Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry Part I E-Book

• Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 478

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2003

Beschreibung

Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry is intended to be a guide to undergraduate and postgraduate students in their understanding of pediatric dentistry.
This textbook is modernized with the latest information and techniques in pediatric dentistry. The chapters cover primary pediatric dentistry, its clinical aspects, preventive dentistry, and information about the latest trends in the specialty. The text will equip readers with the knowledge suited to the changing environment of this vital domain. This textbook's editor has over forty-four years of teaching experience in pediatric dentistry and gives their broad perspective through the book content. This book is also the amalgamation of the thoughts of numerous subject experts of international repute.

Part 1 of this book features information about the developmental psychology of a child, dental caries, craniofacial growth and development, growth of the maxilla and mandible, dentition and occlusion, and oral mucosa.

Key Features:
- The 15, structured chapters keep the latest trends of the subject in mind
- The book content is illustrated with quality clinical images,
- Chapters cover contemporary concepts of problems experienced when treating multiple dental disorders
- The contributions exhibit distinct clinical expertise and the capability of imparting inimitable knowledge to budding professionals
- The book includes modern and current state-of-the-art techniques used in the clinic
- Topic outlines help to quickly review and easily locate content. Also, the Contents of the book are well structured and presented in a very lucid manner, making it easy to understand for students.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.

End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use)

Usage Rules:

Disclaimer:

Limitation of Liability:

General:

FOREWORD 1

FOREWORD 2

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

List of Contributors

Introduction to Pediatric Dentistry

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Definition

DENTISTRY ENCOMPASSES DIFFERENT ASPECTS

An Important Aspect of Children Being Treated in a Separate Speciality.

The Key Role of a Pediatric Dentist is

Responsibilities of a Pediatric Dentist Include

Aims and Objectives of Pediatric Dentistry

HISTORY OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY

PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY PROCEDURES

Why Is Pediatric Dentistry Important? (Fig. 11)

Pediatric Dentistry takes into Consideration

The First Dental Visit

Outcomes of a First Dental Visit

Anticipatory Guidance

Considerations of Child Management in Dentistry

Concept of Dental Home

Dental Conditions

Why Pediatric Dentistry is Better for Children?

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Emotional Development of a Child

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Emotion

Types of Emotions in Children

Emotional Development in Children

Commonly Seen Emotions in Children

Crying

Obstinate Cry

Frightened Cry

Hurt Cry

Compensatory Cry

Anger

Fear

Objective Fear/real Fear

Subjective Fear/anticipated Fear

Anxiety

Types of Anxiety

Phobia

Fear and Anxiety Assessment Scale

Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS)

The Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS)

Dental Fear Survey Scale

Children’s Dental Fear Picture (CDFP) Test

Venham’s Picture Scale (VPS)/Venham’s Picture Test (VPT)

DA5 Scale

Smiley Faces Program (SFP)

Abeer Children Dental Anxiety Scale (ACDAS).

Anxiety Thermometer

RMS-Pictorial Scale (RMS-PS)

Chhota Bheem Chutki (CBC) Scale

RMS-Tactile Scale (RMS-TS)

Animated Emoji Scale (AES)

Animated Visual Facial Pain/Anxiety Rating Scale

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Psychological Development of a Child

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Definition

Importance of Child Psychology

Theories of Child Psychology

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES

Psychosexual/ Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychosexual Development

Psychosocial Theory

Stages of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (Fig. 10)

Stage 1: Seen in Infant (0- 18 months)

Dental Implications

Dental Implications

Dental Implications

Dental Implications

Dental Implications

Dental Implication

Cognitive Theory

Stages of Cognitive Development

Volume: Classical Beaker Experiment

Number: Coin Experiment

Features of the stage

Clinical Implications

Formal Operational Stage (12 Yrs and Above)

BEHAVIOUR LEARNING THEORIES

Classical Conditioning Theory

Clinical Implications

Operant Conditioning Theory

Skinner Described 4 types of Operant Conditioning [1, 9]

Social Learning Theory

Hierarchy of Needs

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Non-Pharmacological Behaviour Management

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Behavioural Classification

Wright’s Classification (1975)

Behaviour Rating Scales

Effect of Dental Office Environment and Parental Presence

Non-Pharmacological Behaviour Guidance Techniques

Communication and Communicative Guidance

Prerequisites for Effective Communication

Desensitization

Tell Show Do (TSD) Technique

Modification of TSD

Role Play and Drawings

Flooding Technique or Implosion Therapy

Contingency Management

Modelling

Types of Modelling

Distraction

Audio-Visual Distraction

Protective Stabilisation

Types of Restraints

Audio Analgesia

Hypnosis/ Psychosomatics/ Suggestion Therapy

Cognitive Restructuring - Reframing

Newer Methods of Behaviour Guidance

ATP Technique

Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA)

