Horse Health: A Complete Guide to Equine Anatomy and Natural Medicine E-Book

Artemis Saage

• Herausgeber: tredition
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Horse
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 190

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Discover a thorough guide to equine health and wellness that combines scientific knowledge with practical horse care advice. This horse care book provides detailed insights into equine anatomy, behavior, and medical care to help you maintain your horse's optimal health. The first section covers equine anatomy and physiology in detail, explaining the skeletal structure, muscular system, hoof mechanics, and spinal function. You'll learn about vital organ systems including respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, nervous, and endocrine systems, as well as metabolism, mineral balance, vitamin requirements, and hydration. The book explores natural healing methods, featuring a comprehensive guide to equine herbs for respiratory health, digestion, immune system support, and wound healing. The physiotherapy chapter covers manual therapy, kinesiology taping, and equine massage techniques, while also discussing alternative therapies like acupuncture, osteopathy, and homeopathy. A practical section on medical care basics includes setting up a stable pharmacy, first aid procedures, wound care, colic recognition, and emergency responses. The preventive care chapter covers dental checks, vaccinations, deworming protocols, and proper hoof maintenance. The final section focuses on training physiology, including muscle development, movement principles, and performance optimization. You'll find guidance on exercise fundamentals, gymnastics, strength building, and recovery, along with information about gaits, coordination, balance, and injury prevention. This horse health book integrates traditional veterinary knowledge with modern equine science, providing horse owners with practical tools for maintaining equine wellness through proper care, nutrition, and exercise. Whether you're managing a performance horse or caring for a recreational companion, this guide offers valuable information for supporting your horse's health and longevity. This book was created using innovative technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and specially developed tools – for example, in brainstorming, research, writing, editing, quality assurance, and the design of decorative illustrations. In this way, we want to offer you a particularly coherent, modern, and even higher-quality reading experience.

Leseprobe

Artemis Saage

Horse Health: A Complete Guide to Equine Anatomy and Natural MedicineMaster equine wellness through rehabilitation, massage, and science-based care - from basic anatomy to holistic healing methods

216 Sources 17 Photos / Graphics

© 2024 Saage Media GmbH

All rights reserved

Imprint

Saage Media GmbH c/o SpinLab – The HHL Accelerator Spinnereistraße 7 04179 Leipzig, Germany E-Mail: [email protected] Web: SaageMedia.com Commercial Register: Local Court Leipzig, HRB 42755 (Handelsregister: Amtsgericht Leipzig, HRB 42755) Managing Director: Rico Saage (Geschäftsführer) VAT ID Number: DE369527893 (USt-IdNr.)

Publisher: Saage Media GmbH

Publication: 12.2024

Cover Design: Saage Media GmbH

ISBN Softcover: 978-3-384-43076-2

ISBN Ebook: 978-3-384-43077-9

Legal / Notices

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted without written permission from the publisher.

The external links and source references listed in this book were checked at the time of publication. The author has no influence on the current and future designs and contents of the linked pages. The provider of the linked website alone is liable for illegal, incorrect or incomplete contents as well as for damages arising from the use or non-use of the information, not the person who refers to the respective publication via links. All external sources used are listed in the bibliography. Despite careful content control, we assume no liability for the contents of external sources. The operators of the quoted sources are solely responsible for their content. Images and sources from third parties are marked as such. The reproduction, processing, distribution and any kind of exploitation outside the limits of copyright require the written consent of the respective author or creator.

The references and quotations contained in this book have been carefully researched and reproduced in essence. The interpretation and presentation of the cited content reflects the author's understanding and does not necessarily align with the intention or opinion of the original authors. For paraphrased quotations, the core statements of the original sources have been incorporated into the context of this work to the best of knowledge and belief, but may deviate from the original wording and nuances of meaning due to translation and simplification. All sources used are fully listed in the bibliography and can be consulted there in their original form. The responsibility for the interpretation and contextual integration of the cited content lies with the author of this book. For scientific inquiries and detailed information, it is recommended to consult the original sources. The author has endeavored to present complex scientific matters in a generally comprehensible manner. Simplifications and generalizations cannot be excluded in this process. No guarantee can be given for the technical accuracy and completeness of the simplified presentations. The paraphrased reproduction of quotations and scientific findings is done to the best of knowledge and belief in compliance with citation rights according to § 51 of the Copyright Act. When simplifying and transferring and, where applicable, translating scientific content into generally comprehensible language, nuances of meaning and technical details may be lost. For academic purposes and when using as a scientific reference, it is explicitly recommended to refer to the original sources. The simplified presentation serves exclusively for popular science information.

