History Digest E-Book

Oburoh Roli Hazel

• Herausgeber: Floreat Systems
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Ministry Of Education Approved. 
A great man once said the singular most unifying influence in life is a story. It is the most powerful force of a people. Nothing can stop it. No enemy can defeat it. History Digest has only as its Objective. Story Telling. To tell the story of a great and powerful nation across every time, every phase, every season. Through the beautiful, the bad and the ugly. The strength and the weaknesses. To illuminate the entire chaotic beauty that is our nation. Nigeria.

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Table of contents

HISTORY DIGEST

Dedication

InHimtruewisdomisfound.

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Introduction

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Hausa/FulaniSystem

Hausa/FulaniSystem

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Old OyoEmpire

BeninEmpire

BeninEmpire

BeninEmpire

BeninEmpire

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IgboLand

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AncientNigerianCities

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AncientNigerianCities

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NotableHistoricalFigures

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HISTORY DIGEST

Dedication

ThisbookisdedicatedtotheHolySpirit,

InHimtruewisdomisfound.

Acknowledgement

First, IwanttosayabigthankyoutoYahwehforthehonourandprivilegetobringthistoreality.

I want to appreciate my family. An immerse gratitude my mumforyourcontinuoussupport.

My sincere gratitude to Pastor Segun Abolude, Mr Bright and Mrs Jolomi Isioro, Aunty Mabel, Uncle Funmi Oburoh,UncleFelixOburoh,UncleEbezenerOburoh,UncleTemisan, Aunty Erewa and Uncle Shola. Uncle Peace, AuntyFaith,AuntyDupe,UncleJefferyOburoh,AuntyOmawunmi Oburoh. I am truly grateful for every supportandkindness.

A specialthankyoutoSirMarksonforyourthoroughreading.I'mgrateful.

To friends that support and encouragein times of hardship. Benjamin,Gladys,andsometimesJedegeIamgrateful.

To the mentors and teachers and learning environment that groomedme,MrPeterOkungbowa,BarrJoseph Omofomah,Newman,MrAnyanwu,Goodnews,SisterElizabeth,PresentationNationalHighSchool,Goshen,GorillabrainandUniversityofBenin.

Iamtrulygrateful.

Introduction

History is the branch of knowledge that deals with Past event. It is essential as in the words of George Orwell, Hewhocontrolsthepastcontrolsthefutureandhewhocontrolsthepresentcontrols thepast.

There arethreemajorsourcesofhistory.Oralaccount

Archeology WrittenSources.

Oral accountisamajorsourceofhistorybutlargelyunreliable.

Archeology is much more objective as it give proximate dates done through carbon 14 dating method. It is the study ofantiquities.

Written sourcedealsmorewithwrittenrecords,books,letters and documents. They are mostly by Arab Scholarshencewrittenwithaisandinsincerity.

There are also various historical sites that bear the narrative and reflection of our past. They tell our stories. Some ofthosesitesare;

The FirstStoryBuildinginNigeria

Even though it's not visually appealing, it's a big piece of history because it's the first building to have more than onestoryinNigeria.Thisbuilding,originatinginBadagry,Lagos,wasbuiltfor the church missionarysociety.

Tafawa Balewa Square

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TheentranceoftheTafawaBalewaSquare,locatedinLagosState, consists of four horses and seven red eagle statues thatall together symbolize strength and dignity. The square alsocontains theRemembranceArcadethatcontainsthememorialsofWorldWarIandII,NigerianCivilWarVictims,andtheIndependenceHouse.

Oduduwa Grove

Located inIle-Ife,OsunState,theOduduwaGroveisfamous for the legendary ancestor Oduduwa, who foundedthecityofIle-Ife.ThegroveisoneofthemostsacredtemplesinNigeria.

Osun-OsogboSacredGrove

These sacred groves are located on the banks of the Osun Riverinamassivesanctuaryofsculptures,shrines,andcarvings. These objects within the groves were crafted for thegoodnessoffertility.

Olumirin Waterfall

This famous waterfall was discovered by a granddaughter of Oduduwa, who founded the city of Ile-Ife. The site attracts50,000 tourists each year and is located in Erin-Ikesha, OsunState.

The WallsofBenin

The main function of the Walls of Benin at the time was the protectionanddefenseoftheKingdomofBenin.Theconstruction began in800 and was finished in the middle of the 15th century. Altogether, the walls are 99 miles in length,so the latitude and longitude shownare actually for the city ofBenin.

Ogbunike Caves

Introduction

These famous caves located in Ogbunike were host to many temples and sanctuaries to the locals in the area, providingspiritual and historical importance to all Nigerians. The cavescontain a large sacred chamber with ten tunnels that allconnecttoformtheshapeofalabyrinth.ThecavesareapartoftheUNESCOHeritageSIte.

National WarMuseum

The National War Museum has a collection of Nigerian war memorabiliaincludingtheNigeriancivilwarandoldNigerian empire conflicts. Located in Umuahua Abia State,themuseum isasymbolofthecountry'shealing.