Essential Oil Therapy – Aromatherapy

Mobile Dental Application

Virtual Reality-Based Distraction

WITAUL [Writing in the Air Using Leg] Technique

Thaumaturgy

Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT)

Robotic Approach

Acupuncture and Acupressure

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Dental Caries: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Caries Activity Tests

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Etiology

Pathogenesis

Dental Plaque and Biofilm

Demineralization Process

Caries Activity Tests

Definitions

A Caries Activity Test Helps to:

Objectives

Uses

For a Clinician

For the Research Worker

Ideal Requirements for Caries Activity Tests (Fig. 5)

Procedure

Advantages

Procedure

Advantages

Procedure

Advantages

Action

Procedure

Advantages

Disadvantages

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Diagnosis of Dental Caries

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Definitions

Dental Caries Classification

Dental Caries Classification

A). Location

B). Size

Transmission of Microorganisms from Mother to Child

Intrafamily Transmission of Microorganisms to Children

Diagnosis

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCE

Role of Diet in Dental Caries

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Definition

Cariogenicity of Diet

Nature of the Diet

Retention and Oral Clearance Time of Dietary Components

Intake Frequency

Chemical Composition

Protective Component in the Diet (Fig. 6)

Sugar Studies

Sucrose – The Arch Criminal

Studies Assessing Relationship Between Sugar and Caries [9-11], Observational Human Studies-

Modern Diet Versus Primitive Diet

Human Observational Studies

Results

Conclusion

Low Sugar Diet Has Low Levels of Dental Caries

High Sugar Diet Has High Levels of Dental Caries

Nikiforuk and Fraser in 1981

Worldwide Epidemiological Observational Studies, Sreebny Lm 1982

Tristan Da Cunha, (Fisher 1986)

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (Hfi) (Newbrun 1909)

World War II Rationing

Interventional Studies

Vipeholm Study (Gustaffson et al. 1954) (Fig. 12)

Conclusion

Results

Sugar Clock (Fig. 16)

Diet Counseling

FOOD PYRAMID

Dietary Advice for Different Age Groups

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Early Childhood Caries

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Definitions

Rampant Caries

Classification

Epidemiology

Etiological Factors

A. Dietary Factors

B. Microbiological Factors

C. Other Modifying Factors

Dietary Factors

Breastfeeding

Bottle Feeding

The Diet and ECC

Microbiological Factors

Host Factors

Saliva

Enamel Defects

Genetic Factors

Other Modifying Factors

The Maternal-Child Link to ECC

Socio Economic Status

Parental Education and Awareness

Oral Hygiene Practices

Low Birth Weight and Preterm Babies

Clinical Features

Consequences of Untreated Early Childhood Caries

Effects of Untreated Carious Lesions on Quality of Life of the Child

Effects of Untreated Carious Lesions on Parents’ Quality of Life

Effects of Untreated Carious Lesions on Succedaneous Teeth

Management of Early Childhood Caries

Prevention

Saliva Diagnostics

Caries Risk Assessment

Primary Prevention

Non-Fluoride Agents

Replacement Therapy and Probiotics

Secondary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Craniofacial Growth and Development in Children

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Terminologies

Growth

Development

Factors Affecting Growth

Genes and Heredity

Family Size and Birth Order

Secular Trends

Socioeconomic Factors

Climate and Seasonal Variations

Nutrition

Hormones

Growth Factors

Muscular Functions

Exercise and Adult Physique

Illness

Psychological Disturbances

General Principles of Growth and Development

Continuity

Sequentiality

Generality to Specificity

Differentiality

Variability

Growth Spurts

Importance of Growth Spurts:

Orthodontic Correction Considerations

Differential Growth

Cranial Base Synchondroses

Fontanelles

Theories of Craniofacial Growth

Other Theories Related to Craniofacial Growth are:

Bone Remodelling Theory

Genetic Theory / Genetic Blueprint

Cartilaginous Theory / Scott's Hypothesis, Nasal Septum Theory, Nasocapsular Theory

Limitations

Sutural Growth Theory / Sicher's Hypothesis, Sicher’s Sutural Dominance Theory

Limitations

Functional Matrix Hypothesis (FMH)