The information contained in this book regarding horse health, horse therapy, and herbal medicine has been carefully researched and compiled to the best of our knowledge and belief. However, errors cannot be completely ruled out. The treatment methods, therapeutic approaches, and herbal applications presented do not replace a visit to a veterinarian or other qualified horse therapists. In case of health issues with your horse, you should always consult a veterinarian. The author and publisher assume no liability for health or other damages that may arise from the application of the described methods, therapies, or medicinal herbs. The use of the information is at your own risk. Please note that veterinary medical knowledge and treatment methods are constantly evolving. The information in this book reflects the state of knowledge at the time of printing. Some of the described medicinal plants can be toxic if misapplied or improperly dosed. The preparation and application of medicinal herbs should only be done after consulting qualified professionals. The brand and product names used are the property of their respective owners, even if not specifically marked as such. References to scientific studies and further literature can be found in the appendix of the book.

This book was created using artificial intelligence and other tools. Among other things, tools were used for research and generating decorative illustrations. Despite checks, errors cannot be completely ruled out. We would like to emphasize that the use of AI serves as a supporting tool to provide our readers with a high-quality and inspiring reading experience.

This book has been translated from German. Deviations from the original or translation errors cannot be completely ruled out. All sources linked in the book are available in English. We assume no liability for any content inaccuracies or misunderstandings that may have arisen through translation.

Table of ContentsImprintintroduction1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse1.1 Musculoskeletal System1.1.1 Skeletal structure and bone structure1.1.2 Muscles and tendons1.1.3 Hoof mechanism1.1.4 Spinal function1.2 Organ Systems1.2.1 Respiratory organs1.2.2 Digestive tract1.2.3 Cardiovascular system1.2.4 Nervous system1.2.5 Hormonal system1.3 Metabolic Processes1.3.1 Energy balance1.3.2 Mineral metabolism1.3.3 Vitamin requirements1.3.4 Water balance2 Natural Healing Methods2.1 Herbal Medicine2.1.1 Healing herbs for respiratory tract2.1.2 Digestive herbs2.1.3 Immune system strengthening plants2.1.4 Wound healing herbs2.2 Physiotherapy2.2.1 Manual therapy2.2.2 Kinesiological taping2.2.3 Massage techniques2.3 Alternative Therapies2.3.1 Acupuncture2.3.2 Osteopathy2.3.3 Homeopathy2.3.4 Bach flowers3 Basic Medical Care3.1 Stable Pharmacy3.1.1 Basic equipment3.1.2 Bandaging materials3.1.3 Medications3.1.4 Disinfectants3.2 First Aid3.2.1 Wound care3.2.2 Colic signs3.2.3 Emergency measures3.3 Preventive Examinations3.3.1 Dental check3.3.2 Vaccination prophylaxis3.3.3 Deworming3.3.4 Hoof care4 Training Physiology4.1 Muscle Building4.1.1 Training basics4.1.2 Gymnastics4.1.3 Strength building4.1.4 Recovery4.2 Movement Theory4.2.1 Gaits4.2.2 Coordination4.2.3 Balance4.3 Performance Optimization4.3.1 Load management4.3.2 Training planning4.3.3 Injury preventionSourcesImage Sources

Dear readers,

I sincerely thank you for choosing this book. With your choice, you have not only given me your trust but also a part of your valuable time. I truly appreciate that.

The health of your horse is the foundation for shared successes and harmonious coexistence. This practical handbook combines solid veterinary knowledge with proven natural healing methods. From detailed anatomy of the musculoskeletal system to specific instructions for first aid measures, you will gain a comprehensive insight into equine health. Benefit from the combination of conventional medical insights with alternative treatment methods such as herbal medicine and kinesiology taping. The book imparts practical knowledge for the prevention and treatment of common ailments—from muscle building to targeted support of the musculoskeletal system. With this guide, you will develop a deeper understanding of your horse's physical connections and be able to recognize health issues earlier. Strengthen your competence in horse care and build a valuable knowledge base for the optimal care of your four-legged partner.

I now wish you an inspiring and insightful reading experience. If you have any suggestions, criticism, or questions, I welcome your feedback. Only through active exchange with you, the readers, can future editions and works become even better. Stay curious!

