Human and Ecological Risk Assessment E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 4004

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Understand the fundamentals of human risk assessment with this introduction and reference

Human risk assessments are a precondition for virtually all industrial action or environmental regulation, all the more essential in a world where chemical and environmental hazards are becoming more abundant. These documents catalog potential environmental, toxicological, ecological, or other harms resulting from a particular hazard, from chemical spills to construction projects to dangerous workplaces. They turn on a number of variables, of which the most significant is the degree of human exposure to the hazardous agent or process.

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment combines the virtues of a textbook and reference work to introduce and analyze these vital documents. Beginning with the foundational theory of human health risk assessment, it then supplies case studies and detailed analysis illustrating the practice of producing risk assessment documents. Fully updated and authored by leading authorities in the field, the result is an indispensable work.

Readers of the second edition of Human and Ecological Risk Assessment will also find:

• Over 40 entirely new case studies reflecting the latest in risk assessment practice
• Detailed discussion of hazards including air emissions, contaminated food and soil, hazardous waste sites, and many more
• Case studies from multiple countries to reflect diverse international standards

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment is ideal for professionals and advanced graduate students in toxicology, industrial hygiene, occupational medicine, environmental science, and all related subjects.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Volume 1

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Foreword to the Third Edition

Foreword to the Second Edition

Eight Lessons From the Real World of Risk Assessment

Foreword to the First Edition

Preface

About the Editor

Section A: Theory: Human Health Assessment

1 Primer on Human and Environmental Risk Assessment

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Health Risk Assessment: A Brief History

1.3 Helpful Resources for Conducting Risk Assessments

1.4 Summary

References and Supplemental References

2 Hazard Identification (Humans)

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Brief History of Hazard Identification

2.3 Hazard Identification for Carcinogens

2.4 Hazard Identification for Noncarcinogens

2.5 Importance of Weight of Evidence

2.6 Human Health Guidance

2.7 Closing

References

3 Hazard Identification (Environmental)

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Evaluating Chemical and Physical Properties

3.3 Partitioning

3.4 Evaluating Biological Interactions

3.5 Toxicity Testing

3.6 Other Considerations in Ecological Hazard Assessment

References

4 Dose‐Response Assessment (Cancer and Non‐Cancer)

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Significant Changes in the Art of Dose–Response Assessment for Carcinogens (2000–2025)

4.3 Assessing Noncarcinogens

4.4 Thresholds and Safety Factor Approach

4.5 Dose–Response Assessment for Carcinogens

4.6 Choice of Extrapolation Procedure

4.7 Non‐Genotoxic Carcinogens

4.8 Estimating Safe Doses from Epidemiological Studies

4.9 Concluding Remarks

References

Supplementary References

5 Exposure Assessment

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Basic Concepts

5.3 Conceptual Approaches to Exposure Assessment

5.4 Information Upon Which Exposure Assessments Are Based

5.5 Estimating Uptake via the Skin

5.6 Estimating Intake via Ingestion

5.7 Estimating Uptake via Inhalation

5.8 Role of Uncertainty Analysis

5.9 Biomarkers and Biomonitoring

5.10 Conclusion

References

6 Risk Characterization

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Guidance Documents on Risk Characterization (1983–2023)

6.3 Key Components of Risk Characterization

6.4 Toxicity Criteria for Evaluating Health Risks

6.5 Descriptors Used to Characterize Health Risks

6.6 Methods for Quantifying Human Health Risks

6.7 Key Uncertainties in Risk Characterizations

6.8 Risk Decision‐Making Process

6.9 Risk Communication

6.10 International Approaches to Risk Characterization

6.11 Future Directions of Risk Characterization

References

Supplementary References

Section B: Case Studies of Human Health Hazards of Various Contaminated Media

B.1: Case Studies Involving Contaminated Water

7 Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Health Effects

7.3 Regulations and Drinking Water Guidelines

7.4 Case Studies

References

B.2: Case Studies Involving Contaminated Soils

8 Quantitative Risk Assessment for Synthetic Biology: A Case Study of Plastics Degradation in Municipal Landfill

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Risk Assessment Framework

8.3 Simulation: Use of Engineered

Ideonella sakaiensis

in a Modern‐day Plastic Landfill

8.4 Conclusion

References

9 Dose Reconstructions for Radionuclides: Case Study Involving Hunters Point Naval Shipyard (HPNS), California

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Background of the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard Site

9.3 HPNS versus Other Radioactively Contaminated Superfund Sites

9.4 HPNS versus Other Radionuclide Exposures

9.5 Dose and Cancer Risk Calculations for ROCs in Soil

9.6 Sensitivity Analysis to Account for Potentially Compromised Soil Data

9.7 Hazard Identification

9.8 Gross Alpha and Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates

9.9 Background Radioactivity in Air at the HPNS Site

9.10 Relevance of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) at HPNS

9.11 ROCs in Soils at HPNS Compared to Guidance Values

9.12 Exposure Assessment

9.13 Pre‐Remediation Concentrations of ROCs in Soil

9.14 Post‐Remediation Concentrations of ROCs in Soil

9.15 Analysis of Wind Patterns Near HPNS

9.16 Risk Characterization

9.17 Scenario 1: Pre‐Remediation, No Durable Cover, Nonresidential Tenants/On‐Site Workers, and Theoretical On‐Site Residents

9.18 Scenario 2: Post‐Remediation, No Durable Cover, Nonresidential Tenants/On‐Site Workers, and Future On‐Site Residents

9.19 Scenario 3: Post‐Remediation, With Durable Cover, Nonresidential Tenants/On‐Site Workers, and Future On‐Site Residents

9.20 Comparing Pre‐ and Post‐Remediation Risk Values

9.21 Off‐Site Risks

9.22 Sensitivity Analysis of the Plausible Impact of Soil Sample Substitution

9.23 The Linear No‐Threshold Model

9.24 Best Practices for Designing Biomonitoring Programs for Radionuclide Exposed Populations

9.25 Uncertainty Analysis for the Risk Assessment

9.26 Methods for Identifying the Optimal Cleanup Strategy

9.27 Risk Communication

9.28 Conclusion

Abbreviations

References

B.3: Case Studies Involving Air Contaminants

10 Mathematical Modeling of Environmental and Occupational Exposure

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Methodology

10.3 Understanding the Chemistry and Physics

10.4 Choice of Models

10.5 Uncertainty Analyses

10.6 Case Study – Automotive Repair Shop in a Suburban Environment

10.7 Conclusions

References

B.4: Case Studies Involving Consumer Products

11 Health Risk Assessment of Consumer Products: Case Studies of DEHP Exposure From Disposable Plastic Packaging and Formaldehyde Exposure From a Residential Couch

