How Washington Actually Works For Dummies E-Book
8,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
Get the inside scoop on the most powerful city on Earth
Washington, D.C.: Capital of the Free World; the most powerful city on Earth. No other country, company, or international organization can compare with the reach and wealth of the federal government. Policymaking — the art of deciding what programs to support, what laws to pass, or what regulations to write — is at the core of what Washington does and is what everyone, from the President on down, wants to influence.
How Washington Actually Works For Dummies isn't a dry explanation of the American system of government but a playbook for how Washington really works: who has a seat at the table, how the policymaking process works, and how one survives. It takes you inside the political process in Washington, discusses changes in recent decades, and explains how the parts fit together. You find out:
- Who really runs Washington
- Why the President’s power is limited
- How Congress (and its committee structure) works
- What the bureaucrats — the men and women behind the curtain — do to earn your tax dollars
- How lobbyists, activists, and other players influence policy
In a presidential election year when economic issues are center stage and the candidates will go head to head in policy debates, there’s no better time to discover the ins and outs of how policy is actually made.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 184
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012
Ähnliche
How Washington Actually Works For Dummies®
Table of Contents
How Washington Actually Works For Dummies®
How Washington Actually Works For Dummies®
Published byJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River St.Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.
Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.
ISBN 978-1-118-31295-7 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-118-46319-2 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-46323-9 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-46324-6 (ebk)
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the generous contributions of time and expertise from the C&M International team in the preparation of this book, and in particular Doral Cooper, Peter Allgeier, Joshua Boswell, Paul Burkhead, Kate Clemans, Melissa Coyle, Paul Davies, Ke Ji, Andrew Tein, Christopher Wilson, and Patty Wu.
C&M International is an international and regulatory consultancy in Washington, D.C., and is affiliated with Crowell & Moring LLP, an international law firm representing clients in litigation and arbitration, regulatory and transactional matters, with offices in Washington, D.C., New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Orange County, London, and Brussels.
Publisher’s Acknowledgments
Project Editor: Joan Friedman
Acquisitions Editor: Tracy Boggier
Cover Photo: © iStockphoto.com / Dwight Nadig
Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com)
Project Coordinator: Kristie Rees
Introduction
Washington, D.C., Capital of the Free World. The most powerful city on Earth. No other country, company, or international organization can compare with the reach and wealth of the U.S. federal government. Policymaking — the art of deciding what programs to support, what laws to pass, or what regulations to write — is at the core of what Washington does and is what everyone, from the President on down, wants to influence. The Founding Fathers expected policymaking to be an inclusive process, and the diversity and number of actors who have emerged in Washington reflect this reality. While civics textbooks can teach you how a bill becomes law, a textbook is little help in understanding how things really get done in Washington.
As with any complicated system, you can easily miss the forest for the trees when trying to figure out policymaking. But don’t despair! You can get a grip on the policymaking process at the federal level — the players, the rules, and the game they play — without knowing the minutiae of congressional procedure or the agency behind every acronym. In fact, with a firm grasp of the basics, you too can try your hand at the policymaking game.
What will you learn from following pages? You won’t get a dry explanation of the American system of government (you remember that from grade school anyway, right?). Instead, you find a playbook for how Washington really works: who has a seat at the table, how the policymaking process works, and how someone survives. We give you the inside skinny. Some disillusioned observers may call the whole process dysfunctional, and some critics may decry it as corrupt, but for the veterans who have witnessed its successes and failures, it’s simply how Washington actually works.
About This Book
As any tourist knows, finding your way around the city of Washington, D.C., can be a challenge. Finding your way around Washington’s policymaking world is even more harrowing. It has confounded fresh-out-of-college interns and newly elected presidents equally.
This book is your map to understanding the intricate world of federal policymaking. We introduce you to all the major players, from federal bureaucrats and Congress to lobbyists and the media, and we share our insights about how much power each group actually wields. We also offer a few tips for connecting with these players, in case your goal in reading this book is to set yourself on a course for becoming one of D.C.’s most influential.
As with any For Dummies book, this is a reference book, so feel free to jump from chapter to chapter to satisfy your curiosity and read what’s most relevant to you.
Conventions Used in This Book
To help you navigate this text, we use the following conventions:
When we introduce a new term, it appears in italic and we provide a definition or explanation nearby.
