Handbook of Stimuli-Responsive Materials E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 514

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Adopting a broad approach, this volume provides the scientific community with a much-needed overview of developments and scientific findings in stimuli-responsive materials. Its primary focus is on the designing, synthesizing, formulating, and processing of materials that lead to an understanding of the scientific principles governing response driven functions leading to future technologies. The highly experienced and internationally renowned editor has assembled a team of leading scientists from the interdisciplinary areas of: * polymers * biopolymers * biochemistry * biophysics * biomaterials * bioengineering * materials engineering * biotechnology * chemistry * physics * ceramics * metals * and materials science. A combination that guarantees a unique and high-quality handbook.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Synthetic and Physicochemical Aspects of Advanced Stimuli-Responsive Polymers

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Controlled Free Radical Polymerization of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers

1.3 Synthesis of Stimuli-Responsive Colloidal Dispersions

1.4 Summary

Chapter 2: Biological- and Field-Responsive Polymers: Expanding Potential in Smart Materials

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Biologically Responsive Polymer Systems

2.3 Field-Responsive Polymers

2.4 Conclusions

Chapter 3: Self-Oscillating Gels as Stimuli-Responsive Materials

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Methodology

3.3 Results and Discussions

3.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Chapter 4: Self-Repairing Polymeric Materials

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Damage and Repair Mechanisms in Polymers

4.3 Summary

Chapter 5: Stimuli-Driven Assembly of Chromogenic Dye Molecules: a Versatile Approach for the Design of Responsive Polymers

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Excimer-Forming Sensor Molecules

5.3 Fluorescent Mechanochromic Sensors

5.4 Thermochromic Sensors

5.5 Chemical Sensing with Excimer-Forming Dyes

5.6 Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgments

Chapter 6: Switchable Surface Approaches

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Electroactive Materials

6.3 Photoresponsive Materials

6.4 pH-Responsive Materials

6.5 Thermoresponsive Materials

6.6 Switchable Surfaces Based on Supramolecular Shuttles

6.7 Switchable Surfaces Comprising DNA and Peptide Monolayers

6.8 Summary

Chapter 7: Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Multilayer Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Films

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Fabrication of Multilayer Polymer Coatings

7.3 Response of Multilayer Polymer Coatings to External Stimuli

7.4 Conclusion and Outlook

Chapter 8: Photorefractive Polymers

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Photorefractive Effect in Polymers

8.3 The Two-Beam Coupling Effect

8.4 High-Performance Photorefractive Polymers

8.5 Experimental Techniques

8.6 Conclusions

Chapter 9: Photochromic Responses in Polymer Matrices

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Photochromic Polymeric Systems

9.3 Photochromic Systems

9.4 Outlook of Photochromic Materials

Acknowledgments

Chapter 10: Covalent Bonding of Functional Coatings on Conductive Materials: the Electrochemical Approach

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Electrodeposited Coatings

10.3 Electrografted Coatings

10.4 Compounds Requiring an Anodic Process

10.5 Compounds Requiring a Cathodic Process

10.6 Conclusions

Index

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The Editor

Prof. Dr. Marek W. Urban

University of Southern Mississippi

Professor of Polymer Science

118 College Drive

Hattiesburg, MS 39406

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Cover

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

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© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

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ISBN: 978-3-527-32700-3

ePDF: 978-3-527-63374-6

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Preface

Nature is a source of inspiration for the design and development of new materials that are capable of responding to stimuli in a controllable and predictable fashion. These attributes are often manifested by nature's ability to reverse and to regenerate, commonly termed as stimuli-responsiveness. Although the concept of stimuli-responsiveness has been known for many years, the last decade, particularly, has witnessed a tremendous progress in this field. In 2002, the first International Symposium on Stimuli-Responsive Materials in Hattiesburg, USA, brought the international scientific community together and provided the first forum that has now matured into a major international conference that gathers scientists from around the world. Other conferences and meetings on similar topics followed, signifying strong scientific and technological interests in this continuously expanding field.

Inherent similarities as well as apparent differences between polymeric materials and entities produced by nature stimulated interest in stimuli-responsive polymeric materials. Although the similarities are obvious, with the common denominator being materials-functionality, what sets synthetic materials apart is their inability to respond to stimuli. Thus, significant interests and efforts are continuously directed toward synthesis of new materials and modification of the existing ones to achieve stimuli-responsive attributes. There are, however, significant challenges in mimicking of biological systems where structural and compositional gradients at various length scales are necessary for orchestrated and orderly responsive behaviors.