Neurotropism

Neurotropism is of Three Types

Van Limborgh Multifactorial Hypothesis / Van Limborgh's Composite Hypothesis

Servo System Theory / Cybernetics Theory

Application of Servo System

Enlow's Expanding ‘V’ Principle

Enlow's Counterpart Principle / Growth Equivalents Concepts

Functional Matrix Hypothesis Revisited (1997)

Methods of Studying Physical Growth

Growth Assessment Parameters

Chronological Age

Somatotypic Age

Sexual Age

Facial Age

Skeletal Age

Hand and Wrist Radiographs

Determination of Skeletal Age

Indications of Hand and Wrist Radiographs

Dental Age

Computerized Growth Forecasting

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Growth and Development of Maxilla and Mandible

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Scope

Prenatal Growth and Development of Maxilla and Mandible-Maxilla

Maxilla Proper

The Ossified Tissue Appears as a Thin Strip of Bone. It Spreads in Different Directions as:

Premaxilla

Accessory Cartilages

Divisions of Developmental Science

Molecular Biology

Developmental Biology

Principles and Themes of Development

Principles

Shifts from Competent to Fixation

Shifts from Dependent to Independent

The Ubiquity of Genetic Control Modulates by Environment

Mandible

Meckel’s Cartilage

Meckel's Cartilage Ossification (Fig. 6)

Ossification of the Mandible (Table 1)

Endochondral Bone Formation

A. Condylar Cartilage

B. Coronoid Cartilage

C. Symphyseal Cartilage

Postnatal Growth of Maxilla and Mandible Maxilla

Growth Centers

Growth Sites

Mechanisms

Surface Remodeling

Mandible

Mandibular Growth after 1st Year of Life

Mandibular Remodeling

Growth At Ramus

Lingual Tuberosity

Body of the Mandible

Condylar Neck

Coronoid Process

Antegonial Notch

The Mandibular Foramen

The Alveolar Process

Mental Foramen

The Chin

Recent Advances to Study the Growth and Development of Mandible

Age Changes in Maxilla and Mandible in mandible (Table 2)

In Maxilla

At Birth

In Adults

In Old

Applied Aspects of Development of Maxilla and Mandible (Table 3)

Reasons

Recent Updates on Growth and Development

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Development of Dentition and Occlusion in Children

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Evolution of Dentition

Characteristics of Human Dentition

▪ Based on the Mode of Attachment to Jaw:

▪ Based on the Number of Successional Teeth sets:

▪ Based on the Type or Shape of Teeth

Development of Dentition-

A). Development during Prenatal Period

During the 5th week of IUL

1) Beginning of the Primary Dentition Development

2) The Formation of the Successional Lamina

3) Initiation of the Permanent Dentition

Morphological Changes in the Dental Lamina Occur in the Following Phases (Table 1)

Advanced Bell Stage

B). Status of Development at Birth

C). Development of Postnatal Period

Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath and Root Formation

Eruption of Teeth

Two types of Eruption

Patterns of Eruptive Tooth Movements

Theories of Tooth Eruption-

Histology of Tooth Movement

Factors Affecting Eruption

1. Genetic Factors

2. Environment Factors

Chronology of Primary and Permanent Dentition

Developmental Anomalies of Teeth

Development of Occlusion

Definition

Periods of Developing Occlusion

1. Pre-Dentate Period

a). Gum Pads

b). Neonatal Jaw Relationship

c). The Status of Dentition

2. Deciduous Dentition Period

Ovoid Arch Form

Interdental Spacing

Spacing in Primary Dentition

Significance of Primate Spaces

Molar Relationship in Deciduous Dentition

Upright Incisors

Shallow Intercuspal Interdigitation (Fig. 14):

Flat curve of Spee (Fig. 15):

3. Mixed Dentition Period

Phases of Mixed Dentition (Table 9):

First Transition Period:

First Transition Stage

Early Mesial Shift

Late Mesial Shift

Incisal Exchange

Incisal Liability

The Following Factors Overcome the Incisal Liability

Overjet and Overbite (Fig. 22):

Edge to Edge Bite

Inter-Transitional Period

Second Transition Period-

Ugly Duckling Stage

PERMANENT DENTITION

Features of Permanent Dentition

Andrew's Keys to Normal Occlusion

Self-Correcting Anomalies

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Morphology of Primary Dentition

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Tooth Numbering System

Maxillary First Molar

Maxillary Second Molar

Mandibular Canine

Mandibular First Molar

Mandibular Second Molar

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Teething in Children – Fact and Fiction

