportion, which typically results in increased responsiveness, their improved characteristics and efficiency make them especially ideal for such operations. This section gives an update on the three major types of nanoparticles used mostly for the removal of pollutants (carbon-based, polymeric-based, and inorganic materials). The application of these nanoparticles in the restoration of various environmental pollutants, including dyes, heavy metals, organophosphorus compounds, chlorinated organic substances, halogenated herbicides, and volatile organic substances. Several current examples were examined in detail, with an emphasis on the materials and their uses [43].
Nanotechnology is a new discipline that encompasses a wide range of innovations now being developed at the nanoscale. It contributes significantly to the creation of novel ways for producing new goods, replacing old processing equipment, and reformulating innovative resources and substances with enhanced utility resulting in lesser power and material consumption, as well as environmental cleanup. Although lower materials and energy usage are good for the environment, nanomaterials may allow for more sustainable solutions to challenges linked with conventional processes. Its advancement of alternatives to current environmental issues, prevention and control for prospective issues arising from the conversations of material and energy with the environment, as well as any associated dangers presented by nanotechnology itself are all addressed through environmental uses of nanotechnology. The fundamental components of environmental concerns are covered first, followed by an explanation of how nanotechnology could be used to create substances that can be used to improve the environment. Different kinds of nanostructures from the air have been used in numerous ecological remediations and treatments [44].
Nanotechnology is an area of applied science that focuses on the characterization, design, synthesis, and utilization of nanoscale tools and materials. Nanotechnologies, like some of the other fields, display a vital role in environmental restoration, monitoring, in addition to conservation. Measurement of water and air pollutants, remediation of some persistent water and air pollutants, wastewater treatment, future exploration of alternative energy sources and production of ecofriendly materials are just a few of the essential researched areas that the research establishment has previously accepted. Nanoscale materials are composed to help the environment in two ways: effectively through detecting, preventing, and removing pollutants, and indirectly through using nanotechnology to develop a cleaner manufacturing structure and produce environmentally friendly goods. Nevertheless, there are numerous unknowns about the underlying characteristics of this technology, making it difficult to build applications to assess the risk or optimal performance to human or environmental health [45].
Depletion of resources and energy is rising with the increase of world population expansion, ensuing in environmental effects. Enhanced solid waste production, improved air pollutants from industrial and automobiles facilities, and pollution of groundwater and soil are a few of the consequences. Nanotechnology seems to have the prospect to expand the environment in two ways: directly, through the use of nanomaterials to prevent, remove, and detect contaminants, and indirectly, through approving enhanced industrial strategic processes, thus producing environmentally friendly goods. Due to their high surface area and small size, nanoparticles have higher catalytic activity. Although this property has numerous advantages and applications, it may pose workplace hazards’ and the ecosystem’s protection, including the capability to stay suspended in the atmosphere for an extended duration, the prospect of accumulation in the environment, damage to various body organs as well as easy absorption [46].
The focus of this study is Industrial applications including air remediation and contaminated water, self-cleaning materials, energy applications, industrial, nanomaterials for sustainable energy production as well as innovative functionalized adsorbents for the environment are all possible with nanotechnology. Through playing a role in monitoring, remediation methods and pollution prevention, nanotechnology could make a big difference. The findings of the research reveal that, when applied appropriately, nanotechnology provides enormous potential environmental benefits in several different ways. Nanotechnology has gained nonmaterial usage for groundwater and air remediation with the application of nanoparticles, as just an example of the environmental issue. This same advancement of alternatives to established ecological concerns, prevention, and management for prospective issues arising from the relationship between material and energy with the environment, and several potential dangers postured by nanotechnology are all addressed by environmental uses of nanotechnology [47].
Humans are currently facing two main global problems: environmental pollution and energy scarcity. The progress of nanotechnology over the last two decades has represented a continuous improvement in the design, creation, discovery, and novel applications of synthetic nanostructured materials. Such nanoparticles are encouraging numerous key practical uses inside this environmental system in different hierarchical styles to tackle the major difficulties in sustainable development. The rapid advancement of materials and catalysis research has resulted in tremendous progress in the understanding of structure–activity relationships and nanomaterial-controlled synthesis. Innovative nanomaterials can be designed, synthesized, and modified to improve performance in application areas [48].