To tackle these challenges, numerous studies dealt with polymeric solutions, gels, surfaces and interfaces, but to lesser extent, with polymeric solids. These states of matter impose a different degree of restrictions on the mobility of polymeric segments or chains, thus making dimensional responsiveness more easily attainable for the systems with a higher solvent content and minimal energy inputs. Significantly greater challenges exist when designing chemically or physically cross-linked gels and solid polymeric networks that require maintaining their mechanical integrity. Restricted mobility within the network results from significant spatial limitations, thus imposing limits on obtaining stimuli-responsiveness. The challenge in designing these stimuli-responsive polymeric systems is to create networks capable of inducing minute molecular, yet orchestrated changes that lead to significant physicochemical responses upon external or internal stimuli.

Setting up the stage with an overview of synthetic and physicochemical aspects of advanced stimuli-responsive materials, the first few chapters of this volume provide a comprehensive coverage of biologically responsive systems, ranging from glucose, enzyme, and antigen responses to electro-, magneto-ultrasound-, and photoresponsive polymers, followed by modeling of dynamic processes in self-oscillating gels. Subsequent chapters focus on recent advances in self-healing materials in the context of their dimensions as well as assemblies of sensing and responsiveness of chromogenic dyes in polymer matrices. Switchable surfaces and their design using a variety of chemistries and morphologies, where pH, temperature, and electromagnetic radiation are the primary stimuli are discussed in the context of mechano-mutable attributers, followed by strategies in designing and fabrication of layer-by-layer self-assembly responsive films. The final chapters focus on photorefractive and photochromic polymers in the context of their chemical design and physicochemical attributes leading to photoconductivity, electro-optical, and photochromic responses, followed by electrochemical approaches giving raise to electrografted and electrodeposited coatings.

This volume presents selected recent developments in stimuli-responsive materials and is not meant to be inclusive. As dynamics of stimuli-responsiveness, this field is also dynamically evolving and future volumes will disseminate other aspects as they are discovered. This provides an opportunity to identify the challenges and needs for future research. Although there has been significant progress in the synthesis of precisely controllable polymerization methods leading to well-defined macromolecular blocks with stimuli-responsive characteristics, understanding the physical–chemical aspects of these systems remains a challenge. The area of particular interest is the synthetic generation of larger scale objects with diversified shapes and compositional gradients that are capable of responses. In this context, control of responsive ranges, the effect of solvent–solute interactions, as well as mechano-rheological behavior as a function of stimuli need further understanding.

These relationships are particularly significant in micro- and nanofluidics as well as in other aspects of polymer rheology. Although recent advances in the development of colloidal dispersions at sub-nano-diameter levels are promising, colloidal nanoparticles with versatile morphologies, shapes, and bioactive attributes are of particular interest.

Polymeric interfaces, although extensively studied from the perspective of structure–property relationships, represent an unprecedented opportunity for the development of new multicomponent composite systems with stimuli-responsive characteristics in spatially confined environments. The main challenges are the control and measurement of surface and interfacial density and control of the chain length of anchoring nano-objects with variable length scale responsiveness. Development of materials with new self-healing mechanisms and precise selectivity and self-repairing characteristics are of great interest. Even more challenging will be networks that exhibit photochromic responsiveness. Stimuli-responsive nanosurfaces will be particularly useful in the development of devices that resemble biologically active cilia with 3D actuation.

Enhanced mechanical integrity is essential to improve typically fragile polymeric gels and the balance between mechanical stability and rapid response times, reversibility, and processing conditions will be necessary for many new applications, in particular for biomedical systems. Further understanding of inclusive changes in polymer networks produced from natural building blocks, such as saccharides and aminoacids, nucleotides, and lipids will generate new avenues for regenerative medicine, where cell differentiation, membrane formation, neural network assemblies or other higher order hierarchical biocomponents may be produced.

Since dimensional changes in solid networks impose spatial and energetic limitations, design and formulation of heterogeneous structural features capable of charge transfer, ionization, or photoinduced conformational changes will be necessary. This can be achieved by combining in an orchestrated fashion low Tg and multistimuli-responsive monomers into one copolymer backbone with controllable architecture. Molecular components that exhibit displacements responding to sunlight will be possible if we can control separation of charges which quickly recombine thousands or millions times faster than the molecular motion. This may possibly be accomplished by designing molecular architectures capable of separating charges so that the “frozen” energy is used for going back and forth from one equilibrium to another, while retaining mechanical network integrity. Rotaxanes, spyropyrans, diarylethenes, fulgides, or azo-compounds represent selected examples of molecular entities that are capable of providing light-driven molecular motions. These processes should be reversible and self reassembling, with an infinitely high “fatigue factor,” that is the ability of infinitely long stimuli-responsiveness without physico-chemical changes. There are other possibilities as well – the challenge will be to control kinetics to achieve stimuli-responsiveness, and, to overcome the barriers of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. Reversibility and speed of stimuli-responsiveness are essential in each of the states, especially for solid networks, and the design of suitable chemical structures to control metastable equilibrium energy states will formulate conditions for the design of orchestrated heterogeneous networks.

