Hybridized Technologies for the Treatment of Mining Effluents E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
HYBRIDIZIED TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF MINING EFFLUENTS The main goal of this book is to review the principles, development, and performances of hybridized technologies that have been used for the treatment of mine effluents. Recent developments consist of the integration/hybridization of technologies to achieve the effective removal of pollutants from acid mine drainage (AMD) effluents in a stepwise manner such as to ensure that the cost of the process is minimized, and the resulting water is fit for purpose. This book presents eight specialized chapters that provide a state-of-the-art review of the different hybridized technologies that have been developed over the years for the treatment of mine effluent, including AMD. The successful implementation and challenges of these technologies are highlighted to give the reader a perspective on the management of such waste in the mining industry. In this innovative book, readers will be introduced to * The limitations of passive and active treatment processes as stand-alone technologies while appraising the functioning and performances of these technologies when combined to address their challenges; * The numerous approaches that have been considered over the years for effective combination of these technologies are explored taking into account their successful implementation at large scale as well as the long-term sustainability. Audience This book will be of interest to academic researchers from the fields of environment, chemistry, engineering, mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, geochemistry, and professionals including mining plant operators, environmental managers in the industries, water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies officers and environmentalists.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
1 Passive Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Phytoremediation: Role of Substrate, Plants, and External Factors in Inorganic Contaminants Removal
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials and Methods
1.3 Results and Discussion
1.4 Chemical Species for Untreated and AMD-Treated Wetland With FWS-CW
1.5 Limitation of the Study
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
2 Recovery of Strategically Important Heavy Metals from Mining Influenced Water: An Experimental Approach Based on Ion-Exchange
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ion Exchange in Mine Water Treatment
2.3 Laboratory-Scale Ion Exchange Column Experiments
2.4 Case Study: Selective Recovery of Copper and Cobalt From a Chilean Mine Water
2.5 Case Study: Recovery of Zinc from Abandoned Mine Water Galleries in Saxony, Germany
2.6 Perspectives and Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
3 Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Natural Materials: A Systematic Review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Acid Mine Drainage
3.3 Formation of the Acid Mine Drainage
3.4 Potential Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage
3.5 Acid Mine Drainage Abatement/Prevention
3.6 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal From AMD
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Recent Development of Active Technologies for AMD Treatment
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Recent Developments of Active AMD Treatment Technologies
4.3 Recent Disruptive Developments of AMD Treatment Technologies
References
5 Buffering Capacity of Soils in Mining Areas and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage Formation
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Control of Acid Mine Drainage
5.3 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage
References
6 Novel Approaches to Passive and Semi-Passive Treatment of Zinc‑Bearing Circumneutral Mine Waters in England and Wales
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hybrid Semi-Passive Treatment: Na
2
CO
3
Dosing and Other Water Treatment Reagents
6.3 Polishing of Trace Metals With Vertical Flow Reactors
6.4 Concluding Remarks
References
7 Recovery of Drinking Water and Valuable Metals From Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water Through a Combined Biological, Chemical, and Physical Treatment Process
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Objectives
7.3 Literature
7.4 Materials and Methods
7.5 Results and Discussion
7.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
8 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies: Challenges and Future Perspectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Acid Mine Drainage
8.3 Types of Mine Drainage
8.4 Physicochemical Properties of AMD
8.5 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage
8.6 AMD Abatement
8.7 Treatment Technologies of AMD
8.8 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal in AMD Treatment
8.9 Recovery of Natural Resources From AMD
8.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges of AMD Treatment
8.11 Conclusion
References
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Initial and final concentration of metals in substrate and
Vetiveria
...
Table 1.2 Elemental composition of control and experimental substrate.
Table 1.3 The metal’s functional groups and their references.
Table 1.4 The levels of chemical species in real AMD and product water in rela...
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Three chelating anchor groups and their selectivity ranges [28, 34].
Table 2.2 Equations for ion exchange calculation.
Table 2.3 Composition of the Chilean mine water used in the experiments.
Table 2.4 Properties of the resins used in the experiments.
