Identity Around the World E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Bildung
• Serie: J-B CAD Single Issue Child & Adolescent Development
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 322

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Examine the structure and context of identity development in anumber of different countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany,Sweden, Italy, China, and Japan. While some identity development proceeds in much the sameway across national contexts, this issue suggests that there areimportant nuances in the ways in which identity unfolds in eachcountry. Macrocultural forces, such as permissiveness in Sweden,collective guilt in Germany, and filial piety in China, direct theidentity development process in important ways. Expectations regarding obligations and ties to family alsodirect the identity development process differently in many of thecountries included in this volume--such as extendedco-residence with parents in Italy, lifelong obligations to followparents' wishes in China, and democratic independence in Sweden.The various countries are compared and contrasted against theUnited States, where much of the early identity research wasconducted. The volume also reviews specific identity challenges facingimmigrant and ethnic-minority individuals in countries that receivelarge numbers of immigrants--Germany, Sweden, Belgium, theNetherlands, and Italy--and suggests many future directionsfor identity research in various parts of the world. This is the 138th volume in this series. Its missionis to provide scientific and scholarly presentations on cuttingedge issues and concepts in child and adolescent development. Eachvolume focuses on a specific new direction or research topic and isedited by experts on that topic.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title page

Copyright page

Chapter 1: Identity Around the World: An Overview

Structure of Identity Development

Cultural and Cross-Cultural Issues in Identity Development

The Present Volume

Chapter 2: Personal Identity in Belgium and The Netherlands

Personal Identity Research in the Low Countries: From Marcia’s Status Model to Process-Oriented Models and Identity Integration

Longitudinal Changes in Personal Identity Formation: Long-Term Changes

Longitudinal Changes in Personal Identity Formation: Short-Term Dynamics

Importance of Personal and Contextual Factors in Identity Formation in the Low Countries

Social Identity and Its Hypothesized Linkages with Personal Identity Formation

Conclusion

Chapter 3: Identity Development in German Emerging Adults: Not an Easy Task

Impact of Historical and Current Developmental Contexts on German Identity

Being German: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Problems in Establishing an Ethnic Identity: What Is German and What Is Not?

Prolonged Transition and Barriers: Consequences for Professional Identity

Identity and Relationships: What Are the Roles of Parents, Friends, and Partners?

Gender Issues: Developmental Ordering and Gender-Specific Importance of Identity and Intimacy

Identity-Related Stress in Young Germans: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

Identity Development under Special Conditions

Summary and Implications for Prevention, Intervention, and Research

Chapter 4: Personal and Ethnic Identity in Swedish Adolescents and Emerging Adults

Overview of Empirical Studies on Identity Development in Sweden

Ethnic Identity

Context of Identity Development for Contemporary Swedish Youth

Gender Equity

Identity Development in a Culture of Social Welfare and Rituals (or Lack Thereof)

Domain Salience

Identity Formation Within a Democratic and Permissive Culture

Future Theoretical and Research Directions

Chapter 5: Personal Identity in Italy

Characteristics of the Italian Context: The Delay Syndrome

Identity Formation in an Ecological Perspective

Identity Challenges in Specific Italian Groups

Conclusions

Chapter 6: Globalization and Identity Development: A Chinese Perspective

Coming of Age in a Globalized World

Identity Crisis: Risks and Opportunities

Identity Research with Chinese Youth

Issue of Applicability

Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 7: Personal Identity in Japan

Identity Formation in Japan

Relational Nature of Identity

Meanings and Functions of Identity

Conclusions

Index

IDENTITY AROUND THE WORLD

Seth J. Schwartz (ed.)

New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, no. 138

Lene Arnett Jensen, Reed W. Larson, Editors-in-Chief

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1

Identity Around the World: An Overview

Seth J. Schwartz, Byron L. Zamboanga, Alan Meca, Rachel A. Ritchie

AbstractThis chapter outlines Erik Erikson’s theory of identity, empirical operationalizations of this theory, and key assumptions that have characterized the study of identity in adolescence and emerging adulthood. It discusses the origins of psychosocial identity theories in North American cultural contexts and cross-cultural issues involved in using neo-Eriksonian identity models in other contexts. In particular, the chapter examines the individualist assumptions that underlie the neo-Eriksonian approach. The chapter concludes with a review of the other six chapters in this volume and of the countries on which these other chapters focus.

Young people have long been expected to develop a sense of personal identity—that is, figuring out who they wish to be and what they wish to do with their lives. The task of identity development features prominently in the narratives and biographies of historical figures such as Martin Luther (Erikson, 1958) and Mohandas Gandhi (Erikson, 1969). Most young people are expected to decide what they stand for, what is important to them, what their life’s work will be, and with whom they want to share their lives. Moreover, the identity that one develops may not always be regarded as “positive” or “adaptive” by the individual or by those around her or him. Nonetheless, we argue that identity provides one’s life with a sense of purpose and direction (cf. Côté, 1993) and allows one to select those life alternatives that fit with the sense of self that one wishes to develop.

Erik Erikson (1950) was one of the first writers to develop a theory of identity. He posited identity development as a lifelong process—but one that comes to ascendance during the adolescent years. According to Erikson, adolescence was the time when young people were given opportunities to reflect on what career they would choose, what kind of social and romantic relationships they would enter into, and what values and beliefs they would hold. Erikson (1968) referred to this time of reflection as the psychosocial moratorium, where individuals were afforded opportunities to consider potential life choices without being expected to engage in full-time work, enter into committed romantic relationships, or become parents. The adolescent years, according to Erikson, were set aside for identity work.

In some parts of the world—especially the United States and Western Europe—the task of developing a sense of identity has been extended from the end of secondary school into the late teens and the 20s (Arnett, 2000, 2006, 2007). The switch from manufacturing to technological economies has eliminated, mechanized, or outsourced many of the entry-level jobs that young people once took following completion of their secondary education (Kalleberg, 2009). In the United States, the need for postsecondary education and advanced credentials as prerequisites for careers in a technological economy has led to exponential increases in college and university attendance. In 1959, approximately 2.4 million American students were enrolled as full-time students in postsecondary institutions; by 2010, that number had jumped to 12.7 million (National Center for Education Statistics, 2010). This 430% increase is nearly six times the 72% increase in the total U.S. population during that same time span (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011). Although increases in university attendance are less pronounced in European countries, more informal means of postsecondary education—including but not limited to vocational and technical schools—have increased in prominence in many European countries (du Bois-Reymond, 2004).