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Historical Perspective

Definitions

Signs and Symptoms

Management of Teething [5, 6]

Practices- Not Recommended [6]

Problems Associated with Teething

Their Removal is Indicated

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Developmental Disturbances of Oral Structure

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

DISTURBANCES OF TEETH (Fig. 2)

Anomalies related to number of teeth (Fig. 3)

Hyperdontia

Treatment

Hypodontia (Figs. 5 and 6)

Treatment

Abnormalities Related to the Size of Teeth

Microdontia (Fig. 7)

Treatment:

Macrodontia (Fig. 8)

Treatment

Abnormalities of Tooth Form

Fusion (Fig. 9)

Treatment

Concrescence

Treatment

Gemination (Fig. 10)

Treatment

Dens in Dente (Dens Invaginatus/tooth within a Tooth/ Invaginatedodontome/ Dilated Gestantodontome/dilated Composite Odontome/ Dentinoid in Dente) (Fig. 11)

Treatment

Dens Evaginatus

Talon Cusp (Fig. 12)

Treatment

Taurodontism (Fig. 13)

Treatment

Dilaceration (Fig. 15)

Treatment: A

Abnormalities of tooth structure (Fig. 16)

Enamel Hypoplasia (Figs. 17 and 18)

Classification

Treatment

Amelogenesis Imperfecta (Fig. 21)

Treatment

Dentinogenesis imperfecta (Fig. 22)

Treatment

Shell Teeth (Fig. 23)

Treatment:

Dentin Dysplasia (Fig. 24)

Regional Odontodysplasia

Treatment

Syphilitic Hypoplasia (Fig. 25)

Treatment

Anomalies of tongue (Fig. 26)

Macroglossia (Fig. 27)

Treatment

Microglossia and Aglossia

Ankyloglossia (Fig. 28)

Treatment

Cleft Tongue

Fissured tongue (Fig. 29)

Treatment

Coated Tongue (Fig. 30)

Treatment

Strawberry Tongue (Fig. 31)

Treatment

Geographic Tongue (Benign Migratory Glossitis)

Median Rhomboid Glossitis (Fig. 32)

Treatment

Black Hairy Tongue

Treatment

DEVELOPMENTAL LESIONS OF ORAL MUCOSA (Fig. 33)

Fordyce’s Granules

Focal epithelial hyperplasia or Heck disease (Fig. 34)

Epstein’s pearls and Bohn’s nodules (Fig. 35)

Treatment

Persistent Buccopharyngeal Membrane

Treatment

Congenital Pits and Fistulas of the Lip (Fig. 36)

Treatment

Cheilitis Granulomatosa

Treatment

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Lesions of Oral Mucosa

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

White lesions of the Oral Cavity (Fig. 2)

Benign Migratory Glossitis (Geographic Tongue)

Treatment

Candidiasis/Moniliasis

Treatment

White Spongy Nevus

Treatment

Vesicular, Erythematous, and Ulcerated Lesions of Viral Etiology (Fig 6)

Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (Fig 7)

Treatment

Herpangina (Fig 8).

Treatment

Pigmented lesions (Fig 9)

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome) (Fig 10)

Treatment

Hemangioma (Fig 11)

Treatment

Sturge Weber Syndrome (‘Encephalo- Trigeminal Angiomatosis’) (Fig 12)

Treatment

Black Hairy Tongue (Fig. 13)

Treatment

Autoimmune Disorders (Fig 14)

Pemphigus/Pemphigoid (Fig 15)

Treatment

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Fig 16a, 16b)

Treatment

Ectodermal Dysplasia (Fig. 17a, 17b, 17c)

Treatment

Papillon–Lefèvre Syndrome (PLS) (Fig 18a, 18b)

Treatment

Aphthous Stomatitis

Treatment

Lesions of Idiopathic Etiology

Pterygoid Ulcer or Bednar’s Ulcer (Fig. 20)

Treatment

Lesions of Bacterial Origin (Fig. 21)

Impetigo (Fig. 22)

Staphylococcal Scalded Shock Syndrome

Treatment

Scarlet Fever

Treatment

Syphilis

Treatment

Oral Tuberculosis (Fig 24)

Treatment

Actinomycosis (Fig. 25)

Treatment

Noma (Cancrum Oris, Gangrenous stomatitis)

Treatment

SOFT TISSUE ENLARGEMENTS

Mucocele (Fig 27)

Treatment

Ranula (Fig 28)

Treatment

B). Tumors or Neoplasms

(I). Benign Tumours of Epithelial Origin

Oral Papilloma (HPV)

