Heat and Cold Storage, Volume 2 E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: ISTE Consignment
- Sprache: Englisch
Heat and Cold Storage 2 focuses on thermochemical sorption storage processes – that is, absorption, adsorption and chemical sorption.
This book first analyzes the principles of sorption and defines the criteria for selecting the materials to be used, before presenting the three sorption storage technologies. It details the functioning of the absorption cycle in order to highlight the future challenges of this method. Next, the book examines storage by physical adsorption. Then, it presents the fundamentals of this phenomenon and a description of solid-gas adsorption cycles and systems, followed by a number of examples of prototype installations. Finally, the book describes the phenomenon of heat storage by chemical sorption from the scale of the reactive material to the scale of the process, before putting the state of the art of possible improvements into perspective and illustrating various applications.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Foreword
1 Materials for Thermochemical and Sorption Heat Storage
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Definitions and key concepts
1.3. Material selection criteria and review of important characteristics for a thermochemical heat storage material
1.4. Description of the thermodynamic equilibrium of sorption materials
1.5. Overview of the main materials studied in the context of thermochemical energy storage
1.6. Introduction to the issue of heat and mass transfer in solid-gas storage materials
1.7. Overview of material characterization for thermochemical heat storage applications
1.8. References
2 Heat Storage Using Absorption Processes
2.1. Absorption processes: the principle
2.2. Methods for storing heat by absorption
2.3. Reactors
2.4. Intensified storage cycles
2.5. Integration of absorption storage systems: case studies
2.6. Conclusion
2.7. References
3 Heat Storage Using Adsorption Processes
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Overview of heat storage by adsorption
3.3. Existing prototypes of sorption heat storage
3.4. System performances: an analysis of the prototypes presented
3.5. The influence of kinetics
3.6. Real-scale systems
3.7. Conclusion
3.8. References
4 Heat Storage by Chemical Sorption Processes
4.1. Introduction
4.2. History of chemical sorption systems
4.3. Principles of the operation of thermochemical systems
4.4. Advanced thermochemical processes
4.5. Diversification of applications with storage
4.6. Conclusion
4.7. References
List of Authors
Index
Summary of Volume 1
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1. Comparison of water and ammonia in the perspective of a thermochemi...
Table 1.2. Elements of comparison of the various absorption pairs studied
Table 1.3. Comparison of zeolites and silica gels (W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn 2010)
Table 1.4. Classification of physical adsorbents (Zheng et al. 2014)
Table 1.5. Characteristics of the different type A and X zeolites
Table 1.6. Classification of type A, X and Y zeolites (Dyer 2001; Sircar and M...
Table 1.7. Data from various sorption heat storage studies on physical adsorbe...
Table 1.8. Result of the basic thermogravimetric analysis: 17 reversible react...
Table 1.9. Complete group of salts and salt mixtures studied by Druske (2020)
Table 1.10. Reactions studied for high temperature thermochemical heat storage...
Table 1.11. Thermal conductivity of various materials (solid grains) and effec...
Table 1.12. Various composite materials studied for thermochemical heat storag...
Table 1.13. Various techniques for characterizing porous materials
Chapter 3
Table 3.1. Maximum power and annual energy demand under the European standards...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1.
Origin of the specific surface area for a grain of a fixed size of
...
Figure 1.2.
Classification of chemical storage and sorption storage using illu
...
Figure 1.3.
Adsorption in a physisorbent with double porosity.
Figure 1.4.
Structural rearrangement during the dehydration of the MgCl2 · 6H2
...
Figure 1.5.
Solid-gas storage: definition of the bulk volume (materials + pore
...
Figure 1.6.
Comparison of the costs for different absorbents in heat storage.
...
Figure 1.7.
Solid-gas equilibrium curves of salt hydrates in a Clausius-Clapey
...
Figure 1.8.
Oldham diagram of the NaOH-H2O pair. For a color version of this f
...
Figure 1.9.