Emir's Palace

Emir's PalaceisthelegacyofEmir,whocontrolledNorthernNigeria for a very long time. His palace is located in Kanocity where many ancient artifacts can be found from theancientcivilization. The palace itself contains a plethora of ancientstructureswithtraditionalAfricanstyle.

The WallsofKano

This ancienthandmadewallprotectsthecityofKano.Construction of the wall began in 1095 and was completed inthe14thcentury,spanningatotalof14km.Thewallholdsalotofspiritualandculturalvalue.

Ghana

Ghana came into existence in the Eight century. It reached it's peak in the tenth century. It's ride was due to it's strategicposition that encouraged commerce. The Southern terminiofthetranstradeSahara.

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It was discovered by an Arab astronomer and initially called "landofGold",Al-fazari.

It was however founded by Soninke. The original founders calleditAwkar.Asamatteriffact,thenameGhanareferredto the earliest rulers. It means War - Chief. It's king's werealsocalledKayaMaghaorKingofgold.

In 1203,thecapitalofGhanathenatKumbuSakewascaptured by Sumanguru Kante, the Susu warrior king ofKaniaga.

Mali

The original founders of Mali were the Mandinks who were largely pagans. It reached the height of it's power in thethirteenth and fourteenth century owing to the contributionsofSundiataKeutaknownasMariDiataalternatively.

Itissaidthathebeganhislifeasacripple,analmostforlornchild. HerisetofameasaresultofhisvictoryoverSumanguru, the Susu king of Kaniage at the battle of Kirinain1235.

Mari DiataalsoSundiataKeifaconqueredGhanain1240.HemovedthecapitalfromJeribatoMiami.ThenameMaliafterthere appliedtothewholeempirenotjusttheroyalresidence.

After Sundiata,therulerofMalitookoverthetitleofMansa.A mandigo word for emperor signifying that Mali had nowacquiredsufficientterritorytoberecognizedasanempire.

Introduction

Mansa Uli succeeded Sundiata in 1255 and ruled till 1270. Uli was a strict Muslim and Islamic influence bwas stronglyfeltunderhisleadership.

After his reign the empire was seized by Ann ex slave named Sakura in 1285. After Sakura, one of the most famous Malileaders emerged. His name was Manda Musa. Under Hisreign the empire reached its peak and he was famous for hislavishpilgrimagetoMeccain1324.

The greatness of Mali was as a result of trade and mineral wealth.

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Chapter1

Songhai Empire

S

onghaistateemergedintheseventhcentury.TheoriginalhomewasintheregionaroundDandi.Itisanalmagamationoftwogroups;theSorkoFishermenand

the Da farmers. They developed a commercial bcentre at KukiawhichbecamethefirstcapitalatSonghai.

TheSorkorulersofSonghaiweredeposedbyrefugeesfromthe north escaping from Muslim persecution. They set uptheir own kings and that started the Dia dynasty. The Diakings abandoned Kukia and moved to Gao as the new capital.The first Songhai king to become Muslim was Dia Kosoi in1009.

Under the reign of Dia Yasiboi in 1323, Emperor Mansa MusainvadedSonghaibecausehewasenviousofGao'sprosperity and seized his two sons and hostage. As a result,Songhai becametoprovincetoMali,payingtribute.Althoughtheywerestillruledbytheirownkings.

One of the captive sons trained in Mansa Musa court called Ali Kolon.Itwas himwho restored Songhai to her ownrulership. He took the title of Sunni and became known asSunniAli.

Although he was the founder of the independent state, it was SunniAliIIwhobroughtittoit'speak.

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SunniAliwasaveryhottemperedmanandoftensentencedpeople todeath.TheonlymoderatinginfluencewasMuhammadTure.

Muhammed Ture led a rebellion against his sons after his deathbecausetheywereliberalmuslimsandcouldnotoperate a complete Muslim society. This brought about theAskiaDynasty.

The First professional army to be organized in West Africa bwas done by Askia the great. The Songhai empire was thelargest and wealthiest ever established in West Africa beforenineteenthcentury.

For Administrative conveniencehe divided the Empire into fourprovinceswhichwasplacedunderarepresentativeoftheAskiacalledFari.

The BalamawasinchargeofArmy

The ForiMundeyawasinchargeoftaxcollection.Hi-JoysadinchargeofLalarcanoes.

Korey -Farmawas inchargeofforeigners.

Askia wasabletoachieve:

A stateprisonyardforcondemnedoffenders.

Trade wasregulatedandasystemofweightandandmeasuresintroduced.

Market InspectorscalledDeyFarmatosupervisemarketandsettledispute.

The practiceofpurdahorwearingofveilsbywomenwhentheyappearedinpublic.

He howevermadeamistakewhenundertheadviceofAl-MaghillihewaspersuadedtopersecutetheJews.Hewas

SonghaiEmpire

overthrown by some of his numerous sons and he already blindandoldwasforcedintoexile.

Songhai Empire was eventuallybrought to ruins by a young and ambitiousSultanMuleyAhmednicknamedtheVictorious. Songhai cane into ruins under the reign of AskiaIshak inthe famousbattle ifTondibiin April12th.

