High Temperature Superconductors E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 432

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This essential reference provides the most comprehensive presentation of state-of-the-art research being conducting worldwide today in this growing field of research and applications. HTS are currently being supported by numerous governmental and industrial initiatives in the USA and Asia and Europe to overcome energy distribution issues and are now being commercialised for power-delivery devices, such as power transmission lines and cables, motors, and generators. Applications in electric utilities include energy-storing devices to help industries avoid dips in electric power, current limiters, and long transmission lines. The technology is particularly thought out for highly-populated and densed areas. Both editors are leading experts in the field from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This book can be used as a companion teaching tool, and also as as a research and professional reference.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: General Theory of High-Tc Superconductors

1.1 Fundamental Properties of Superconductors

1.2 Superconducting Materials

1.3 High-Tc Oxide Superconductors

1.4 Critical Currents and Vortex Pinning

References

Chapter 2: Characterizing Current Conduction in Coated Conductors Using Transport and Contact-Free Magnetic Methods

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Experimental Details

2.3 Results

2.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Characterization: Raman Spectroscopy Measurements and Interpretations

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Raman Measurement Methods

3.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Ceramic Superconductors

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 4: YBa2Cu3O7−x Coated Conductors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD) Process

4.3 Inclined Substrate Deposition (ISD) Process

4.4 Rolling-Assisted Biaxially Textured Substrate (RABiTS) Based Templates

4.5 REBCO-Based 2G Wires

4.6 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Flux Pinning Enhancement in YBa2Cu3O7–x Films for Coated Conductor Applications

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Pulsed-Laser Deposition (PLD)

5.3 Experimental Setup

5.4 Results and Discussion

5.5 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6: Thallium-Oxide Superconductors

6.1 Spray-Deposited, Tl-Oxide Films

6.2 Electrodeposited Tl-Oxide Superconductors

References

Chapter 7: Recent Progress in Fabrication, Characterization, and Application of Hg-Based Oxide Superconductors

7.1 The Fascinating Hg-Based High-Tc Superconductors

7.2 Synthesis of Hg-HTS Bulks and Films

7.3 Applications of Hg-Based HTS Materials

7.4 Future Remarks

References

Chapter 8: Superconductivity in MgB2

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Basic Properties of MgB2

8.3 Tuning the Upper Critical Field

8.4 Mg1−xAlxB2

8.5 Mg(B1–xCx)2

8.6 Neutron Irradiation of MgB2

8.7 Comparison between Neutron-Damaged and Carbon-Doped Samples

8.8 Critical Current Densities in MgB2 Wires

8.9 Future Directions in MgB2 Research

Acknowledgments

References

Index

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The Editors

Dr. Raghu N. BhattacharyaNational Renewable Energy Lab.1617 Cole Blvd.Golden, CO 80401-3393USA

Dr. M. Parans ParanthamanOak Ridge National Lab.Chemical Sciences DivisionBldg. 4500 South, Room S-244Oak Ridge TN 37831-6100USA

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Preface

In the twenty-first century, high-temperature superconductor s (HTS) are likely be in regular use in the distribution and application of electricity. In the very near future, HTS wires are to be used in underground transmission cables and fault current limiter s (FCLs). HTS FCLs can be used in preference to circuit interrupters on transmission or power distribution systems, and HTS cables can be used to maximize the use of existing rights of way by increasing the capacity of electricity transmission systems and substations.