Dühring diagram of the LiBr‒H
2
O pair
Figure 1.10.
(a) Oldham diagram of zeolite-H2O pair (Wang et al. 2014) and (b)
...
Figure 1.11.
(a) Sorption isotherms of zeolite-H2O pair; (b) representation of
...
Figure 1.12.
Evolution of the reduced volumetric energy storage density as a f
...
Figure 1.13.
Flowchart of the salt selection process for long-term thermal sto
...
Figure 1.14.
Comparison elements of the main pairs with potential for thermal
...
Figure 1.15.
(a) Structure of a zeolite grain (Sircar and Myers 2003); (b) zeo
...
Figure 1.16.
Three-step approach for assessing the potential of thermochemical
...
Figure 1.17.
The volumetric energy storage densities and the effective thermal
...
Figure 1.18.
Various volumetric energy densities and thermal efficiency for 11
...
Figure 1.19.
Thermal resistances along the thermal transfer path in a porous b
...
Figure 1.20.
Zeolite 13X, MgSO4 and zeolite-MgSO4 composite with a mass fracti
...
Figure 1.21.
Evolution of effective thermal conductivity and permeability of a
...
Figure 1.22.
Example of an experimental setup for thermogravimetric analysis (
...
Figure 1.23.
Thermogravimetric analysis of SrCl2 6H2O (N’Tsoukpoe et al. 2014b
...
Figure 1.24.
Experimental setup for the characterization of low-temperature re
...
Figure 1.25.
ERAVAP vapor pressure measurement device. 1: sample; 2: inlet val
...
Figure 1.26.
Vapor pressure as a function of the reciprocal of the absolute te
...
Figure 1.27.
Schematic diagram of the apparatus for determining sorption isoth
...
Figure 1.28.
Results of a TGA/DSC of a high salt hydrate
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1.
Operation of the liquid/gas absorption-based heat pump system
Figure 2.2.
Representation of the single-stage heat pump cycle (condensation a
...
Figure 2.3.
Heat storage technologies, energy density and state of development
Figure 2.4.
Possible configurations for the absorption heat storage process: (
...
Figure 2.5.
Principles of the operation of the heat by absorption storage meth
...
Figure 2.6.
Annual thermodynamic cycle of the heat storage process in the Duhr
...
Figure 2.7.
Exergy exchanged by the system for the absorption storage cycle wi
...
Figure 2.8.
Principles of operation and transfers in an absorber
Figure 2.9.
Configurations of exchangers used in absorption storage processes:
...
Figure 2.10.
Configurations of exchangers seen in the processes of storage by
...
Figure 2.11.
Annual thermodynamic cycle of the heat storage process with the c
...
Figure 2.12.
Impact of the maximum crystallization ratio on the mass and volum
...
Figure 2.13.
Principle and operation of the two-stage absorption storage metho
...
Figure 2.14.
Operating conditions of the two-stage absorption storage method w
...
Figure 2.15.
Principle and operation of the two-stage absorption storage metho
...
Figure 2.16.
Principle and operation of the two-phase cold storage method: (a)
...
Figure 2.17.
Operating principle of the process of interseasonal storage of so
...
Figure 2.18.
Effect of the crystallization ratio and the average temperature o
...
Figure 2.19.
Integration of heat storage by absorption into a decentralized mi
...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1.
Configuration of a solid/gas adsorption system and the operating p
...
Figure 3.2.
Classification of heat storage systems using adsorption
Figure 3.3.
Concepts of the operation of the (a) open and (b) closed heat stor
...
Figure 3.4.
Two examples of fixed bed reactors: (a) a simple reactor; (b) a re
...
Figure 3.5.
Effect of the number of fins on the temperature profile in the ads
...
Figure 3.6.
Overview of the fluidized bed reactor: (a) at rest; (b) with a flo
...
Figure 3.7.
Overview of the reactors: (a) mixing; (b) gravity-assisted mass fl
...