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Background

11.3 Human Health Risk Assessment of DEHP in Disposable Plastic Packaging

11.4 Health Risk Assessment of Formaldehyde in a Residential Couch

11.5 Summary and Conclusions

References

12 Health Risks of Fungi in the Built Environment

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Fungi Ecology in the Built Environment

12.3 Health Hazards from Inhalation of Fungi

12.4 Mold Evaluation and Assessment Methods

12.5 Fungal Remediation

12.6 Closing

12.7 Key Points

References

13 A Risk Assessment of Cosmetic Talc for the Development of Mesothelioma and Ovarian Cancer

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Analytical Identification of Asbestos in Cosmetic Talc

13.3 Cosmetic Talc Health Concerns

13.4 Risk Assessment Approach

Acknowledgments

References

14 Proposition 65 and Exposure Assessment Methods

14.1 Introduction

14.2 The Proposition 65 List

14.3 Safe Harbor Levels

14.4 Exposure Assessment Under Proposition 65

14.5 Guidance for Determining Level of Exposure to Chemicals Causing Cancer

14.6 Guidance for Level of Exposure to Chemicals Causing Reproductive Toxicity

14.7 Historical Interpretive Guidelines Issued by OEHHA

14.8 Safe Use Determinations (SUD) Provided by OEHHA

14.9 Case Studies

14.10 Discussion

14.11 Closing

References

15 Latest Developments in the Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials: A Framework for Advanced Materials and Emerging Technologies

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Nanomaterial Risk Assessment Builds upon Traditional Risk Assessment Paradigms

15.3 Role of Life‐Cycle Thinking

15.4 Hazard Identification – Physicochemical Characterization of Nanomaterials

15.5 Nanotoxicology and Hazard Assessment for Nanomaterials

15.6 Exposure Assessment of Nanomaterials

15.7 Risk Characterization for Nanomaterials

15.8 Case Study I: Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

15.9 Case Study II: Cellulose Nanomaterials

15.10 Lessons Learned

15.11 The Future of Nanomaterial Risk Assessment

References

Volume 2

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Foreword to the Third Edition

Foreword to the Second Edition

Eight Lessons From the Real World of Risk Assessment

Foreword to the First Edition

Preface

About the Editor

B.5: Case Studies Involving Occupational Exposure

16 Assessment of Human Health Risks Associated with Changing Clothes and Handling Work Uniforms Containing Foundry Dust

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Occupational Exposure Data

16.3 Screening for Chemicals of Interest

16.4 Hazard Identification

16.5 Dose–Response Assessment

16.6 Exposure Assessment

16.7 Risk Characterization

References

17 A Review of Take‐Home Exposure and Risk Associated with the Handling of Clothing Contaminated with Asbestos

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Methods

17.3 Results

17.4 Discussion

17.5 Conclusions

Disclaimer

References

18 Case Study: Occupational Use, Exposures, and Environmental Chamber Studies of Human Eye and Respiratory Irritation Responses for a Peracetic Acid‐based Hospital Surface Disinfectant

18.1 PAA‐based Daily Hospital Surface Disinfectant Background

18.2 Exposure Characterization Methods and Findings

18.3 Monell Environmental Chamber Studies

18.4 Auxiliary Studies on Field Use and Exposure Characteristics

18.5 Dose–response Analysis of the Monell Environmental Chamber Studies

18.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Conflict of Interest Statement

References

B.6: Methods for Conducting Exposure Assessments for Children

19 Children's Health and Exposure to Chemicals in the Natural and Built Environment

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Children's Sensitivity to their Environment

19.3 Chemical Hazards

19.4 Environmental Determinants of Child Health

19.5 Children's Health Outcomes

19.6 Key Governmental and International Actions on Children's Environmental Health

19.7 Addressing Children's Exposures to Chemicals, where Things Are Headed in the Coming Years

Disclaimer

References

20 Assessing Children's Exposure to Contaminants in House Dust: A Case Study of Flame Retardants

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Case Study: Children's Exposure to Brominated Flame Retardants in Residential Environments

20.3 Applying 4‐Step Children's Exposure Assessment Methodology to BFRs in Residential Environments

20.4 Discussion of Limitations in the Analyses

20.5 Conclusions

Appendix 1: Summary and Comparison of Chemical Risk Management Regulations and Activities in Europe, Canada, the United States, and Australia With Focus on Phthalates (Eichler et al. 2019)

Disclaimer

References

B.7: Assessment of Tainted Foods

21 Microbial Risk Assessment

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Microbial Hazard Identification

21.3 Microbial Exposure Assessment

21.4 Microbial Dose Response

21.5 Microbial Risk Characterization

21.6 Case Studies

References

Section C: Theory: Ecological Risk Assessment

22 Fundamentals of Ecological Risk Assessment

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Fundamentals of ERA

22.3 Key Considerations

22.4 Enhancing the ERA Process

22.5 The Future of ERA

22.6 Summary

References

23 Application of Weight of Evidence in Ecological Risk Assessment

23.1 Introduction

23.2 General Steps of WoE Approaches

23.3 Illustrating the Use of Weight of Evidence

23.4 Discussion

Acronyms

References

Section D: Case Studies in Environmental and Aquatic Risk Assessment

24 Case Study – Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessment of Residual Soil Contamination at a Former Munitions Disposal Landfill

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Planning the SLERA

24.3 Problem Formulation

24.4 Analysis

24.5 Risk Characterization

24.6 Risk Management

References

25 Assessing Risks to Wildlife from Exposures to Chemicals

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Problem Formulation

25.3 Exposure Assessment

25.4 Effects Assessment

25.5 Risk Characterization

25.6 Case Studies

25.7 Conclusions

References

Section E: Important Topics Related to Environment Assessment

26 Emerging Frameworks and Tools for Environmental Risk Assessment

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Holistic and Inclusive Assessments