Artemis Saage Saage Media GmbH [email protected]ße 7 - c/o SpinLab – The HHL Accelerator, 04179 Leipzig, Germany

Introduction

To provide you with the best possible reading experience, we would like to familiarize you with the key features of this book. The chapters are arranged in a logical sequence, allowing you to read the book from beginning to end. At the same time, each chapter and subchapter has been designed as a standalone unit, so you can also selectively read specific sections that are of particular interest to you. Each chapter is based on careful research and includes comprehensive references throughout. All sources are directly linked, allowing you to delve deeper into the subject matter if interested. Images integrated into the text also include appropriate source citations and links. A complete overview of all sources and image credits can be found in the linked appendix. To effectively convey the most important information, each chapter concludes with a concise summary. Technical terms are underlined in the text and explained in a linked glossary placed directly below.

For quick access to additional online content, you can scan the QR codes with your smartphone.Additional bonus materials on our website

We provide the following exclusive materials on our website:

Bonus content and additional chaptersA compact overall summaryA PDF file with all referencesFurther reading recommendations

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SaageBooks.com/horse_health-bonus-NSXJPU

1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse

How does the body of a horse function, and what makes it so special? This question occupies horse owners, veterinarians, and scientists alike. The horse's organism is a fascinating interplay of various systems—from the powerful musculoskeletal system to the highly specialized digestive tract and the finely tuned hormonal system. While evolution has shaped the horse into an enduring prey animal, we today impose entirely different demands on our four-legged partners. Whether as a sport horse, leisure companion, or therapy horse, understanding the anatomical and physiological foundations is essential for species-appropriate care, training, and medical treatment. How does the horse's body respond to different stresses? What role do hormones and metabolic processes play in health and performance? And how can we prevent diseases? The answers to these questions lie in a detailed examination of the various organ systems and their interactions. Only those who understand the fundamentals can recognize signs of illness early and respond appropriately. The following chapters provide a well-founded insight into the complex anatomy and physiology of the horse—from the basics to current scientific findings. This knowledge forms the foundation for all further aspects of equine health.

1. 1. Musculoskeletal System

The horse's locomotor system is a highly complex arrangement of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments that has perfectly adapted over millions of years to the demands of being a prey animal. How do these approximately 500 kg creatures manage to move both powerfully and gracefully? What mechanisms allow them to graze for hours and then, in the next moment, flee at lightning speed? The answers lie in the unique construction of the equine locomotor system: from the sophisticated hoof mechanism to the elastic spine, and the powerful muscles and tendons. Understanding these anatomical and physiological relationships is fundamental for anyone working with horses—be it as an owner, trainer, or therapist. Only those who comprehend the functioning of the locomotor system can recognize problems early and take appropriate preventive measures. The following chapters will illuminate the individual components of the locomotor system in detail and demonstrate how closely their interplay is linked to the horse's health.

„Musculoskeletal diseases are the most common diagnosis in equine medicine, with healing processes often not leading to complete regeneration, but rather resulting in inferior scar tissue.“

1. 1. 1. Skeletal Structure and Bone Structure

The horse skeleton is a fascinating example of perfect adaptation for speed and strength. The bone structure is particularly rich in collagen, a protein that provides the bone with both stability and a certain degree of elasticity [s1]. This special composition allows horses to absorb enormous stresses during movement. Owners should therefore pay particular attention to a balanced calcium supply, especially during the developmental phase of young horses, as this forms the basis for healthy bone development. The collagen structure in horse bones changes significantly over the course of life. In young horses, there is a very dense and highly organized arrangement of collagen fibrils, which becomes looser and less structured with increasing age [s1]. This explains why older horses are often more susceptible to bone problems and should be trained more gently. A particularly important component of the musculoskeletal system is the articular cartilage (AC), which covers the ends of the joints [s2]. This special cartilage is structured in three zones, each fulfilling different functions. The superficial zone, with parallel collagen fibrils, ensures low-friction movements. Beneath it lies the middle zone with randomly oriented fibers, while in the deep zone, the fibrils run perpendicular to the joint surface. This sophisticated architecture, also known as Benninghoff architecture, develops during the maturation phase of the horse [s2]. The suspensory ligament, an evolutionary derivative of the middle intermuscular tendon, plays a central role in stabilizing the fetlock joint [s3]. It prevents excessive hyperextension and is therefore essential for maintaining the health of the limbs. Interestingly, the muscle composition in the suspensory ligament differs between the front and hind legs, with the front legs exhibiting a C-shaped and the hind legs a linear muscle arrangement [s3]. For trainers, it is important to know that Standardbreds have a higher muscle content in the suspensory ligament than Thoroughbreds, which should be taken into account when designing training programs. The biomechanical properties of articular cartilage are closely related to its composition [s2]. During movement, the cartilage distributes and mitigates the stresses that occur. To optimally fulfill this function, it contains not only collagen but also proteoglycans and chondrocytes. Riders should therefore pay particular attention to a progressive training design, especially for young horses, as the cartilage structure only fully develops during maturation. In practice, this means that particular care must be taken to gradually increase the load during the training of young horses, allowing the skeletal and cartilage tissues time to adapt. Regular, but moderate exercise is more important than intensive training sessions. For older horses, the declining stability of the collagen structure should be considered through adjusted training and, if necessary, supportive measures such as joint supplements. Maintaining the health of the musculoskeletal system also requires a balanced diet with sufficient minerals and trace elements. Especially during growth phases and in older horses, an adequate supply of bone-building substances is essential for maintaining skeletal health.