Treatment

II). Benign Tumours of Mesenchymal Origin

Pyogenic Granuloma: (Fig 30)

Treatment

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry

(Part I)

Edited bySatyawan Damle Former Professor of Pediatric Dentistry,

Dean Nair Hospital Dental College,

Mumbai, India

Former Vice Chancellor,

Department of Pediatric Dentistry,

Maharishi Markandeshwar University,

Mullana, Ambala, India

Ritesh KalaskarDepartment of Pedodontic and Preventive Dentistry,

Government Dental College & Hospital, Nagpur,

India

Dhanashree SakhareFounder, Lavanika Dental Academy

Melbourne

Australia

&

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FOREWORD 1

It is my great pleasure to pen down a foreword for this tremendous book on Pediatric Dentistry for a legend and doyen of the subject, a mentor and guide to the brightest of minds in the field of dentistry.

Rising from the fundamentals, comprehensive in-built, contemporary and authoritative in construct and approach, and hands-on to the core, Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry is a wonderful work engineered by some of the best-known academics in this noble realm. The chief author, Professor Satyawan Damle, is a colossus among giants, having been a celebrated teacher, distinguished leader, and dynamic policymaker at several dental institutions and universities, including the most prized, the University of Mumbai.

Prof. Satyawan Damle is the rare blend of a gifted clinician and a carved-out academic guru whose intellect has emerged with decades of practice. It is no secret that the degree of acquisition of knowledge by students is one of the measures of the effectiveness of a medical curriculum; and with Pediatric Dentistry being one of the crucial epicentres of growth, it has the potential to make momentous advancements in the evolutionary trajectory of oral and general health.

His co-editors Ritesh Kalaskar, Abdulkadeer Jetpurwala, and Dhanashree Sakhare are examples excellence in their arena. The work reflects their collective understanding of where pediatric dentistry stands today, what have been the treasures and well-kept secrets of the past, and where this tree of knowledge finds fruition today pawing way for the future.

Embedding best care practices of all times, Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry is a comprehensive yet concise work, which fulfils the essentials of the pediatric dentistry curriculum both for graduates and postgraduates across all universities.

Walking you through the nitty-gritties of preventive, curative and restorative childhood dentistry, be it the behavioral challenges, cariology, endodontics, traumatology, para-surgical themes such as the use of conscious sedation and general anaesthesia at that age, and the management of medically compromised children, the work is a tree of knowledge, nurtured with experiential learning, and carries wonderful blossoms of practical wisdom.

Let us savour and celebrate the chef-d’oeuvre. Indeed, Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry is a must-read and must-assimilate work for each one of us. Students, practitioners and teachers of Pediatric dentistry will cherish it as a treasured possession on their shelves. I congratulate Prof. Damle and Bentham Science, Singapore, for publishing this irreplaceable tome.

Prof. (Dr.) Mahesh Verma Vice Chancellor Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India

FOREWORD 2

I am delighted to write this foreword for a Book of Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry authored by Professor Satyawan Damle and other academicians. Prof. Satyawan Damle is a well-known researcher and academician with over 44 years of clinical and teaching experience in Dentistry. Besides the several posts and hats he wore in the various roles he played for the profession, he is also a recipient of several awards and recognitions, including the Lifetime Achievement Awards, Outstanding Public Servant Awards, and Research Awards and Fellowships. He is an active member of the Indian Council of Medical Research. Despite his extraordinary achievements as a Pediatric dentist, researcher, and academician, Prof Satyawan Damle will always be known as the longest-serving chief editor of Indexed journals. For almost 35 years. He dedicated himself to overseeing the publication of the highest-quality peer-reviewed studies and opinion pieces on child dental health.

Prof. Damle is actively involved in writing several books on Pediatric Dentistry and Dentistry, which is the testimony of his in-depth knowledge of the subject. The Book of Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry is their new venture initiated by him. I am confident that this book will be accepted by students and faculty involved in teaching Pediatric Dentistry. His work as a teacher, researcher, innovator, visionary and extraordinary academician made him a legend. His role as a mentor and friend made him a role model to those of us who know him and worked with him. His legacy persists not only in academics but also as an able administrator, as he proved his mettle as the Dean of a dental school, Director of Medical Education, Joint Municipal.