26.3 Biomolecular Processes and Conditions

26.4 Conclusion

Dedication

References

27 Tiered Environmental Causal Analysis

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Overview of the Tiered Approach for Causal Analysis

27.3 Data Quality Considerations for Causal Analyses

27.4 Case Study Examples

27.5 Dedication

27.6 Summary

References

Section F: Risk Assessment Policy and Practice in Countries Outside the United States

28 Risk Scoring Methods for Ranking Hazards to Human Health and Environment – Contaminated Sites as a Case Study

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Model Scope Definition

28.3 Risk Attributes and Weightings

28.4 Risk Scoring Methods

28.5 The Role of Experts

28.6 Uncertainty

28.7 Summary of Reviewed Contaminated Land Models

28.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

29 Australian Case Studies Involving Exposure to PFOS

29.1 Background on PFOS Contamination in Australia

29.2 Introduction to Australian Regulatory Agencies

29.3 Toxicology

29.4 Human Health Risk Assessment of PFOS in Australia

29.5 Ecological Health Risk Assessment Involving PFOS in Australia

29.6 Other Considerations

Acknowledgments

References

30 How Risk Assessments Are Conducted in Germany; Including a Case Study

30.1 General Legislation of Hazardous Substances

30.2 The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)

30.3 The MAK Commission (Occupational Exposure Limits)

30.4 Case Study: Bisphenol A in the United States and in Europe: Differences in Hazard and Risk Assessments

References

MAK‐Documentations

MAK‐ and BAT Values: MAK‐Documentations

Section G: Carcinogens in Perspective

31 Misconceptions about the Causes of Cancer

31.1 Misconception 1

31.2 Misconception 2

31.3 Misconception 3

31.4 Misconception 4

31.5 Misconception 5

31.6 Misconception 6

31.7 Misconception 7

31.8 Misconception 8

31.9 Misconception 9

Acknowledgments

References

Section H: Research Methods, Economics, and Risk Communication

32 Evidence‐Based Methods in Toxicology: Systematic Review and Systematic Evidence Mapping

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Background on Evidence‐Based Toxicology and Systematic Review in Hazard and Risk Assessment

32.3 Tools for Application of Evidence‐Based Toxicology

32.4 Systematic Evidence Maps (Scoping Reviews)

32.5 Systematic Review (SR)

32.6 Methodological Components of Evidence‐Based Toxicology Assessments

32.7 Problem Formulation

32.8 Protocol Development

32.9 Evidence Identification

32.10 Individual Study Assessment

32.11 Body of Evidence Assessment

32.12 Special Considerations for Risk Assessment Applications

32.13 Establishing Best Practices

References

33 Risk Assessment and Regulatory Impact Analysis

33.1 Role of RIA in Developing Regulations

33.2 RIA Analytical Steps and Guidelines (A‐4)

33.3 Compatibility with Risk Assessment

33.4 Case Study – Analysis Supporting EPA's Hazard Standards and Clearance Levels for Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil

References

34 Co‐Benefits, Countervailing Risks, and Cost–Benefit Analysis

34.1 Introduction

34.2 The Optimal Scope of Ancillary Impact Analysis

34.3 Case Studies

34.4 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgments

References

35 Communicating Risks

35.1 Introduction

35.2 What is Risk?

35.3 What is “Perceived” Risk?

35.4 What Accounts for Differences in Perceived and Assessed Risk?

35.5 Communicating Risks

35.6 Wrap‐up and Takeaways

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 An Historical Timeline of Events Having Some Significance on the ...

Table 1.2 An Historical Timeline of Events Having Some Significance on the E...

Table 1.3 An Historical Timeline of Events Having Some Significance on the E...

Table 1.4 An Historical Timeline of Events Having Some Significance on the E...

Table 1.5 A Partial List of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics (PB‐PK) M...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Questions Often Asked in Hazard Identification for Interpretation ...

Table 2.2 Regulatory Guidance Useful to Conducting a Hazard Assessment Suppo...

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties Influencing Contaminant’s Interac...

Table 3.2 Tests Often Used to Screen for Ecological Impact of New Products....

Table 3.3 Water Solubilities of Various Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons....

Table 3.4 Vapor Pressure and Volatilization Half‐Life of Various Halogenated...

Table 3.5 Water Solubilities and Partition Coefficients for Various Compound...

Table 3.6 Methods for Estimating the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) Using Phy...

Table 3.7 Water Solubility, Soil Adsorption Coefficient, and Bioconcentratio...

Table 3.8 U.S. EPA Series 850 Ecological Effects Test Guidelines Intended to...

Table 3.9 OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Biological Factors to be Considered in Human Risk Assessment.

Table 4.2 The Results of Low‐dose Extrapolation Models Usually Vary in the F...

Table 4.3 Biological Half‐life of Selected Chemicals (days).

Table 4.4 An example of How a Low‐dose Extrapolation Model may over‐respond ...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Examples of PBPK Models for Toxic Materials.

Table 5.2 Examples of Types of Measurements to Characterize Exposure‐related...

Table 5.3 Select Standard Default Assumptions Used in Exposure Assessment.

Table 5.4 Select Modeling and Database‐type Tools Publicly Available via USE...

Table 5.5 Human Cutaneous Permeability Coefficient Values for Some Industria...

Table 5.6 Representative Surface Areas of the Human Body (Adult Male)

Table 5.7 Absorption Rates of Some Neat Industrial Liquid Chemicals in Human...

Table 5.8 Percutaneous Absorption Rates for Chemical Vapors In Vivo

Table 5.9 Summary of Tap Water Intake by Age

Table 5.10 Recommended Values for Childhood and Adult Soil and Dust Ingestio...

Table 5.11 Select Default Exposure Factor Recommendations Involving Food Int...

Table 5.12 Values for Daily Intakes of Breast Milk

Table 5.13 Daily Inhalation Rates Estimated from Daily Activities

Table 5.14 USEPA Guiding Principles for Monte Carlo Analysis

Table 5.15 Risks Calculated for Exposure to Four Halogenated Solvents in Wat...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Key Components of Risk Characterization for Hazard Identification...