Table 2.5 Mass balance of loading and regeneration process of the column A1 an...
Table 2.6 Column configuration used for cobalt enrichment experiments.
Table 2.7 Overall mass balance in cobalt enrichment experiments (in meq).
Table 2.8 Recovery percentages of Co and Cu from the total recovery in the dif...
Table 2.9 Composition of the Erzgebirge mine water used in the experiments.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Chemical composition of AMD samples from different sources studied b...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Examples of passive treatment systems.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Chemistries of selected CNMD in the UK.
Table 6.2 Abbey Consols mine water on site data.
Table 6.3 Metal concentrations in untreated Abbey Consols mine water.
Table 6.4 A summary of water treatment reagents trialled, Zn removal and pH ad...
Table 6.5 NaCOrequirements using minimum and maximum inputs.
Table 6.6 Chemistry of the Taff Merthyr site mine water [108].
Table 6.7 Concentrations (mg g
−1
) and enrichment (%) of major elements ...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Chemical compositions of water in the Top Dam and Kopseer Dam.
Table 7.2 Gran titration of Top Dam and Kopseer waters.
Table 7.3 Chemical composition of Top dam and Kopseer waters.
Table 7.4 Metal removal with pH 7.5 sludge.
Table 7.5 Comparison between MgO and Na
2
CO
3
when Top Dam water was treated (Al...
Table 7.6 Removal of Fe
3+
with MgO and Al
3+
with NaCOfrom Top dam water.
Table 7.7 Metal behavior during Na
2
CO
3
treatment with CO
2
-stripping (OLI gener...
Table 7.8 Metal behavior during Na
2
CO
3
treatment without CO
2
-stripping.
Table 7.9 CO
2
and HCO
3
-behaviour when NaHCO
3
is reacted with H
2
SO
4
.
Table 7.10 Determination of the reaction order of gypsum crystallization.
Table 7.11 Particle size parameters for hematite and goethite nanoparticles.
Table 7.12 Feasibility of ROC process for various pretreatment options.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Most common sulphur oxidizing bacteria involved in AMD formation.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 (a,b): Experimental setup of FWS-CW. (a) control (b) experiment.
Figure 1.2 Variation in pH (treatment and control) with variation of hydraulic...
Figure 1.3 Variation in electrical conductivity (treatment and control) with v...
Figure 1.4 Variation of in sulphate concentration (treatment and control) with...
Figure 1.5 (a) Variation of the metals concentration in the control wetland in...
Figure 1.6 (a) Variation of the metal concentration in substrate (control wetl...
Figure 1.7 Removal efficiency of metals and sulphate by FWS-CW in 30 days rete...
Figure 1.8 The bio-concentration factor of metals onto
Vetiveria zizanioides
f...
Figure 1.9 Translocation factors of metals (treatment and control wetland
Figure 1.10 (a) Percentage of the metals distribution partitioned into roots a...
Figure 1.11 The partitioning of metals between the substrate, plants, and exte...
Figure 1.12 X-ray diffraction patterns of substrate: treatment (a) and control...
Figure 1.13 Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy spectra of
Vetiveria ziza
...
Figure 1.14 The morphological properties of
Vetiveria zizanioides
. (a) Control...
Figure 1.15 EDS of
Vetiveria zizanioides
roots from: (a) control and (b) treat...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Simplified structure of a cation exchange resin bead crosslinked po...
Figure 2.2 Fixed bed ion exchange columns prepared using PVC syringes.
Figure 2.3 Setup of the ion-exchange column system: (1) mine water storage, (2...
Figure 2.4 Breakthrough curves for sodium, cobalt, and copper from an ion exch...
Figure 2.5 Various stages of the column loading process during the preliminary...
Figure 2.6 Schematic illustration of the mass transfer zone of ion exchange co...
Figure 2.7 Regeneration curves for a resin loaded with cobalt and copper by 5%...
Figure 2.8 Mining-influenced water evolved from untreated mine tailings and he...
Figure 2.9 (a) Breakthrough curves from column A1 with mine water M1; (b) brea...