With the defeat of Songhai Army, the Moroccan occupied Timbuctu, Gao and Jenne. They eventually recovered andtried to fight back but their military tactic of guerilla warfarecould not match the military might of the Moroccans underthe leadership of Zergun, the general who took over fromJudarPasha.

Chapter2

Hausa/Fulani System

T

he Fulani people are one of the largest ethnic groupsthat can be found widely dispersed across the SahelandWestAfrica.

Known by differentnames across the globe, they are called the Fula people in Manding languages and can sometimes bespelledas'Fulah'or'Fullah'.

In French they are called Peul, in the Hausa language they arecalledFulaniorHilani;andinPortuguesetheyarecalledFulaorWolof.

However,ofallthesenames'Fulbe'isthepreferrednameofthese group of people. The Fulani's are located in an area thatstretchesfromOuaddai,acityeastofLakeChad,toSenegal'sAtlanticshore.

The Fula people generally practice Islam, on their way to or back from Mecca, Saudi Arabia, settled in parts of easternSudan.

Today, theyrepresentacommunityknownasFellata.Whatistheorigin oftheFulani people?

Hausa/FulaniSystem

The origin oftheFulanipeople is debatable,andthis isbecause numerous ideas about their ancestry have beenproposed.

But the main religion of the Fulani's is Islam and the taking onof thisreligionbecamea boundarymarker.

People whomhistoriansrecognizeasFulanitodayarepresumed to have North African or Middle Eastern originknown as 'white-rooted'ethnic groups in West Africa, they haveamuchlightercomplexionthanmostAfricans.

These people are the largest nomadicpastoral community and as pastoral people, they tended to move in an easterndirectionandspreadovermuch ofWest Africa.

Movement oftheFulapeopleinWestAfricafollowedaspecificpattern.

At first, their relocation was peaceful, but after some time, the Fulani’s became angry and resentful at being ruled bypeopletheydeemedas'pagans'or'imperfectMuslims'.

Their anger was driven further by the larger migration that took placeinthe17thcenturyandthemajorityofthemigrantswereMuslims.

By the start of the 18th century, there was a rebellion against localrulerswhichledtotheholywars(jihads).

The situation in Nigeria was a little bit different as they settled in a place that was more evolved and settled that otherareas inWesternpartsofAfrica.

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And it was during the 15th century they arrived in Nigeria. TheysettledinHausastatessuchasKano,Zaria,andKatsinaasclerics.

Others later settled among local people in the 16th and 17th century, at this time the predominant Hausa state was Gobirafterbeing abletogainitsindependencefromforeignrulers.

Gradually forgetting their own custom, the Fulani people welcomed the ways of the Hausa people and began to fill elitepositions in Hausa states, gradually forgetting their owncustoms; but despite the influence of power, they still hadtiestothecattleorbushFulani

They imposed their religion on them this Jihad was led by OthmanDanfolio

TheJihadbroughtaboutthedefeatiftheHausastateandledtotheestablishment.

The Jihad of 1804 brought about the defeat of the Hausas and ledtotheestablishement oftheFulaniEmirate.

For administrative conivences, Othman Dan Dodio divided the kingdom into east & west with his son Bello being theincharge of the administration of the west while his brotherAbdullahinchargeofeast.

MODE OFOPERATION

The Emirdischargedhisadministrationbyapporintingofficialswhowould assisthimin hisfunctions.

Waziri

Galadima

Madaki

Hausa/FulaniSystem

Dogari

Maaji

SarkinFada

SarkinRuwa

Sarkinpawa

Supreme Headquarters:

There weretwoheadquarters.OneinSokotoandtheotherinBorno.

The SultanofSokotowasinchargeoftheeasternempire.The EmirofGwanduwasin chargeofthewest.

District Administration:

Each emiratewasbrokenintodistrict.Districts arelikelocalgovernment.

The headofeachdistrictownedthetitle “Hakimi”

Village Heads:

It wasaresponsibilityofHakimitoappointvillageheads.

It wasthedutyofthevillageheadstomaintainlawandorderinthevillages.

It wasthedutyofthevillageheadstocollectcattletax.CattletaxiscalledJangali.

Legislative Functions:

The Islamiclawswerethesupremelaws.TheShariabookservedastheconstitution.

The emirswereallowedtomakelawsthatwerenotcoveredbyIslamiclaws.

ExecutiveFunctions:

This wasperformedbytheemir.

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He wasanabsoluteorauthoritariangovernment.

The Emirs andSultanshadthe choiceofeither acceptingorrejectingtheadviceofhiscabinet.

Judicial Functions:

This werebasedonthecontentofsharialaws.

The judgesinchargeofadministeringlawsarecalledAlkali.Thesharialawscontainedbasicallycivillaws.

Civil lawsarelawsoncriminalandlandissues.Minorcaseswerelandledbyvillageheads.

Note –TheHausa/Fulanisystemwasahighlycentralizedsystem.

twasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatChristianmissionaries used the term to categorize cognate groupsthatpreviouslyidentifiedthemselvesasÀkókó,Ànàgó,