Commissioner of Mumbai and, ultimately, the Vice Chancellor of a University. Prof. Damle has worked conscientiously and untiringly to present an unmatched educational endeavour. The topics in this book display a clear and succinct clinical expertise and the capability of imparting updated education and information to Oral Health Professionals. The entire volume of this book deals with ultramodern and current state-of-the-art techniques. I take this opportunity to congratulate Prof. Satyawan Damle and his team of contributors - Ritesh Kalaskar, Abdulkadeer Jetpurwala and Dhanashree Sakhare for having published this Textbook for Bentham Sciences.

Dr Ashok Dhoble. Hon. Secretary General, Indian Dental Association H.O. India

PREFACE

It is imperative to have an established approach to handling Children’s oral diseases. ‘Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry,’ is an unpretentious endeavour to integrate the latest developments and up-to-date reviews in the field of Pediatric dentistry by distinguished writers. The book intends to allow students to understand the conceptions of Pediatric dentistry and create a spur to discover the subject by advance reading. Several illustrations, descriptions and graphic drawings have been included to attract the students and make the subject simple to comprehend. A healthy mouth is a gateway to a healthy body and the best time to inculcate healthy habits is through childhood. Prevention of the initiation of oral diseases and training appropriate oral hygiene methods are commenced best throughout the formative years of the child. With a substantial percentage of the worldwide population being in the Pediatric age group, it is imperious to have a scientific approach in the behaviour management, prevention and treatment modalities in the dental office, as Pediatric dentistry is a fast-growing division of dental disciplines that lays the basis for the impending dental health of the populace.

The book has been divided into several sections. The sections on child psychology and the emotional development of children are important to learn the basics of various behaviour management strategies. The section on dental caries sensitizes the reader towards the most common dental disorder that is seen in children, and preventive procedures aimed towards lessening dental caries are the necessity of the hour. While an endeavour has been made to include the growth and development of the facial structures and dentition and along with their disturbances and the interceptive and preventive procedures to monitor the erupting teeth.

Pediatric Operative techniques, including endodontics and management of teeth with immature apices affected due to Dental caries and traumatic injuries have been given prominence. Innovations in the field of Pediatric dentistry are transpiring amazingly fast, and it is crucial to stay up to date with the latest materials, equipment and techniques to deliver the highest quality of care to our little patients.

The New Book cannot be successfully compiled without the collective contribution regarding meticulous reviews of the manuscript to keep pace with the latest innovative novelties. The credit for introducing a New Textbook goes to the contributors for their engrossment, devotion and dedication in presenting a manuscript after applying prudent and well-adjudged scrutiny and analytical approach and have excelled in exploring the things to the ultimate.

Accumulation of information and its cogent management would not have been conceivable without the efforts of the contributors who have painstakingly submitted their manuscripts to shape this gargantuan task and to introduce this book in the service of Pediatric dentistry.

Satyawan Damle Former Vice-Chancellor, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana (Ambala), IndiaRitesh Kalaskar Department of Pedodontic and Preventive Dentistry Government Dental College & Hospital, Nagpur IndiaDhanashree Sakhare Founder, Lavanika Dental Academy, Melbourne Australia &Abdulkadeer Jetpurwala Department of Pediatric Dentistry Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We do not find such appropriate words to praise the unique nature of Dr. Mahesh Verma, Vice Chancellor of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, who himself being a great resolute and connoisseur of dentistry occupying an illustrious position with an eminent background in dentistry, has spared his valuable time from his busy schedule to inscribe the foreword for the Textbook of” Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry.” We take it as inventiveness and encouragement rather than a morale-boosting for us to uphold and keep up our determination to satisfy our hunger for academics for the advantage of budding dental professionals.

We also do not find such befitting words to laud the unique nature of Dr. Ashok Dhoble Hon, General Secretary Indian, Dental Association Head Office, who himself being a great advocate and connoisseur of dentistry occupying a distinguished position with an illustrious background in dentistry has spared his precious time from his busy schedule to write the foreword for the Textbook of Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry. I take it as an inspiration and encouragement rather than a morale-boosting for us to uphold and keep up our determination to satisfy our hunger for academics for the advantage of budding dental professionals.

We are also indebted and beholden to the contributors for their altruistic and substantial contribution to make this Textbook of Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry, a great academic endeavour. The contributors are highly competent and knowledgeable clinicians known for their aptitude and capability, which have successfully recognized the most complex and convoluted details of each topic, duly integrating and blending the latest advancements and innovations in Pediatric Dentistry. They are a terrific hard worker and legendary luminaries known for their admirable accomplishments and remarkable involvement in dental education. They have made lots of efforts to lead things to excellence. Credit goes to these patrons and benefactors for the benevolent bequest of their vast knowledge and experience for the betterment of dental education.