Table 6.2 Key Components of Risk Characterization for Exposure Assessment...

Table 6.3 Key Components of Risk Characterization for Dose–Response Relation...

Table 6.4 Types of Uncertainty in Risk Characterization

Table 6.5 1986 USEPA Classification System for Carcinogens

Table 6.6 Median of Cost/Life‐Year Saved Estimates as a Function of Sector o...

Table 6.7 Maximum Plausible Excess Cancer Risk for Persons at a Residential ...

Table 6.8 Maximum Plausible Excess Cancer Risk for Workers Exposed at an Ind...

Table 6.9 Estimated Hazard Quotients (HQs) and Hazard Index (HI) for Califor...

Table 6.10 Estimated Hazard Quotients from Multipathway Exposures to Three M...

Table 6.11 Age‐Specific Margin of Safety (MOS) for the Noncarcinogenic Hazar...

Table 6.12 Distribution of Margin of Safety (MOS) for Noncarcinogenic Hazard...

Table 6.13

In Vivo

Percutaneous Absorption of Chemicals in Humans and Animal...

Table 6.14 Formaldehyde Risk Estimate for Rats Based on Alternative Mathemat...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Physicochemical Properties and Environmental Half‐Lives Observed o...

Table 7.2 Specific PFAS Detected by US EPA Method 537.1

Table 7.3 Health Effects Observed from Oral PFOA or PFOS Exposure in Animal ...

Table 7.4 C8 Health Project Participants' Serum PFOA Concentrations

a

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Examples of common Exposure Parameters for exposure assessment

Table 8.2 List of Parameters Used for Ethylene Glycol Production Rate in Lan...

Table 8.3 List of Parameters Used for Exposure Assessment

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Half‐Life and Predominant Types of Radiation Emitted for the Eigh...

Table 9.2 Current Remedial Goals at HPNS for the Eight ROCs (Tetra Tech EC ...

Table 9.3 Background Soil Concentrations Compared to HPNS Remedial Goals

Table 9.4 External, Ingestion, and Inhalation Morbidity Slope Factors for R...

Table 9.5 Input Parameter Values Used for RESRAD‐ONSITE Model

Table 9.6 Radionuclide Dose and Lifetime Incremental Cancer Risk for Adult ...

Table 9.7 Estimated Doses of the Eight ROCs at HPNS If the Site Was Cleaned...

Table 9.8 Net UCLs for the Eight ROCs in the Pre‐ and Post‐Remediation Soil...

Table 9.9 Pre‐Remediation Risk for Nonresidential Tenants/On‐Site Workers a...

Table 9.10 Pre‐Remediation Risk for Theoretical On‐Site Residents at HPNS, ...

Table 9.11 Post‐Remediation Risk for On‐Site Residents at HPNS, Without Dur...

Table 9.12 Post‐Remediation Risk for On‐Site Workers/Nonresidential Tenants...

Table 9.13 Post‐Remediation Risk for On‐Site Residents at HPNS, With Durabl...

Table 9.14 Post‐Remediation Risk for On‐Site Workers/Nonresidential Tenants...

Table 9.15 Summary of Results of Ten Years of Airborne Dust Sampling Data f...

Table 9.16 Summary of Results of 10 Years of Airborne Dust Sampling Data fo...

Table 9.17 Average Alpha and Beta Concentrations (μCi/mL)

a

for Upwind and D...

Table 9.18 Derived Air Concentrations (DACs) for Occupational Exposures and...

Table 9.19 Post‐Remediation Risk for On‐Site Residents at HPNS, With Durabl...

Table 9.20 Post‐Remediation Risk for On‐Site Workers/Nonresidential Tenants...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Summary of the Capabilities of a Representative Selection of Air...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Physicochemical Properties of DEHP

Table 11.2 Example Non‐Cancer Health Guidance Values (HGVs) for DEHP Exposu...

Table 11.3 Example Cancer Potency Values for DEHP by Agency

Table 11.4 Summary of DEHP Dermal Absorption Rate Studies

Table 11.5 Summary of Exposure Assessment of DEHP in Disposable Plastic Pac...

Table 11.6 Physicochemical Properties of Formaldehyde

Table 11.7 Example Non‐Cancer Inhalation Health Guidance Values (HGVs) for ...

Table 11.8 Example Cancer Potency Values for Formaldehyde by Agency

Table 11.9 Summary of Exposure Assessment of Formaldehyde in Couch Fabric (...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Common Fungi in Indoor and Outdoor Air in the United States

Table 12.2 Example Compounds Used for MVOC Analysis

Table 12.3 Surface Sample Results (Partial Results)

Table 12.4 Initial Indoor Spore Trap Results (Partial Results), Range of De...

Table 12.5 Summary of Air Sampling Scenarios Evaluated

Table 12.6 Summary of Air Sampling Results (Partial Results)

Table 12.7 Summary of Surface Sampling Results (Partial Results)

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Summary of Chronic and Subchronic Talc Inhalation Animal Studies...

Table 13.2 Summary of Talc Injection Animal Studies

Table 13.3 Summary of Cosmetic Talc Miner and Miller Cohort Studies

Table 13.4 Summary of Representative Dust and Fiber Exposure Measurement Da...

Table 13.5 Summary of Average Cumulative Asbestos Exposure Estimates for Ea...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Historical SUDs Issued by OEHHA.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Elements of Nanomaterial Risk Assessment

Table 15.2 Parameters Essential to Nanomaterial Characterization for Risk A...

Table 15.3 Analytical Chemistry Techniques for Physicochemical Characteriza...

Table 15.4 Occupational Exposure Limits Promulgated by the EU Scaffold Proj...

Table 15.5 Example NANO LCRA Exposure Scenarios for Applications of CNT in ...

Table 15.6 Published Occupational Exposure Limits for Carbon Nanotubes

Table 15.7 Physicochemical Characterization of FC

Table 15.8 Approach to CNC Hazard Assessment for Use in Food

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Content Range of Metals in Casting Alloys (%) (AFS)

Table 16.2 Total Number of Samples of Airborne Chemicals Collected in Each ...