The release of harmful compounds from continuous anthropogenic sources is causing global degradation of soil, atmosphere, as well as water which is becoming a severe problem around the world. This raises a slew of difficulties relating to environmental and human health, further complicating the implementation of traditional therapeutic approaches. As a result, this study sheds light on current advances in nanotechnology and its critical role in meeting the pressing need to monitor but also treat developing waste materials at lower cost, with greater efficiency and with less energy. Fundamentally, the purpose of this report is to review previous the advantages of nanotechnology over traditional treatment methods, as well as to emphasize some nanomaterials’ therapy uses (antibacterial nanoparticles, metal oxide, and carbon-based nanoparticles) [49].
1.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Remediation of Polluted Soil
Nanotechnology has found widespread application in a variety of sectors, such as groundwater and soil remediation. For groundwater and soil contaminated with heavy metals and petroleum pollutants, nanoremediation has proven as an efficient, fast, and better technology. The chapter provides an overview of how nanomaterials can be used to remove pollutants, such as those in groundwater and soil remediation. Four different types of nanomaterials are introduced carbon nanotubes, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), magnetic, and metallic nanoparticles. Moreover, the prospects of environmental consequences of using nanomaterials in environmental remediation are explored. Furthermore, this research sheds light on the use of nanoremediation in conjunction with some other remediation approaches. Because of its high reactivity and strong pollutant immobilization potential, nZVI has been extensively explored for significant environmental cleanup, according to the study. Because of their unique adsorption properties, carbon nanotubes have garnered increased attention for the cleanup of inorganic and organic pollutants. Metal and metallic nanoparticle-based ecologic remediation are also advantageous as a result of their easy unique metal-ion adsorption and magnetic separation. The customized nZVI was less hazardous to soil pathogens than that of the unmodified nZVI, implying that modification or coating nZVI might decrease its toxicological effects. Joining nanoremediation with certain additional soil remediation methods has much been a valued soil remediation method because the synergetic properties could enhance the sustainable development of imposed procedures toward green remediation of soil technology [50].
Organic pollutants and heavy metal poisoning of soil have sparked a huge impact on the environment. Biotechnology has long been used to decontaminate soils contaminated with inorganic and inorganic contaminants, and new nanomaterials have sparked controversy due to their great capacity for pollutant removal, stability, and decomposition. Creating sophisticated biotechnology with nanomaterials for contaminated soil remediation has already been a hot topic for researchers [51–55]. Some researchers discovered that adding nanomaterials to polluted soils improved bioremediation effectiveness, while others discovered that nanomaterials toxicity to organisms harmed polluted soil repair capacity. This research examines the use of biotechnology and natural products in soil remediation, as well as the impact of nanomaterials on microremediation and phytoremediation of polluted soil [56].
The incorporation of engineered nanostructured materials has converted environmental remediation investigation over the last twenty years. The market value for nanomaterials in environmental remediation is growing fast, demonstrating the significance of such advances in both research and practice. Pollutant degradation via oxidation/reduction reactions or contaminant sequestration by adsorption methods handles the majority of nanoenabled remediation difficulties in soil, air as well as water treatment. Even with the mutual treatment processes that make these fields scientifically accessible, the physical challenges and unique engineering associated with integration necessitate creating research bubbles and field-specific solutions in which engineers and scientists could be unaware of recent research in concurrent regions. As a result, the focus of this study outlines the important nanoenabled techniques and together with their processes in the disciplines of soil, air, and water management, in addition to presenting current breakthroughs and identifying parts with detailed development directions [57].
Due to the rapid pace of urbanization and industrialization, several of these environmental concerns had already emerged, the most serious of which would be heavy metal contamination mostly in soil ecosystem, which is challenging to naturally convert into nontoxic substances, posing a threat to life safety, food security, as well as other concerns. Contamination by heavy metals in the soil seems to have been a hot topic among academics both domestically and overseas. The research focuses on the current condition as well as the consequences of heavy metal contamination in soil. The current state of nanoparticles investigation in soil heavy metal pollution was examined. The use of nanomaterials in conjunction with bioremediation has been proposed. Nanomaterials’ influence on plant enzymes and soil enzymes was discussed. Suggestions for future study for nanomaterials in heavy metal polluted soil remediation are discussed. It offers a conceptual foundation for the development of practical, safe, and efficient heavy metal polluted soil remediation techniques [58].
1.7 Conclusion
Nanotechnology has been described as the process of utilizing nanoscale materials to manipulate matter due to their physicochemical properties. It is generally known that the interaction of nanomaterials with several bioactive molecules affects these physiochemical and biological properties like special sizes, chemical composition, shape, surface structure, solubility, charge, mass. This chapter has provided a general overview regarding the current trends in the application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials.