Sometimes we share interesting information that isn’t crucial to your understanding of the topic at hand. That information appears in a sidebar — a gray box set apart from the rest of the text.
Website addresses appear in monofont so they’re easy to pick out if you need to go back and find them.
Foolish Assumptions
We wrote this book assuming that you’re interested in understanding the behind-the-scenes world of how things get done in Washington. Perhaps you are a cable news junkie who gets tired of watching hours of programming that merely touch the superficial and trivial side of Washington politics. You may be a civic-minded citizen who desires to become more involved in influencing federal policy. Maybe you’re a student studying U.S. politics who wonders how things really get done. Or you could even be an old Washington hand who is amused to find a book about daily life in the capital. Whoever you are, the fact that you are reading these words right now indicates an above-average intelligence and insatiable curiosity about politics.
Icons Used in This Book
Throughout the book, we place two icons in the margins that call your attention to certain types of text. Here’s what each icon means:
This icon denotes paragraphs that contain useful how-to’s for better understanding how Washington works and positioning yourself for a D.C. career.
When you see this icon, pay close attention. The point we’re making is something that’s worth recalling long after you read the words.
Where to Go from Here
The great thing about this book is you can start anywhere you want. Feel free to use the table of contents to pinpoint subjects of particular interest.
If you’re aiming for a career as a federal worker, you may want to head straight to Chapter 2. If the President’s job is particularly fascinating to you, aim for Chapter 6. If you want to know if this book confirms your cynical view of special interests, Chapter 3 on lobbying may be right for you. The civic-minded reader may want to jump to Chapter 8 to find out how to start participating in American political life.
Wherever you start, remember to come back and page through the chapters you skip — we happen to think they’re all worthwhile!
Chapter 1
A Brief History of Washington
In This Chapter
Choosing the capital’s location and building it from scratch
Growing into the city we recognize today
Considering the government’s growth in the past century
Tracking the city’s demographic trends
Appreciating the power of the Washington establishment
More than the capital of a great nation, Washington, D.C., is the political nerve center of the last (at least for now) remaining superpower, as well as a center of global diplomacy and, increasingly, the world of high-tech business. While this book focuses primarily on Washington’s policymaking role as the seat of the federal government, it is also about the institutions and individuals that define the city. To understand how Washington became the unique place it is today, in this chapter we take a step back in time to its origins as a city and capital.
Becoming the National Capital
When the 13 colonies declared their independence from the British Empire in July 1776, Washington the city did not exist. Washington the man was encamped with the Continental Army in New York, years away from winning the war and still more than a decade away from becoming the nation’s first president.
Commonwealth? State? What’s the difference?
Why is Virginia a commonwealth and Maryland a state? Virginia is one of four states in the Union that has designated itself a commonwealth. The other three are Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. These four states wanted to emphasize that their government is based on the people’s common consent. Absolutely no constitutional distinction exists between commonwealths and states.
But by the early 1790s, a new city was under construction on the Potomac, and at the dawn of the 19th century the federal government would relocate to its new and permanent seat in Washington, D.C. In this section, we explain how the nation’s capital came into being.
Putting D.C. on the map
The land on which Washington is built lies on the East Coast of the United States along the Potomac River, which separates it from the Commonwealth of Virginia. On its other three sides the city is surrounded by the state of Maryland.
Listening to the city’s residents today, you won’t hear many southern accents. But Washington is undeniably a southern city, located below the Mason-Dixon Line; a two-hour ride down I-95 takes you to the once-Confederate capital of Richmond. (President John F. Kennedy, not kindly, once described Washington as “A city of southern efficiency and northern charm.”) Washington’s southern location, as you will soon find out, was central to its selection for the nation’s new capital.
Building Georgetown and Alexandria
The earliest inhabitants of this land were Native Americans, but by the 17th century, Europeans had arrived. For these settlers, tobacco was king, and the trade of this commodity on the Potomac led to the founding of the federal district’s first two major settlements: Georgetown and Alexandria.
Best known today for its prestigious university, rows of expensive townhouses for the D.C. elite, and swanky shops, Georgetown was located in what would become the northwest quadrant of the District of Columbia. It originally fell within the bounds of Frederick County, Maryland. In 1751, the Maryland Legislature authorized a group of commissioners to purchase 60 acres of land along the Potomac River from owners George Gordon and George Beall. The commissioners were instructed to plan and construct a new town called Georgetown. George II was the sovereign at the time, but history isn’t clear about which of the many Georges the town name honors. Georgetown quickly grew into a bustling commercial port, as it was fortuitously located on a key route for tobacco shipments from Maryland and was also the farthest navigable point on the Potomac for ocean-going ships.