Table 16.3 Distribution of Air Samples Collected, by Department, at all of ...

Table 16.4 COI Associated with Changing or Handling Foundry Work Uniforms a...

Table 16.5 Concentrations of Metals in Spent Foundry Sand Compared to Human...

Table 16.6 Inhalation Toxicity Values for Noncancer (RfC) and Cancer (IUR) ...

Table 16.7 Oral Toxicity Values for Noncancer (RfD) and Cancer (Oral Slope ...

Table 16.8 Average Surface Dust Concentrations of Metals Studied in this As...

Table 16.9 Estimated Eight‐hour TWA Airborne Concentrations of Metals and S...

Table 16.10 Summary of Air Sampling Results for COI by Decade

Table 16.11 Ratios for Eight‐hour TWA Inhalation Exposures for Metals and S...

Table 16.12 Estimated Eight‐hour TWA Inhalation Exposures of Metals and Sil...

Table 16.13 Exposure Factors for Noncancer Hazard from Inhalation Exposures...

Table 16.14 Exposure Factors for Cancer Risk from Inhalation Exposures to W...

Table 16.15 Hazard Quotients (HQ) Associated with Noncarcinogenic Hazard fr...

Table 16.16 Incremental Cancer Risk (ICR) from Inhalation Exposures to Work...

Table 16.17 Absorbed Dose for Worker Dermal Exposure Scenario

Table 16.18 Exposure Factors for Noncancer Hazard From Dermal Exposures to ...

Table 16.19 Exposure Factors for Cancer Risk from Dermal Exposures to Worke...

Table 16.20 Hazard Quotients Associated with Noncarcinogenic Hazard from De...

Table 16.21 Incremental Cancer Risk from Dermal Exposures to Workers Due to...

Table 16.22 Mass of Metal COI Deposited on Hands of Worker from Changing Un...

Table 16.23 Exposure Factors for Noncancer Hazard from Oral Exposures to Wo...

Table 16.24 Exposure Factors for Cancer Risk from Oral Exposures to Workers...

Table 16.25 Hazard Quotients Associated with Noncarcinogenic Hazard from Or...

Table 16.26 Incremental Cancer Risk from Dermal Exposures to Workers Due to...

Table 16.27 Estimated One‐Hour TWA Airborne Concentrations of Metals and Si...

Table 16.28 Ratios for One‐hour TWA Inhalation Exposures for Metals and Sil...

Table 16.29 Estimated One‐hour TWA Inhalation Exposures of Metals and Silic...

Table 16.30 Exposure Factors for Noncancer Hazard from Inhalation Exposures...

Table 16.31 Exposure Factors for Cancer Risk from Inhalation Exposures of F...

Table 16.32 Hazard Quotients Associated with the Noncancer Hazard from Inha...

Table 16.33 Incremental Cancer Risk (ICR) from Inhalation Exposures to Fami...

Table 16.34 Mass of Metal COI Ingested by Child Due to Being in Laundry Roo...

Table 16.35 Exposure Factors for Noncancer Hazard from Oral Exposures to Ch...

Table 16.36 Exposure Factors for Cancer Risk from Oral Exposures of Child f...

Table 16.37 Hazard Quotients Associated with the Noncancer Hazard from Oral...

Table 16.38 Incremental Cancer Risk (ICR) from Oral Exposures to Child from...

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Personal Airborne Fiber Concentrations Collected During Clothes‐...

Table 17.2 Personal Airborne Fiber Concentrations Collected During Periods ...

Table 17.3 Bystander Airborne Fiber Concentrations and Distances Associated...

Table 17.4 Calculated Full‐Shift Airborne Fiber Concentrations Associated w...

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Summary Statistics for Monell Environmental Chamber Studies of P...

Table 18.2 Summary Statistics for Monell Environmental Chamber Studies of P...

Table 18.3 Summary Statistics for Monell Environmental Chamber Studies of P...

Table 18.4 Summary of PAA‐based Disinfectant Cloth Use Patterns for Eight T...

Table 18.5 Summary of PAA‐based Disinfectant Cloth Use Patterns for EVS Wor...

Table 18.6 Summary of Mass Transfer Study Results for Use of 1, 2, or 4 Wet...

Table 18.7 Well‐mixed Small Room Study of Breathing Zone Concentrations of ...

Table 18.8 Well‐Mixed Small Room Study of Breathing Zone Concentrations of ...

Table 18.9 Summary of Mop Study Results for Manufacturer Mopheads Wetted to...

Table 18.10 Summary Statistics for Subjective Irritation Scores: Average Su...

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Washington State Reporting List of Chemicals of High Concern to ...

Table 19.2 Factors Influencing Child Susceptibility to Health Outcomes

Table 19.3 Key Governmental and International Actions on Children's Environ...

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Guidelines for Incorporatin...

Table 20.2 Average Daily Exposure Estimate Equations for Selected Exposure ...

Table 20.3 Selected Exposure Factors From the U.S. EPA's Exposure Factors H...

Table 20.4 Key US Federal Policies to Reduce Childhood Lead Exposure

Table 20.5 Recent Studies That Have Measured Brominated Flame Retardants in...

Table 20.6 Mean House Dust Concentrations (ng/g) Calculated From Medians an...

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Global Estimate of Death Among Top Ten Clinically Significant Ba...

Table 21.2 Number of Global Deaths by Cause, 2019.

Table 21.3 A List of Classic Environmental Media and How Biological Samples...

Table 21.4 Overview of Culture‐based Analytical Methodologies for Microbial...

Table 21.5 Overview of Non‐culture‐based Analytical Methodologies for Micro...

Table 21.6 Infectious Dose of Specific Microorganisms for Humans

a

.

Table 21.7 Dose–Response Assessment Approaches.

Table 21.8 Factors to be Considered when Selecting Qualitative, Semiquantit...

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Comparison Between Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Eco...

Table 22.2 Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance in U.S. State and Federal Re...

Table 22.3 Important questions when planning an ecological risk assessment....

Table 22.4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 4 Ecological Soil Sc...

Table 22.5 Exposure equations used in ecological risk assessment.

Table 22.6 Examples of Ecological Assessment Endpoints and Associated Measu...