Figure 2.10 (a) Loading and; (b) Regeneration curves of the column Co-1 filled...
Figure 2.11 Comparison of the breakthrough curves of cobalt enrichment experim...
Figure 2.12 The breakthrough curves of copper and cobalt ions on (a) TP 207 (c...
Figure 2.13 The regeneration curves of the examined heavy metal ions on (a) TP...
Figure 2.14 Ion exchange graphs with MTS 9500 resin. (a) breakthrough curves; ...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Acid mine drainage spillage in Mpumalanga.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Typical LNR for an active conventional AMD treatment plant.
Figure 4.2 Typical conventional HDS process block diagram representation.
Figure 4.3 Continuous counter-current ion exchange for metal recovery [6].
Figure 4.4 Continuous ion filtration for AMD treatment.
Figure 4.5 Process flow diagram for ABC process [7].
Figure 4.6 MBO process flow diagram [8].
Figure 4.7 Freeze desalination unit coupled to a vacuum evaporator [9].
Figure 4.8 Process flow diagram for a multieffect membrane distillation.
Figure 4.9 Process flow diagram for Dewvaporation process [14].
Figure 4.10 The PFD for HiPRO process at eMalahleni Water Reclamation Plant [1...
Figure 4.11 Process flow diagram ferrate in AMD treatment [20].
Figure 4.12 Process flow diagram for AMD oxidation with ozone [22].
Figure 4.13 Classification of ion exchangers [21]. For effective treatment of ...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Schematic of Na
2
CO
3
dosing mine water treatment process.
Figure 6.2 Conceptual diagram of the VFR. Adapted from Florence
et al.
[109].
Figure 6.3 Photographic cross section through the 6 mm VFR ochre bed, reprinte...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Acid mine drainage pond (Kopseer Dam, 30 Nov 2020) (courtesy J P Ma...
Figure 7.2 Jar test used in this study (courtesy T M Mogashane, 15 March 2021)...
Figure 7.3 PVC pipe used for MgO/SiO
2
settling studies (courtesy T M Mogashane...
Figure 7.4 Gran titration of Top dam and Kopseer waters.
Figure 7.5 Effect of repeated runs on the rate of Fe
2+
oxidation (support medi...
Figure 7.6 Effect of repeated runs on the rate of Fe
2+
oxidation (support medi...
Figure 7.7 Effect of repeated runs on the rate of Fe
2+
oxidation (support medi...
Figure 7.8 pH behavior when Fe
2+
and Fe
3+
rich solutions are neutralized with ...
Figure 7.9 Fe
2+
behavior when Fe
2+
and Fe
3+
-rich solutions are neutralized wit...
Figure 7.10 Acidity behavior when Fe
2+
and Fe
3+
-rich solutions are neutralized...
Figure 7.11 Process configuration when pH 7.5 sludge is recycled for Fe
+3
-prec...
Figure 7.12 pH behavior during metal removal with CO
2
stripping.
Figure 7.13 pH behavior during metal removal without CO
2
stripping.
Figure 7.14 Neutralization of H
2
SO
4
with Na
2
CO
3
.
Figure 7.15 Effect of seed crystal concentration on the rate of gypsum crystal...
Figure 7.16 Effect of seed crystal concentration on the rate of gypsum crystal...
Figure 7.17 Determination of the reaction order for the oversaturation concent...
Figure 7.18 Determination of the reaction order for the oversaturation concent...
Figure 7.19 Comparison of various inhibitors on the rate of gypsum crystalliza...
Figure 7.20 Effect of concentration of BASF (Sokalan PA 30 CL) on the rate of ...
Figure 7.21 Effect of pH on inhibition of gypsum crystallization in the presen...
Figure 7.22 Effect of Fe
3+
concentration on gypsum inhibition (Exp 34, 0.1M Ca...
Figure 7.23 Comparison of various inhibitors on the inhibition on gypsum cryst...
Figure 7.24 Effect of inhibitor (BASF Sokalan PA 30 CL) concentration on inhib...