More than 24 years have passed since the discovery of high-temperature super-conductivity in lanthanum copper oxide based materials. This book contains a total of 8 chapters covering a wide range of superconductor materials with current state-of-the art configurations. In Chapter 1, the crystal structures and detailed fundamental properties of a wide range of superconductors have been reviewed by Matsumoto. In this chapter the following topics are discussed: the superconducting phenomenon, quantum mechanics, wave–particle duality, formation of Cooper Pairs, the Josephson effect, thermodynamics, London equations, Ginzburg-Landau theory, anisotropy, vortex lattice melting, vortex glass, Bose glass, vortex pinning, elementary pinning force, elasticity of a vortex lattice, global pinning force, superconductors in magnetic fields, type I and type II superconductors, depairing current density, thermal fluctuation, and the grain boundary problem. In Chapter 2, Polat et al. review the E–J characteristics of a (Gd–Y)–Sm–Ba–Cu oxide thin-film coated conductor as determined by transport measurements, the study of irreversible magnetization during magnetic field sweeps, and investigations of the magnetic relaxation (current decay with time). This chapter also provides highly useful engineering data as well as scientific insight into HTS materials for a broad range of electrical and magnetic applications at various temperatures. The use of both transport and magnetic property measurements can provide a more comprehensive analysis of vortex dynamics over a wide range of voltage–current characteristics.

Raman spectroscopy methods of characterizing HTS ceramics are described in detail by Maroni in Chapter 3. Raman methods become particularly useful for all textured HTS morphologies, such as those incorporating epitaxial superconducting thin films, as there is an added advantage associated with the fact that the Raman scattering from phonons having axis-specific polarization is no longer isotropic but rather depends on how the electric vector of the exciting radiation intercepts the polarization tensor of each Raman-active phonon. Therefore, in addition to identifying the crystalline HTS phase present, it is possible to determine the orientation of a single crystal (or mosaic of crystals) with respect to the excitation photon beam. (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 (BSCCO or 2223, with a critical temperature, Tc, of 110 K) and YBa2Cu3O7–δ (YBCO or 123, with a Tc of 91 K) have emerged as the leading candidate materials for the first-generation (1G) and second-generation (2G) HTS wires or tapes that will carry a high critical current density at liquid nitrogen temperatures.

The current status of 2G HTS has been summarized by Paranthaman in Chapter 4. Two different templates consisting of IBAD-MgO (Ion Beam Assisted Deposited Magnesium Oxide), and RABiTS (Rolling Assisted Biaxially Textured Substrates) have been developed, and superconductivity industries around the world are producing commercially acceptable 500–1000-meter lengths using pilot systems. In addition, a number of methods, including metal-organic deposition, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, and high-rate pulsed laser deposition have been used to demonstrate high Ic in several-hundred-meter lengths of YBCO coated conductors. Research in the area of HTS wire technology to increase the flux pinning properties of YBCO superconductor wires and to reduce the AC loss in these wires for various military applications needs further work.

The effect of artificially introduced defects that pin the flux lines during the application of a magnetic field has been discussed by Pani et al. in Chapter 5. YBCO films with BaSnO3 (BSO) nano-additions made with either a sectored target or with a premixed target in PLD are discussed. The nanocolumns nucleate at the interface and subsequently grow perpendicular to the substrate while allowing high-quality YBCO to grow around them. The BSO nanocolumns seem to grow as solid nanorods as opposed to stacked individual nanoparticles. In addition, BSO nanocolumns were found to grow vertically straight, hence helping to improve the Jc at high fields by several orders of magnitude in thick films, making this material attractive for coated conductors.

Thallium oxide high-temperature superconductors, produced mainly by non-vacuum spray deposition and electrodeposition, are described by Bhattacharya in Chapter 6. Two different phases were discovered, these being homologous series with the ideal chemical formulae TlBa2Can–1CunO2n+3 (1 ≤ n ≤ 3) and Tl2Ba2Can–1CunO2n+4 (1 ≤ n ≤ 3). The high Tc value of 125 K has been reported for the Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 phase. The simplicity and low cost of the non-vacuum spray deposition and electrodeposition processes, as well as their utility for nonplanar and pre-engineered configurations, make them attractive for practical applications.

An overview of Hg-HTS bulks and films has been provided by Wu et al. in Chapter 7. The Tc of up to 138 K for Hg1Ba2Ca2Cu3O9 (Hg-1223) discovered in 1994 still remains the highest (at atmospheric pressure) for any superconductor discovered so far, though under hydrostatic pressures of 25–30 GPa., the onset Tc of Hg-1223 has been shown to reach 166 K. This leaves Hg-HTS in a unique position from the point of view of investigating the fundamental physics associated with the HTS mechanism. Small-scale applications based on Hg-HTS bulks and films have emerged and may become important for operations at temperatures above that of liquid nitrogen. One major technical obstacle is presented by the high Hg vapor pressure required for synthesis of high-quality Hg-HTS samples. Current processes mostly rely on quartz ampoules or other small sealed containers to reach high Hg vapor partial pressures, but this technique cannot be used on a large scale. New processes must be developed to allow the commercial synthesis of high-quality Hg-HTS materials (bulks and films).