Table 22.7 Safety Factors Used in Ecological Risk Assessment.

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Regulatory Guidance Documents for Conducting a Weight‐of‐Evidenc...

Table 23.2 Examples of Systematic Review Guidance Documents and Tools for A...

Table 23.3 Assessment and Measurement Endpoints at the Eastern Woolen Mill ...

Table 23.4 Assessment and Measurement Endpoints at the Eastern Woolen Mill ...

Table 23.5 Integration of the Measurement Endpoints for the Eastern Woolen ...

Table 23.6 Eastern Woolen Mill Superfund Site Visual Representation of the ...

Table 23.7 Example Scoring Sheet for an Ecotoxicity Study According to the ...

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 Minimum and Maximum Concentrations of Each Chemical of Potential...

Table 24.2 Ecological Receptors Selected for Evaluation in the Screening‐Le...

Table 24.3 Exposure Equations Used to Predict the Theoretical Uptake of Con...

Table 24.4 Exposure Factors and Parameter Values Used in Exposure Equations...

Table 24.5 Bioaccumulation Factors Used to Predict the Transfer of Contamin...

Table 24.6 Low and High Mammal and Avian Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs; m...

Table 24.7 Low and High Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs; mg/kg day) Adjuste...

Table 24.8 Theoretical Daily Doses (mg/kg day) for Each Mammalian and Avian...

Table 24.9 Low and High Hazard Quotients (HQ‐low and HQ‐high) Calculated in...

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Wildlife Field Studies Associated with the Tittabawassee River D...

Table 25.2 Ecological COPECs for the Coeur d’Alene BERA

Table 25.3 Assumed and Measured COPEC Bioavailability from the Coeur d’Alen...

Table 25.4 Final TRVs for Birds and Mammals for the Coeur d’Alene BERA

Table 25.5 Tissue Concentrations of COPECs from the Coeur d'Alene BERA Repo...

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Ecosystem Service Examples

Table 26.2 Main Regulatory Frameworks and Brief Description of Their Target...

Table 26.3 Elements of Microbial Risk Assessment for Pathogens Using an Exa...

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Summary of Atmospheric Emission Causal Analysis that Vegetation ...

Table 27.2 Summary of Causal Analysis of the Effects of Noenicitinoid Pesti...

Table 27.3 Summary of Industrial Harbor Causal Analysis Related to the Alle...

Table 27.4 Acute and Chronic Toxicity Performed Quarterly

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Timeline of Publicly Available PFAS Investigations, Human Health...

Table 29.2 PFAS Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs) and Background Intakes Sug...

Chapter 31

Table 31.1 Review of Epidemiological Studies on Cancer Showing Protection b...

Table 31.2 Carcinogenicity Status of Natural Pesticides Tested in Rodents

a

...

Table 31.3 Carcinogenicity in Rodents of Natural Chemicals in Roasted Coffe...

Table 31.4 Proportion of Chemicals Evaluated as Carcinogenic

Table 31.5 Cancer Risk Assessment Without Conducting a 2‐Year Bioassay

a

Table 31.6 Ranking Possible Carcinogenic Hazards from Average U.S. Exposure...

Chapter 34

Table 34.1 Summary of Benefits and Costs of Model Year 2022–2025 Fuel Econo...

Table 34.2 National Benefits and Costs of ACE, Present Value of 2023–2037 I...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Federal legislation dealing with the manufacture, use, transporta...

Figure 1.2 Elements of the risk assessment and risk management processes....

Figure 1.3 In spite of the dramatic increase in the manufacture and presumed...

Figure 1.4 Illustration of benchmark dose method for estimating dose corresp...

Figure 1.5 It has been suggested that both the upper and lower bounds on the...

Figure 1.6 Graphic representation of risk perception that roughly correspond...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Taxonomy of scientific data useful to assessing the carcinogenic ...

Figure 2.2 Decision tree for evaluating the potential for adverse health eff...

Figure 2.3 Role of the weight of evidence approach in risk assessment.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Scheme illustrating the relationships between the three primary c...

Figure 3.2 Conceptual model of chemical fate processes involving degradation...

Figure 3.3 Depiction of gas–liquid absorption (a) and liquid–solid adsorptio...

Figure 3.4 Soil classification triangle showing the twelve classes of the Un...

Figure 3.5 Depiction of the basic method used to determine a chemical partit...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Data should be incorporated, when available, into the risk assess...

Figure 4.2 The rationale for using the low‐dose extrapolation models is that...

Figure 4.3 Estimated hypothetical cancer risks from chemical exposures where...

Figure 4.4 Illustration of the region in which mathematical models are used ...

Figure 4.5 Influence of slopes of dosage‐mortality data on the LD

50

data (e....

Figure 4.6 An alternative approach to the NOAEL method of deriving RfDs is t...

Figure 4.7 This is an illustration of how a 5‐dose cancer study can be inter...

Figure 4.8 In this plot, the dose–response curves and results of extrapolati...

Figure 4.9 This plot is the dose–response curves for Botulinum toxin.Thi...

Figure 4.10 Description of historical approach to low‐dose extrapolation pro...

Figure 4.11 Examples of possible pitfalls in conducting or presenting health...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Illustration of exposure pathways.

Figure 5.2 Time course of exposure to a developmental toxicant. The shaded p...

Figure 5.3 Theoretical concentration versus time curve for TCDD illustrating...

Figure 5.4 EPA's conceptual approach to dealing with direct and indirect exp...

Figure 5.5 Graphical representation of the exposome.

Figure 5.6 Aggregate exposure assessment.

Figure 5.7 EPA's conceptual approach to dealing with direct and indirect exp...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Traditional risk analysis framework. The original risk assessment...

Figure 6.2 Updated risk analysis framework. An expanded risk analysis approa...

Figure 6.3 Contemporary risk analysis framework. A revised risk‐based decisi...

Figure 6.4 EPA framework for human health risk assessment to inform decision...

Figure 6.5 EPA’s next‐generation risk assessment framework. This figure is a...

Figure 6.6 NIOSH’s Risk Assessment and Risk Management Process. The general ...

Figure 6.7 New vision for toxicity testing in the 21st century. Components i...