We would also like to thank Dr. Priyanka Bhaje, Dr. Parag Kasar, Dr. Sharath Chandra, Dr. Prachi Goyal and Dr. Vidya Iyer for their painstaking efforts and intransigent toil during the editing of this book. They displayed exceptional patients, forbearance, and commitment during the preparation of the book Our dream has come true due to the support of our past and present students. Credit also goes to our family members for their tolerance, Love, and affection.

We would like to appreciate the efforts of Mrs. Humaira Hashmi of Bentham Science and the publishers Bentham Sciences for giving us an opportunity to pen down our ideas and academic work to reality. We also convey our kind and sincere appreciation to Pascali Pascalis.

Representative of Porter Instrument Business Unit of Parker Hannifin Matrx by Parker and Parker-Porter Product for permitting us to use the company products in our book.

Lastly, we would like to state that fortune favours those who defy complexities and overcome them on their own. We also passionately believe that Man is the architect of his own destiny, and God is on the side of those who toil and perspire to make their providence.

We place our sincerest admiration and gratitude to all those who have delightfully contributed to this cause and for their wishes and devotions made for understanding our dream.

Satyawan DamleRitesh KalaskarDhanashree SakhareAbdulkadeer Jetpurwala

List of Contributors

Aditi PashineAssociate Dentist, MyDentist, Aberystwyth, UKAman ChowdhryProfessor, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Milia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, IndiaArmelia Sari WidyarmanDepartment of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia Departmental Head of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, IndonesiaArun M XavierDepartment of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Amrita School of Dentistry, Cochin, Kerala, IndiaBhavna DaveDepartment of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, K. M. Shah Dental College, and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, lndiaBhavna Gupta SarafDepartment of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, lndiaDeepika Bablani PopliDepartment of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, IndiaDhanashree SakhareFounder Lavanika Dental Academy, Melbourne, AustraliaEko FibryantoDepartment of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, IndonesiaEnrita Dian R.Department of Pedodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, IndonesiaH. Sharath ChandraSJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, IndiaJay Gopal RayProfessor and Head, Burdwan Dental College and Hospital, West Bengal, IndiaM. VijayDepartment of Orthodontics, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaM.H. Raghunath ReddyProfessor and Head, SJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, IndiaMonika RathoreDepartment of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, BBD College of Dental Sciences, BBD University, Lucknow, U.P, IndiaNeerja SinghDepartment of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, BBD College of Dental Sciences, BBD University, Lucknow, U.P, IndiaParag KasarChief Pediatric Dentist at Deep Dental Clinic, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, lndiaPrachi GoyalMaharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Ambala, IndiaPratik KariyaDepartment of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, K. M. Shah Dental College, and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, lndiaPriyanka BhajeRungata College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, IndiaRaghavendra M. ShettyDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAESatyawan DamleFormer Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, Dean Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, India Former Vice Chancellor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, IndiaShailaja ChatterjeeDepartment of Oral Pathology, Yamuna College of Dental Sciences and Research, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, IndiaShruti BalasubramanianDepartment of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, IndiaTri Erri AstoetiDepartment of Dental Public Health and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, IndonesiaTrisha GadekarDepartment of Pediatric Dentistry, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, IndiaVidya IyerDepartment of Orthodontics, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Introduction to Pediatric Dentistry

Satyawan Damle1,2,*

1 Former Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, Dean Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, India

2 Former Vice Chancellor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, India

Abstract

Pediatric dentistry is the only speciality that has an abundance of knowledge for the management and treatment of the oral health care needs of infants and children. Pediatric dentistry concentrates on the integration of appropriate tactics and knowledge of various specialities into a framework of quality oral health care for children. It is necessary to implement procedures that are safe, comprehensive, accessible, affordable, high quality, and respectful for children. The role of a Paediatric dentist is to promote the dental health of children as well as serve as a resource person to the parents.

Keywords: Pediatric Dentistry, Infants, Children, Parent, Management.

*Corresponding author Satyawan Damle: Former Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, Dean Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, India & Former Vice Chancellor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, India; Tel: [phone]; E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Various authors have rightly equated children with flowers. A few of them quoted: Let them bloom by giving them our warm smiles, our soft gentle words falling on them like rain and our art of confidence. Water them with love, nourish them with praise, and compliment them every day. Be their sun when all you see is rain. Protect them from storms and shelter their pain. Children are like flowers that blossom every day (Fig. 1).

Fig. (1)) Children are as lovely as flowers.