GlossaryBenninghoff ArchitectureA three-dimensional structural principle of articular cartilage that ensures optimal pressure distribution and stability through its special fiber arrangement.ChondrocyteSpecialized cells that live in small cavities within cartilage tissue and are responsible for the production and maintenance of cartilage substance.CollagenA fibrous protein that is the most important structural protein in the body, making up about 30% of the total protein. It is primarily responsible for the tensile strength of tissues.ProteoglycanComplex molecules made of proteins and sugar chains that can bind water like a sponge, providing elasticity and compressive strength to the tissue.Suspensory LigamentAlso known as the fetlock supporter, it consists of elastic tissue and is responsible for the cushioning of the horse's leg with each step.

1. 1. 2. Muscles and Tendons

The muscles and tendon tissue of the horse form a complex system that is crucial for movement, strength, and performance. Particularly, the paraspinal muscles along the spine play a central role in back health and can become overloaded due to injuries of the limbs or spine [s4]. This illustrates the close connection between various body regions in the horse's musculoskeletal system. Musculoskeletal diseases represent the most common diagnosis in equine medicine [s5]. A significant issue is that healing processes often do not lead to complete regeneration, resulting in inferior scar tissue. This explains the high rate of recurring injuries and underscores the importance of preventive measures. Horse owners should therefore pay particular attention to early signs of movement restrictions or behavioral changes that may indicate muscular problems. The development and maintenance of the musculoskeletal system is significantly influenced by the transcription factor Sox9 [s6]. This factor regulates the development of muscles, tendons, and bones. A deficiency in Sox9 expression can lead to underdevelopment of these tissues. In practice, this means that particular attention must be paid to a balanced development of all structures, especially during the rearing and training of young horses. A systematic training approach with adequate recovery phases is essential. In the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, chiropractic has established itself as an effective complementary method [s7]. It can help restore normal joint movement and relax tense muscles. Owners should ensure that the chiropractor has the appropriate qualifications and that treatment is always conducted in consultation with the attending veterinarian. Vertebral dysfunctions often manifest as local pain and muscle tension [s4]. A typical sign is the restricted mobility of certain body parts. Riders can often notice this through asymmetric movement or resistance during specific exercises. In such cases, a thorough examination by a specialist is indicated to avoid chronic damage.

The high rate of musculoskeletal injuries affects not only sport horses but also leisure horses [s5]. To prevent this, attention should be paid to balanced loading. This specifically means: - Regular but moderate training - Sufficient warm-up and cool-down phases - Variation of training sessions - Regular checks of equipment for proper fit - Appropriate ground conditions during training

The still not fully understood mechanisms of tissue regeneration [s5] highlight the importance of prevention. A well-thought-out training management that considers the individual needs and training level of the horse is key to success. Regular check-ups by qualified professionals should also be scheduled to identify and address potential problems early.