Synthetic materials capable of responses to external or internal stimuli represent one of the most exciting and emerging areas of scientific interest and have many unexplored commercial applications. While there are many exciting challenges facing this continually evolving field and there are a number of opportunities in design, synthesis, and engineering of stimuli-responsive materials, nature will continue to serve as a supplier of endless inspiration. We hope that this volume will provide the readers with comprehensive overviews of selected areas ranging from synthetic aspects of to theoretical and physical insights into this rapidly growing field and, at the same time, open up a dialogue for new ideas and explorations.

Marek W. Urban

List of Contributors

Anna C. Balazs

University of Pittsburgh

Chemical Engineering Department

1249 Benedum Hall

Pittsburgh, PA 15261

USA

Michaël Céecius

University of Liège

Center for Education and

Research on Macromolecules (CERM)

Sart-Tilman Campus

B6, B-4000 Liège

Belgium

Jennifer N. Cambre

Southern Methodist University

Department of Chemistry

3215 Daniel Avenue

Dallas, TX 75275-0314

USA

Kishore V. Chellapan

Optical Microsystems Laboratory

Department of Electrical Engineering

Ko¸ University

Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer

34450, Istanbul - Turkey

Cathrin C. Corten

The University of

Southern Mississippi

School of Polymers and High

Performance Materials

118 College Drive

Hattiesburg, MS 39401

USA

Pratyush Dayal

University of Pittsburgh

Chemical Engineering Department

1249 Benedum Hall

Pittsburgh, PA 15261

USA

Biswajit Ghosh

The University of

Southern Mississippi

School of Polymers and High

Performance Materials

118 College Drive

Hattiesburg, MS 9401

USA

Christine Jérôme

University of Liège

Center for Education and

Research on Macromolecules

(CERM)

Sart-Tilman Campus

B6, B-4000 Liège

Belgium

Rani Joseph

Cochin University of Science

and Technology

Department of Polymer Science

and Rubber Technology

Cochin-22

Kochi 682 022, Kerala

India

Dirk Kuckling

University of Paderborn

Department of Chemistry

Warburger Str. 100

33098 Paderborn

Germany

Olga Kuksenok

University of Pittsburgh

Chemical Engineering

Department

1249 Benedum Hall

Pittsburgh, PA 15261

USA

Jill Kunzelman

PolyOne Corporation

33587 Walker Road

Avon Lake

OH 44012

USA

Joerg Lahann

University of Michigan

Department of Chemical

Engineering

3414 G.G. Brown

2300 Hayward Street

Ann Arbor, MI-48109

USA

Brian Makowski

University of Fribourg

Adolphe Merkle Institute and

Fribourg Center for

Nanomaterials

Route de l'Ancienne

Papeterie CP 209

CH-1723 Marly 1

Switzerland

and

Case Western Reserve University

Department of Macromolecular

Science and Engineering

2100 Adelbert Rd

Cleveland

OH

44106-7202

USA

Himabindu Nandivada

University of Michigan

Department of Chemical

Engineering

3414 G.G. Brown

2300 Hayward Street

Ann Arbor, MI-48109

USA

Dhanya Ramachandran

The University of

Southern Mississippi

School of Polymers and High

Performance Materials

Department of Polymer Science

118 College Drive

#10076, Hattiesburg, MS 39406

USA

Aftin M. Ross

University of Michigan

Department of Biomedical

Engineering

3414 G.G. Brown

2300 Hayward Street

Ann Arbor, MI-48109

USA

Debashish Roy

Southern Methodist University

Department of Chemistry

3215 Daniel Avenue

Dallas, TX 75275-0314

USA

Brent S. Sumerlin

Southern Methodist University

Department of Chemistry

3215 Daniel Avenue

Dallas, TX 75275-0314

USA

Marek W. Urban

The University of

Southern Mississippi

School of Polymers and High

Performance Materials

118 College Drive

Hattiesburg, MS 39406

USA

Christoph Weder

University of Fribourg

Adolphe Merkle Institute and

Fribourg Center for

Nanomaterials

Route de l'Ancienne

Papeterie CP 209

CH-1723, Marly 1

Switzerland

Victor V. Yashin

University of Pittsburgh

Chemical Engineering Department

Pittsburgh

PA 15261

USA

Lei Zhai

University of Central Florida

Department of Chemistry

400 Central Florida Boulevard

Chemistry Building (CH) 177

Orlando, FL 32816-2366

USA