Alexandria, located south of Georgetown on the Virginia side of the Potomac, had similar beginnings. In response to a petition by land speculators with the Ohio Company, in 1749 the House of Burgesses (the colonists’ first elected assembly of representatives) approved the establishment of Alexandria at the site of a tobacco warehouse just north of Huntington Creek, a tributary of the Potomac. The Ohio Company considered the area ideal for a port that could facilitate the trade it hoped to pursue deeper inland. (Fun fact: Two maps of the area as it existed prior to the construction of Alexandria were prepared by a young surveyor named George Washington.)
Sitting far from the early seats of power
The establishment of Washington as the capital of the fledgling United States was certainly not inevitable. The area of the future District of Columbia consisted of a few small communities founded because they were convenient places to ship and store tobacco. The common belief that Washington was built on a swamp has received significant pushback from historians. (They prefer the term tidal marsh, thank you very much.) Regardless, the Founding Fathers must have had admirable amounts of imagination to picture a new Rome rising from its muddy shores. (They certainly tried hard: At the time of Washington’s founding, the small Goose Creek, a tributary that flowed near Capitol Hill, was grandiosely renamed the Tiber.)
The great political events of the American Revolution occurred far from the future capital. Both the First and Second Continental Congresses met chiefly (though not exclusively) in the already established city of Philadelphia. Under the Articles of Confederation, members of the Congress of the Confederation met successively in Philadelphia, Princeton, Annapolis, Trenton, and New York City.
National politics might have happily ignored the lonely banks on the Potomac had it not been for the failure of the Articles of Confederation to manage the fractious colonies-turned-states. But because the Articles purposely gave the Confederation Congress no real power, some states began taking matters into their own hands.
Meeting in Mount Vernon and Annapolis
In order to better regulate the Potomac River, Pocomoke River, and Chesapeake Bay, Virginia and Maryland decided in 1785 to send a group of delegates to meet in Alexandria and sort out the situation. George Washington, by now a famous (albeit retired) general, invited the delegates to continue their work at Mount Vernon, his nearby plantation. Due to Washington’s hospitality, the interstate gathering became known as the Mount Vernon Conference, and the agreement the delegates arrived at became the Mount Vernon Compact.
A shining success for interstate diplomacy, the Mount Vernon Conference served as a model for the following year’s Annapolis Convention, at which a dozen delegates from various states met in Maryland to discuss the defects of the federal government, specifically related to interstate trade. The gathering in Annapolis was followed by the historic Constitutional Convention of 1787, where state delegates met in Philadelphia to deliberate on a new framework for the national government.
What had begun as a small gathering in Alexandria in 1785 culminated in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution, which set the stage for the eventual establishment of Washington, D.C. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution lists the powers of Congress, including this one:
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States . . .
Wheeling and dealing
Some capitals emerge from the eternal depths of history. Legend has it that Washington, D.C., was the result of a backroom political compromise. President Washington, newly sworn into office at New York’s Federal Hall in 1789, faced a daunting challenge: War had strained the colonies’ finances to the breaking point, and the young nation was deeply in debt. Creditors were clamoring to be paid. Much of the debt was owed by individual states, but Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury in the new Washington administration, had a plan. In his First Report on Public Credit, delivered to Congress in January 1790, Hamilton proposed that the national government fully assume the debts of the states.
Hamilton’s proposal was met with swift opposition, led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, a member of the House of Representatives from Virginia. The two men leveled three main lines of attack:
By this point, the debt was held largely by speculators who, in many cases, had bought it from desperate soldiers for far below its original value. Thus, speculators would profit at the expense of the heroes of the American Revolution.
As everyone recognized, the assumption of the states’ debts would greatly increase the power of the federal government because subsequently all creditors would look to one central authority for repayment, necessitating that the federal government raise revenues.
The debts themselves were not evenly distributed among the states. Some southern states, Virginia among them, had already paid most of their war-era debts. Others, including several northern states, had paid little and were still struggling financially. If the federal government assumed responsibility for all state debts and began collecting federal taxes, states like Virginia would essentially be forced to help pay off the debts of the less financially disciplined states.