Figure 6.8 Conceptual framework for exposure science in the 21st century. Co...

Figure 6.9 Extrapolation from observed to unobservable exposure ranges in ca...

Figure 6.10 Description of the historical approach to the low‐dose extrapola...

Figure 6.11 Typical physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model: (a) ...

Figure 6.12 Estimating reference dose (RfD) using a benchmark dose and margi...

Figure 6.13 Site conceptual exposure model for baseball stadium in San Franc...

Figure 6.14 Probabilistic Exposure Analysis Using Monte Carlo Techniques. Ex...

Figure 6.15 Criteria for risk prioritization and decision‐making. This can b...

Figure 6.16 Effect of individual vs. population risk on chemical carcinogeni...

Figure 6.17 Radiation paradigm for stochastic risk management. In this appro...

Figure 6.18 Risk decision‐making framework. Framework for making risk manage...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Chemical structure of PFOA.

Figure 7.2 Chemical structure of PFOS.

Figure 7.3 Estimated sources of contribution to PFOA and PFOS exposure in ty...

Figure 7.4 Baseline risk assessment.

Figure 7.5 The chemical structures of the fluorochemicals used in the GenX t...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Framework of QRA‐SynBio. Four primary steps (hazard identificatio...

Figure 8.2

Ideonella sakaiensis

metabolic pathway for PET degradation. By in...

Figure 8.3 Cross‐sectional look of municipal solid waste landfill. In accord...

Figure 8.4 Dose–response curve of ethylene glycol obtained from an acute mou...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Map of San Francisco with the Bayview Hunters Point Community out...

Figure 9.2 Aerial photo of Hunters Point Naval Shipyard (HPNS) (San Francisc...

Figure 9.3 Ship restoration activities at HPNS (Unknown 1956). Dennis J. Pau...

Figure 9.4 Sandblasting of Naval vessel at HPNS to remove radionuclide conta...

Figure 9.5 US Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory building atHPNS (San Fra...

Figure 9.6 Map of HPNS by parcel/site. A depiction of current parcels and In...

Figure 9.7 A timeline of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensat...

Figure 9.8 This figure shows the amount of native soil compared to filled la...

Figure 9.9 Aerial photo of Hunters Point Naval Shipyard (HPNS) and surroundi...

Figure 9.10 Percent breakdown for various sources of radiation that make up ...

Figure 9.11 Annual natural radiation dose in various locations in the United...

Figure 9.12 The remedial goals at HPNS for the radionuclides Ra‐226, Cs‐137,...

Figure 9.13 Conceptual site model (CSM) of relevant exposure pathways at HPN...

Figure 9.14 Percentage of non‐detects in soil for the eight ROCs identified ...

Figure 9.15 Pre‐ and post‐remediation net upper confidence limits (UCLs) of ...

Figure 9.16 Wind rose depicting data collected at HPNS from 2005 to 2012. Th...

Figure 9.17 Effect of individual vs. population risk on chemical carcinogen ...

Figure 9.18 Site‐wide pre‐ and post‐remediation estimated incremental cancer...

Figure 9.19 Site‐wide pre‐ and post‐remediation estimated incremental cancer...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Cross section of an aluminum smelter electrolysis potroom showin...

Figure 10.2 CFD modeled concentration contours of potential infectious virus...

Figure 10.3 For low‐level plumes, vortices in building wakes can create sign...

Figure 10.4 The LH image, CFD‐generated wind field travels from right to lef...

Figure 10.5 An example of stack‐tip downwash as modeled using CFD. Wind dire...

Figure 10.6 Example of downdraft drawing a buoyant plume downward. Downdraft...

Figure 10.7 An example of wind speed profiles for different land usages. Fro...

Figure 10.8 This image shows wind traveling from left to right over relative...

Figure 10.9 An illustrative example of the concentration of a Gaussian plume...

Figure 10.10 An example of annual average concentration contour plots genera...

Figure 10.11 Schematic showing the more realistic representations of curved ...

Figure 10.12 A sequence of images generated by CFD showing the plan view of ...

Figure 10.13 The LH image shows airspeed contours and air velocity vectors o...

Figure 10.14 CFD modeling shows an extraction hood capturing most of the dus...

Figure 10.15 CFD modeling of dust released from a pair of stockpiles exposed...

Figure 10.16 Cross‐sectional CFD model of velocity vectors within an operati...

Figure 10.17 Schematic of MHF operation and primary control components.

Figure 10.18 Shaded image showing CO concentration distribution in the top t...

Figure 10.19 An example of a data logging and analysis system that can be us...

Figure 10.20 Worst‐case GLC dilution factor, with an Easterly wind. The wors...

Figure 10.21 An example of ground‐level contours, colored by dilution factor...

Figure 10.22 Calculated downwind plume transport concentration expressed as ...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Molecular Structure of Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Molecu...

Figure 11.2 Conceptual exposure model for consumer use of disposable plastic...

Figure 11.3 Molecular structure of formaldehyde, molecular formula: CH

2

O....

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 New school classroom, looking at the ceiling system with suspend...

Figure 12.2 Looking into the air gap located between the upper surface of th...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Age‐adjusted incidence rates of pleural and peritoneal mesotheli...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 NANO LCRA.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 The metal casting process.

Figure 16.2 Comparison of hazard quotients (i.e., the ratio of the exposure ...

Figure 16.3 Comparison of hazard quotients (i.e., the ratio of the exposure ...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 First 15‐minute and second 15‐minute personal airborne fiber con...

Figure 17.2 Thirty‐minute airborne fiber concentrations for clothes‐handling...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Chamber configuration and equipment at the Monell Chemical Sense...

Figure 18.2 Summary of the timing of exposures and endpoints evaluated on ea...

Figure 18.3 Labeled Magnitude Scale and corresponding anchors used for analy...

Figure 18.4 Odds ratio analysis by exposure type. The results indicate that ...

Figure 18.5 Odds ratio analysis by sensation response metric. This analysis ...

Figure 18.6 Subjective irritation score clustering. Top panel: Cluster analy...

Figure 18.7 PAA exposure analysis by cluster and exposure type. This plot sh...

Figure 18.8 HP exposure analysis by cluster and exposure type. This plot sho...