Figure 7.25 Effect of AS26 inhibitor concentration on gypsum crystallization i...
Figure 7.26 Treatment Top Dam water with CaCO
3
at pH 3.0 (Exp 36, 500 mg/L Ca,...
Figure 7.27 Effect of point of addition of inhibitor on gypsum crystallization...
Figure 7.28 Removal of MgO through settling.
Figure 7.29 Removal of SiO
2
through settling.
Figure 7.30 XRD patterns of hematite and goethite nanoparticles (NPs) produced...
Figure 7.31 Fitted XRD patterns of hematite (a) DT-01 and (b) DT-03.
Figure 7.32 Fitted XRD patterns of goethite nanoparticles (NPs) produced from ...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 (a) and (b) are point of AMD discharge. The water looks colorless b...
Figure 8.2 Factors influencing the formation of acid mine drainage.
Figure 8.3 Schematic illustration of a typical active acid mine drainage treat...
Guide
Cover Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
Also of Interest
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Hybridized Technologies for the Treatment of Mining Effluents
Edited by
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu
Department of Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
and
Bhekie B. Mamba
Institute of Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, UNISA, South Africa
This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-89642-5
Cover image: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson
Preface
The impact of mining activities on the environment is continuously increasing as the demand for precious metals grows annually. A primary concern continues to be the discharge of mine effluents into the nearby environment, which results in the impairment of the aquatic life balance. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a very acidic solution that contains a high concentration of toxic metals which can become detrimental to any living organism when ingested in excess. Despite many attempts by researchers and water authorities, very few technologies have been successfully implemented at an industrial scale that effectively transform AMD into usable water. Conventional active treatment methods mostly consider the use of energy, chemical, and other material inputs to drive the treatment process. Due to the acidic nature of some mine effluents, alkaline chemicals are often used to neutralize the effluent and to promote the precipitation of metals from the solution. Several filtration techniques are used for the polishing process to ensure the treated water meets the acceptable standard.
Although active treatment methods are quite efficient for pollutant removal, the process is often energy demanding. Additionally, the membranes used are susceptible to fouling, while excess chemical use often results in large volumes of problematic sludge. On the other hand, approaches that are geared toward the simulation of natural processes (referred to as passive technologies) mainly rely on vegetation and microbial metabolic energy to remove pollutants from the aqueous system. The most solicited of these technologies include aerobic and anaerobic wetlands, vertical flow wetlands, open limestone channels, anoxic limestone drains, and alkaline leach beds. These technologies are used in abandoned mines and areas where the effluent requires minor, rather than major treatment. The main advantage of this approach is that chemicals and energy inputs are minimized, making the process more environmentally friendly when compared to the active treatment. However, the main limitation of passive treatment methods is the fact that they are not sustainable in the long run, due to blockages from precipitates, armoring of the reactive materials, and channeling which reduce the effectiveness of the treatment.
Because of the complexity and heterogenic nature of AMD, implementing any active or passive treatment processes as stand-alone techniques could hardly ensure the treatment of water to the required specification; furthermore, it may not be sustainable in the long run. To effectively treat such complex solutions while ensuring sustainability, it is important to apply a combination of techniques simultaneously or consecutively, bearing in mind the potential of each technique, such as to maximize its performance.
Recent developments include the integration and hybridization of technologies to achieve effective systematic removal of pollutants from AMD effluents, to minimize the cost of the process and ensure that the resulting water is fit for the purpose.
This book presents eight specialized chapters that provide a state-of-the-art review of the different hybridized technologies that have been developed over the years for the treatment of mine effluent, including AMD. The successful implementation and challenges of these technologies are highlighted to give the reader a perspective on the management of such waste in the mining industry.
This book will be of interest to researchers from the fields of environment science, chemistry, engineering, mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, and geochemistry, as well as engineers and environmentalists from the mining industry, and environmental policy makers in the public sector, to name a few.
The editors are grateful to the reviewers who have contributed to improving the quality of the book through their constructive comments. The editors also thank the publisher for including this book in their series.
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu
Bhekie B. Mamba
April 2023