Figure 3.8.
Four possible strategies for controlling the storage discharge: (a
...
Figure 3.9.
MODESTORE heat storage prototype (Gartler et al. 2004).
Figure 3.10.
Adsorption/desorption module from the E-HUB project: (a) adsorpti
...
Figure 3.11.
(a) The diagram of the closed system; (b) the heat exchanger cont
...
Figure 3.12.
Schematic overview of the heat storage system developed by CNR-IT
...
Figure 3.13.
MonoSorp Prototype (Bales et al. 2008).
Figure 3.14.
Prototype developed for the project Flow-TCS (Zettl et al. 2014).
Figure 3.15.
Mobile heat storage prototype designed by ZAE Bayern (Krönauer et
...
Figure 3.16.
Prototype of the Smart Energy Regions Brabant program: (a) comple
...
Figure 3.17.
The prototype of the STAID project (Johannes et al. 2015).
Figure 3.18.
The sorption thermal energy storage tank in the SolSpaces project
...
Figure 3.19.
Curves showing (a) the desorption and (b) the adsorption for diff
...
Figure 3.20.
Storage system installed in Munich, Germany (Hauer 2007b)
Figure 3.21.
Installation of the HYDES project in Gleisdorf, Austria (Hauer 20
...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1.
Illustration in a Clausius-Clapeyron diagram of the deviations to
...
Figure 4.2.
Illustration of (a) a decomposition reaction and (b) a synthesis r
...
Figure 4.3.
Diagram of a stacked bed, a fluidized bed and a driven bed.
Figure 4.4.
Illustration of the heat storage process that is represented opera
...
Figure 4.5.
Clausius-Clapeyron diagram of a classical sorption cycle allowing
...
Figure 4.6.
Mollier diagram of a classical sorption cycle allowing for the sto
...
Figure 4.7.
Temperature-entropy diagram of a classical sorption cycle allowing
...
Figure 4.8.
Chemical sorption cycle for a coupling with a change of state and
...
Figure 4.9.
Illustration of a chemical sorption process in an open system
Figure 4.10.
Distribution of ammoniates on the basis of their limits of use, d
...
Figure 4.11.
Illustration of a closed heat recovery cycle.
Figure 4.12.
Diagram of the enhanced heat recovery cycle with heat wave.
Figure 4.13.
Illustration of the different possible configurations for a hybri
...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Foreword
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
List of Authors
Index
Summary of Volume 1
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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SCIENCES
Energy, Field Directors - Alain Dollet and Pascal Brault
Heat and Cold Storage, Subject Head - Philippe Marty
Heat and Cold Storage 2
Thermochemical Storage
Coordinated by
Nolwenn Le PierrèsLingai Luo
First published 2024 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2024The rights of Nolwenn Le Pierrès and Lingai Luo to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2024933430
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-78945-134-4
ERC code:PE8 Products and Processes Engineering PE8_6 Energy processes engineering
Foreword
Philippe Marty
LEGI, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Université Grenoble Alpes, France
There has always been an interest in storing heat: prehistoric people heating a stone using fire and then plunging it into a hollow piece of wood filled with water in order to cook their food can be thought of as conducting a first heat storage experiment. As for the Persians, they stored ice in the desert in dome-like buildings with thick clay walls.
Nowadays, heat storage is an important topic of debate on the development of renewable énergies. It is generally accepted that massive deployment of these énergies should be accompanied by significant storage facilities in order to cope with the irregularity of wind or insolation. Many industrial processes release waste heat. According to a study conducted by ADEME (French Agency for Ecological Transition), nearly 100 TWh of waste heat are released each year, which amounts to approximately one-third of the needs in this sector. In buildings, the currently developed heat storage methods rely essentially on storing water in balloons.
As for the national power grid, the massive solution that is most commonly implemented involves getting water at altitude and then passing it through turbines. Pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) therefore stores electric energy in a gravitational form. This book will not discuss this technology. The same is true for electrochemical storage in batteries or hydrogen vector-based techniques that are the object of other articles in the SCIENCES encyclopedia.