GlossarymusculoskeletalRefers to the interplay of muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, and joints as a functional unitparaspinalRefers to the muscles running on both sides of the spine that are important for stabilizing and moving the spine

1. 1. 3. Hoof Mechanism

The hoof mechanism of the horse is a fascinating example of perfect adaptation to high loads. As a complex biomechanical system, the hoof consists of various structures that work together to absorb significant forces and utilize energy for forward movement [s8]. The outer hoof wall, which contains no blood vessels or nerves, bears the weight of the horse and protects the inner structures [s9]. It is covered with a special protective layer that prevents excessive moisture evaporation. In the absence of this layer, dryness and cracks can occur—a common problem in domesticated horses. Therefore, horse owners should regularly check the moisture balance of the hooves and use appropriate hoof care products as needed. A central element of the hoof mechanism is the expansion and contraction of the hoof during movement [s10]. With each step, the hoof expands laterally, facilitated by the digital cushion and the lateral cartilages. This flexibility is essential for shock absorption. In practice, this means that overly tight or rigid shoes can restrict this natural movement. Farriers should take this into account when selecting and applying shoes. The frog plays a special role in the hoof mechanism [s8]. It not only absorbs shocks but also supports the blood circulation of the hoof. The pressure on the frog compresses the blood vessels, acting like a natural pump and stimulating blood circulation in the leg [s11]. A healthy, well-developed frog is therefore crucial for overall hoof health. Horse owners should ensure that the frog is neither excessively trimmed nor damaged by consistently moist bedding during hoof care. Scientific studies have shown that the unshod hoof dampens vibrations better than the shod hoof [s12]. Shoeing reduces natural damping and increases the transmission of shocks to the first phalanx. This underscores the importance of carefully weighing whether and how a horse should be shod. Alternative methods such as hoof boots can be a sensible option in some cases. Hoof growth typically amounts to about 0.6 to 1 cm per month [s13]. Interestingly, experiments with whole-body vibration plates have shown that they do not significantly accelerate hoof growth [s11]. In practice, this means that regular hoof care every 6-8 weeks is optimal for most horses. The sole of the hoof forms an important protective barrier between the ground and the inner structures [s14]. The coronary band, responsible for the growth of the hoof wall, is highly vascularized and should be protected from injuries. The inner hoof wall, with its lamellae, ensures a stable connection between the hoof wall and the coffin bone—a separation of this connection can lead to serious problems [s13].

For horse owners, it is essential to understand that the hoof mechanism can only function optimally if all components are healthy and can work naturally. In practice, this means: - Regular professional hoof care - Appropriate movement on various surfaces - Clean, dry bedding - Balanced nutrition for healthy horn growth - Regular checks for signs of problems such as cracks or rot

GlossaryLamellaLeaf-shaped tissue structures in the hoof that are arranged like interlocking fingers and provide stable suspension of the coffin bone within the horn capsule.PhalanxA limb bone in the horse that is part of the toe bones. The horse has three phalanges per leg, which, along with other bones, form the distal phalanx apparatus.

1. 1. 4. Spinal Function

The horse's spine is a masterpiece of evolution, fulfilling several vital functions simultaneously. With its five distinct sections - 7 cervical vertebrae, 18 thoracic vertebrae, 6 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, and a variable number of caudal vertebrae - it forms the central axis organ of the musculoskeletal system [s15]. Its significance extends far beyond mere support. One of the primary tasks of the spine is to protect the spinal cord, from which the nerve supply of the entire body is coordinated [s15]. The different shapes and orientations of the individual vertebrae allow for a complex interplay of various types of movement. It is important for riders to understand that mobility along the spine is not evenly distributed - the cervical region exhibits the greatest flexibility, while the lumbar region is significantly less mobile [s16]. The deep juxta-vertebral muscles play a crucial role in the stability of the spine. These highly innervated muscles surround several consecutive vertebrae and enable continuous adjustment of the spinal position [s16]. In practice, this means that well-developed back muscles are essential for maintaining the health of the spine. Riders should therefore pay particular attention to balanced conditioning of these muscle groups. Particularly interesting is the sophisticated ligament system of the spine. It allows the horse to lower its head without having to exert muscle power continuously [s16]. This explains why horses can graze relaxed with their heads lowered for extended periods. At the same time, this ligament system provides a biomechanical connection between the forehand and hindquarters. Scientific studies have shown that spinal movements between a straight and curved line differ significantly. When working in a circle, the lateral bending of the spine increases by about 3.6-3.75° [s17]. This insight is particularly relevant for training: riders should ensure that both sides are trained evenly to avoid unilateral strain. The lumbar spine deserves special attention, as it must ensure both stability and flexibility. The five movable vertebrae allow movements in various planes, while the intervertebral discs between the vertebrae act as natural shock absorbers [s18]