The basic properties of MgB2 superconductors have been reviewed by Wilke in Chapter 8. Superconductivity in MgB2 results from strong coupling between the conduction electrons and the optical E2g phonon, neighboring boron atoms moving in opposite directions within the plane. MgB2 is a superconductor whose type II nature has been verified by the temperature dependence of the equilibrium magnetization as well as through direct visualization of the flux line lattice. This chapter also provides background information on tuning the upper critical field in traditional type II BCS superconductors and predictions of Hc2 (T) in this novel two-gap material.

Overall, the eight chapters in this book provide the reader with an excellent resource for understanding the status of the wide range of high-temperature superconductors. The excitement in discovering new superconductors is still continuing. For example, soon after the discovery of a new superconductor at 26 K in iron arsenide (F-doped LaOFeAs) superconductors in early 2008, researchers all over the world focused on preparing similar compounds, and the transition temperature Te was quickly raised to 55 K in F-doped NdOFeAs.

It is our hope that the current book will be useful to all students (undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate) and research workers alike.

December 2009

Raghu N. Bhattacharyaand Mariappan Parans Paranthaman

List of Contributors

Paul N. BarnesAir Force Research LaboratoryPropulsion Directorate1950 Fifth Str., Bldg 450WPAFB, OH 45433USA

Raghu N. BhattacharyaNational Renewable Energy Lab.1617 Cole Blvd.Golden, CO 80401-3393USA

Sergey L. Bud’koIowa State UniversityDepartment of Physics and AstronomyAmes, IA 50011USA and Ames LaboratoryU.S. Department of EnergyAmes, IA 50011USA

Paul C. CanfieldIowa State UniversityDepartment of Physics and AstronomyAmes, IA 50011USAandAmes Laboratory U.S. Department of EnergyAmes, IA 50011USA

Yimin M. ChenSuperPower Inc.450 Duane AvenueSchenectady, NY 12304USA

David K. ChristenOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN 37831-6092USA

Sylvester CookOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN 37831-6092USA

Douglas K. FinnemoreIowa State UniversityDepartment of Physics and AstronomyAmes, IA 50011USAandAmes LaboratoryU.S. Department of EnergyAmes, IA 50011USA

Dhananjay KumarOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN 37831-6092USAandNorth Carolina A&T State UniversityDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringGreensboro, NC 27411USA

Frederick A. List IIIOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN 37831-6092USA

Victor A. MaroniArgonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL 60439USA

Patrick M. Martin1)Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN 37831-6092USA

Kaname MatsumotoKyushu Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku,Kitakyushu, 804-8550Japan

Mariappan Parans ParanthamanChemical Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN 37831-6100USA

Özgür PolatOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN 37831-6092USAandDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TN 37996-1200USA

Venkat SelvamanickamSuperPower Inc.450 Duane AvenueSchenectady, NY 12304USA

John W. SinclairDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TN 37996-1200USA

James R. ThompsonOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN 37831-6092USAandDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Tennessee,Knoxville, TN 37996-1200USA

Chakrapani V. VaranasiU.S. Army Research OfficeMaterials Science DivisionP.O. Box 12211Research Triangle Park,NC 27709-2211USA

Rudeger H.T. WilkeThe Pennsylvania State University148 MRL BuildingHastings RoadUniversity Park, PA 16802USA

Judy WuUniversity of KansasDepartment of Physics and AstronomyMalott HallLawrence, KS 66045-7582USA

Hua ZhaoUniversity of KansasDepartment of Physics and AstronomyMalott HallLawrence, KS 66045-7582USA

1) Deceased.