Figure 18.9 AA exposure analysis by cluster and exposure type. This plot sho...

Figure 18.10 PAA + AA exposure analysis by cluster and exposure type. This p...

Figure 18.11 PAA + AA + HP exposure analysis by cluster and exposure type. T...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Outlines of lifestages relevant for Children's Environmental Hea...

Figure 19.2 Modifying factors for exposure associated with geography and cul...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Central tendency (a) and upper percentile (b) exposure estimates...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Conceptual microbial risk assessment framework.

Figure 21.2 Stages of a comprehensive exposure assessment.

Figure 21.3 Potential microbial population distributions (normal, non‐normal...

Figure 21.4 Simplified source, pathway, route exposure pathway for

E. coli

0...

Figure 21.5 Complex source, pathway, route exposure pathway for recreational...

Figure 21.6 Dose–response curve for

C. jejuni

in broiler chickens.

Figure 21.7 Predicted dose–response relations for

Salmonella

Typhimurium and...

Figure 21.8 Outbreak‐based predicted infection probability model of

C. jejun

...

Figure 21.9 Posterior mode dose–response curve for

E. coli

0157:H7 derived f...

Figure 21.10 The relationship between dose of

Cryptosporidium parvum

oocysts...

Figure 21.11 Comparative analysis of traditional dose–response models to a t...

Figure 21.12 Exponential and beta‐Poisson dose–response models for (a) antib...

Figure 21.13 Dose–response curves of SARS‐CoV‐2 with a comparison to endemic...

Figure 21.14 Conceptual microbial risk analysis components.

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's framework for ecologi...

Figure 22.2 The eight steps in ecological risk assessment.

Figure 22.3 Three examples of conceptual site models (CSM) used to support p...

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Bioaccumulation metrics arranged from left to right according to...

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 US Environmental Protection Agency framework for ecological risk...

Figure 24.2 Conceptual site model of complete (✓) and incomplete (X) potenti...

Figure 24.3 Risk management decision‐making prompted by a screening‐level ec...

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Generalized framework for ecological risk assessment. Analyses o...

Figure 25.2 Example conceptual model. The conceptual model is a written and ...

Figure 25.3 Uptake and elimination processes in birds. Uptake may be via foo...

Figure 25.4 Screen capture of the Spatially Explicit Exposure Model (SEEM) f...

Figure 25.5 Example outputs from SEEM. The graph (a) shows the combined expo...

Figure 25.6 Procedure to conducting a second‐order Monte Carlo analysis. The...

Figure 25.7 An example scatter toxicity plot for estimating toxicity referen...

Figure 25.8 Acute species sensitivity distribution for bird species exposed ...

Figure 25.9 Comparison of cumulative exposure estimated using probabilistic ...

Figure 25.10 Comparison of dose–response fit to published avian TCDD data to...

Figure 25.11 Distance from a treated area for a randomly simulated Kirtland'...

Figure 25.12 Acute body burden over time for a randomly selected Kirtland's ...

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Conceptual framework for the assessment of ecological recovery a...

Figure 26.2 An approach for integrating risks to human health and ecosystem ...

Figure 26.3 Illustration of relative risk scaling for health and ecological ...

Figure 26.4 Integrated risk assessment approach for evaluating alternatives ...

Figure 26.5 Baseline health risks and status of ecosystem services for the c...

Figure 26.6 Changes in risks relative to baseline for a wastewater control p...

Figure 26.7 Changes in risks relative to baseline for a wastewater control p...

Figure 26.8 Conceptual model for cumulative risk assessment of cardiovascula...

Figure 26.9 Conceptual model of ecosystem services that may influence (exace...

Figure 26.10 Soil functions and delivery of ecosystem services.

Figure 26.11 Plastic‐related stressors, exposures, and effects that frame po...

Figure 26.12 Conceptual AOP showing the molecular initiating event (MIE), ke...

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Causal analysis process.

Figure 27.2 Tiered approach to causal analysis.

Figure 27.3 Framework for tiered causal analysis conceptual model.

Figure 27.4 Tiered causal analysis and conceptual model for evaluating the r...

Figure 27.5 Photographic evidence of the patchy nature of vegetation stress ...

Figure 27.6 A multiple stressor summary matrix for farms in a Middle Eastern...

Figure 27.7 Tiered causal analysis and conceptual model for evaluating the r...

Figure 27.8 Total summer, winter, and annual honeybee colony loss rates in t...

Figure 27.9 Tiered approach for evaluating biological impairment in a harbor...

Figure 27.10 Example of ROC curves.

Figure 27.11 ROC curve for toxicity and elevated PAHs in a harbor. The area ...

Figure 27.12 Structuring a tiered causal analyses approach for Toxicity Redu...

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Example of a risk classification schematic diagram used in the M...

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Locations of PFAS‐contaminated sites in Australia.

Figure 29.2 History of development of toxicity reference values for PFOS.

Figure 29.3 Timeline of PFAS site investigations and release of guidance fro...

Figure 29.4 Summary of Participant Performance in Biota and Food Proficiency...

Figure 29.5 PFHxS in Blood Serum of People from Different Countries includin...

Figure 29.6 Spider Diagrams showing PFAS profiles for Groundwater Samples fr...

Figure 29.7 PFAS Fingerprints for Foam Concentrates, Fluorotelomer concentra...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Management of existing chemicals within REACH. German institutio...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Schematic of stepwise application of evidence‐based toxicology t...

Figure 32.2 General components, or steps, of an evidence‐based toxicology as...

Figure 32.3 PRISMA flow diagram adapted from Moher et al. (2009) used in sys...

Figure 32.4 Example search documentation template used to record details of ...

Figure 32.5 Example of selected study attributes that may be extracted for

i

...

Figure 32.6 Schematic demonstration of how systematic review can be used to ...

Chapter 35

Figure 35.1 Diagram of risk beliefs and their relation to hazards and conseq...

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Foreword to the Third Edition

Foreword to the Second Edition

Foreword to the First Edition

Preface

About the Editor

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Foreword to the Third Edition

Foreword to the Second Edition

Foreword to the First Edition

Preface

About the Editor

Begin Reading

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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