The two volumes presented here have been written by renowned European experts in the field of heat storage and associated materials. They are exclusively dedicated to heat and cold storage and exhaustively discuss all the possible physical and technical solutions. Sensible heat storage methods, in which the temperature of a body is modified to store or release energy, will be presented. The technique involving phase change will also be presented in detail. Thermochemical or sorption heat storage, which is highly promising due to its larger density, will be dealt with in a separate volume.
Volume 1, Heat and Cold Storage 1: Sensible and Latent Heat Storage, focuses exclusively on these two types of energy transfers. The state of the art on the standard applications of storage for the building industry is presented, and long-term storage is given particular attention. Indeed, in a country with no steady insolation, the energy autonomy of a building depends on long-term storage possibility, which is also known as inter-seasonal storage. Underground storage offers in this respect possibilities that will be discussed.
The storage of electricity in the form of heat is studied in the presentation of new high-temperature processes. This promising technology is considered for very high power installations and can be seen as an alternative to PHES or to the use of hydrogen vector as a solution for the temporary storage of electricity.
Phase change materials (PCMs) are an attractive alternative when the temperature differences between the storage material and the external environment are too small. It is important to recall that the principle is using the phase change, most often solid-liquid, to accumulate or release the heat transferred in latent form. Due to the high value of the enthalpy of phase change of certain materials, compared to their heat capacity, storage density can be increased. A detailed presentation of the available materials is proposed. The wide range of applications of PCM for the storage of both heat and cold is rapidly extending. For example, they can be found in ice slurries in the form of encapsulated materials. The stakes in the micro- or nano-encapsulation process, and also in the impregnation of porous media, are huge, as they involve difficult techniques that are presented in detail in Volume 1. Besides a high mechanical and chemical stability, the thermal conductivity of the synthesized materials must be high enough to allow for reasonable energy transfer times. This requirement leads to the incorporation of highly conductive materials in the PCM in order to enhance their performances. Chapter 8 is dedicated to the applications of these materials in the industry and construction fields, including the particular case of storage integrated in solar power plants.
Cold storage is essential in a considerable number of applications, particularly in the food industry. Among the high-performance solutions, storage on hydrates is a future possibility that will be presented in Chapter 7.
The particularly promising case of concentrated solar power plants is also discussed in Chapter 8. Though current power plants essentially use molten salts, therefore relying on the principle of sensible storage, future developments of latent and thermochemical systems are presented.
Volume 2 is entitled Heat and Cold Storage 2: Thermochemical Storage. Similar to the electrochemical storage being able to sustainably store electrical power, thermochemical or sorption storage is able to store heat or cold over an a priori infinite duration. Unlike sensible or latent storage, this characteristic explains why energy engineers are very much in favor of this technique, which moreover presents a very high energy density that may reach several hundred kWh/m3. This storage method in the form of chemical potential of the energy includes two distinct classes depending on whether the phenomenon in question is physical (van der Walls forces) or chemical (covalent bonds).
This volume introduces first the principles of sorption in a highly didactic manner and defines the criteria for the selection of materials to be implemented. This is followed by a detailed description of how an absorption cycle operates, which will indicate the future stakes of this method. The challenges that the researchers and manufacturers in the field are currently faced with relate to developing new designs of exchanger reactors, devising new cycles, and implementing new materials.
Particular attention is given to adsorption processes: after a review of the principles of this phenomenon and a thorough description of solid-gas adsorption cycles and systems, a large number of examples of prototype installations are presented.
These two volumes are addressed to several communities: researchers will find here a summary of the progress made by various universities in the field of storage, while academics will find a didactic presentation of the processes implemented. Engineers in research centers will find out the current technological stakes. There is room for improvement in many sectors: materials and associated manufacturing and characterization techniques, equipment, heat exchangers, new cycles, etc.