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Note
*
Corresponding author
:
;
ORCID: 0000-0003-3524-6441
2Mitigating Action of Nanobioherbicides from Natural Products on Agricultural Produce
Ojo, S.K.S.1*, Otugboyega, J.O.2, Ayo, I.O.2, Ojo, A.M.3 and Oluwole, B.R.4
1Department of Microbiology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
2Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
3Department of Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
4Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Abstract
Weeds have disturbing negative effects on crops and ultimately crop production and food security. Heavy utilization of conventional herbicides has brought about increase in groundwater contaminations, death of numerous plants and animals’ species, which contributed to a large number of human and animal illness. Development of bioherbicides has proved a viable strategy for weed control with less environmental hazards peculiar to synthetic herbicides. Bioherbicides are developed from microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, lichens), some insects (wasps and lady butterfly), and plants or plants extracts that can target very specific weeds. These bioproducts exhibit invasive capacity that is capable of attacking the defensive genes of the weeds; resulting in the death of such weeds. Through biotechnology, exploitation of nanotechnology has resulted in the enhancement of bioherbicides with nanoparticles. Nanobioherbicides are effective products in weeds management with several advantages over synthetic herbicides. Nanobased herbicides formulations have enhanced solubility and reduced toxicity and minimise resistance potential of weeds. This chapter seeks to review the mechanism/mode of action of nanobioherbicides from natural products and agricultural produce in nanotechnology advancement.
Keywords: Herbicides, nanoherbicides, nanotechnology, mode of action
2.1 Introduction
Weeds are plants that disrupt or negatively influence the growth of crop plants and pose a constant problem for farmers. Not only do they compete with crops for sunlight, water, nutrient or space, they in addition harbour disease vectors and insects; impair drainage and irrigation systems; reduce crop market value; and devalue crop harvests with weed seeds [1]. If left unmitigated, weeds can sufficiently lower crop quality.
Farmers tend to control weeds by tilling the soil, using the hand to weed, apply herbicides, or commonly a synergy of several techniques. However, tillage exposes viable topsoil to wind and water erosion; a deleterious lasting impact on the environment [2]. Consequently, increasing number of Farmers adopts “reduced or no-till” farming methods. Likewise, many hold a strong view that the heavy use of synthetic herbicides has culminated in groundwater contaminations, death of very many wildlife species and has also resulted into several human and animal illnesses. Herbicides are applied to suppress the growth of weeds. In an attempt to curtail weeds, various techniques have been explored: chemical, mechanical, biological, etc. [3].
However, chemical herbicides have resulted in critical environmental impacts, with resulting continuous concentration in the food chain, soil, water, and their destructive effects on habitats in neighbouring lands and to unintentionally targeted organisms [4, 5]. Several studies have revealed the impact on the health of humans, as a consequence of accidental or direct exposure or continued interaction with synthetic herbicides [6, 7]. The noxious effects could escalate, owing to the resistance capacity that weeds would have developed after a prolonged exposure to a particular herbicide [8–10]. According to Daniel et al. [11], long-term and consistent application of identified active ingredients in herbicides have yielded various resultant cases of resistance. To alleviate the odds of herbicide resistance, compounding of several herbicides with deferring mechanisms of action have been evaluated, but no meaningful result has been recorded.
The acquired capacity of a population of weed to withstand a herbicide exposure under normal conditions of application is termed “herbicide resistance’’ [12]. When a collection of weeds is subjected to herbicides, a fraction or small population exhibit resistance, while the remaining are destroyed by the herbicide concentration. The few surviving weed ultimately graduate to acquired resistance species of the specific herbicide. Inadequate management and continuous use of same herbicide will lead to selection of ‘resistance species.’ Occasionally, multiple resistances could develop as a result of successive selection. Close to 249 herbicide-resistant species of weeds have been reported in close to 50 countries, all over the world. The population is on the increase yearly resulting in novel resistant species [12].
Nanotechnology offers interesting methods for overcoming overuse of herbicide and its safe and effectual delivery. Application of nanostructured systems in agriculture has gained wide acceptance over the years, to manipulate the usage of agrochemicals, and even plant nutrients [13]. Nanoenhanced herbicides have been proven to minimise the quantity of herbicide dissipated and substantially improve crop productivity. This technological approach to the synthesis and application of nanomaterials assures improvement in the trending agricultural methods through the embellishment of existing management practices [14