To put it into a nutshell, children are the flowers of life! They bring joy and happiness to our world. Let us be kind to them, let us make them happy and let us help them to save that child inside them for the rest of their lives!

Pediatric dentistry a branch of Dentistry deals with these delightful children.

Definition

It is an age-specified speciality that provides both primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for infants and children through adolescence, including those with special health care needs (Fig. 2). Pediatric dentistry is a speciality that adjusts techniques and procedures from general dentistry and other specialities to provide primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for children [1, 2].

Fig. (2)) Definition of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD 2020).

Pediatric dentistry encompasses a variety of disciplines, techniques, procedures, and skills that reveal a common basis with other specialities however these practices are modified and adapted to the unique requirements of infants, children, adolescents, and those with special health care needs (Fig. 3). Being an age-specific speciality, pediatric dentistry encompasses disciplines such as behaviour guidance, care of medically and developmentally compromised and disabled patients, supervision of orofacial growth and development, caries prevention, sedation, pharmacological management, and hospital dentistry, as well as other traditional fields of dentistry. These skills are applied to the needs of children during their ever-changing stages of development and to treating conditions and diseases unique to growing individuals [3].

Fig. (3)) Pediatric Dentistry Encompasses Different Aspects.

DENTISTRY ENCOMPASSES DIFFERENT ASPECTS

An Important Aspect of Children Being Treated in a Separate Speciality.

What is the most appealing about children?

Is it their cute faces?

Their playfulness?

Their smile? Of course, yes, however!

Beyond all these aspects, children are beautiful because they possess something unique, that we as adults have lost and that is innocence as well as purity (Fig. 4A).

Pediatric dentists encourage the oral and dental health of children as well as provide educational resources for parents. It is advised that a dental visit should occur: within six months after the presence of the first tooth or at least by a child's first birthday. It is important to create a comprehensive and accessible ongoing association between the dentist and patient, so the healthy and beautiful smile and natural teeth always remain beautiful (Fig. 4B).

Fig. (4A)) A Child: A Picture of Innocence. Fig. (4B)) Healthy Primary Dentition.

The Key Role of a Pediatric Dentist is

To identify the treatment, need and devise a suitable treatment plan keeping in mind the child’s age.Discuss the treatment to be delivered to the child must be acceptable to the child and the parent.Therefore, the dentist must possess child management skills to be able to do the needful (Fig. 5).

However, it is also true that all Pediatric dentists, even today, do not practice dentistry exclusively for children. Though, a few do believe that they have the necessary knowledge, skill, and love for the subject they had been taught. It is also true that many general dentists are willing to practice dentistry for children but encounter difficulties due to a lack of practical training on key areas in child behaviour management in dentistry.

Fig. (5)) Components of Pediatric Dentistry.

Responsibilities of a Pediatric Dentist Include

Diagnose and manage oral diseases (preventive and restorative) and pathology pertains to the oral cavity.Interpret x-rays and other diagnostic tests.Devise treatment plans to restore the oral health of children, including those with special health care needs.Monitor growth and development of the jaws and teeth.Correct malocclusion through interceptive orthodontic treatment.Perform surgical procedures on teeth, bone, and soft tissues of the oral cavity,Provide emergency care (dental infection, pain, and dental trauma)Treat patients under various stages of sedation (minimal, moderate, or deep), general anaesthesia (Fig. 6).Fig. (6)) Pediatric dentistry – Multispecialty in itself.

Children are always tough to manage, especially those in pain due to oral or dental ailments. They possess mood swings, and their behaviour is entirely unpredictable. Pediatric dentists need to show great patience and effective techniques to oversee the children and eliminate their fear and pain (Fig. 7).

Fig. (7)) “Pediatric Dentistry: Why?”

Aims and Objectives of Pediatric Dentistry

The health of the child specifically concerned with oral health.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment timings for better outcomes (Fig. 8).

Restoring good oral healthRelief of painIncreasing knowledge of dental careInstituting positive behaviourRestoring lost tooth structureManagement of patients with specific needs.

Dentists and patients(parents/children) should have a strong relationship. Pediatric dentists should effectively and efficiently need to perform the treatment of children. They should have a clear, constructive, and positive attitude.

Fig. (8)) Aims and Objectives of Pediatric dentistry.

Establishing and maintaining communication with the child who is cooperative or uncooperative will result in the successful completion of dental procedures.

Interaction, Communication as well as the consultation will also lead the child to develop a positive attitude towards dentistry.

Every hour, in a dental office, a pediatric dental patient enters the treatment room. Immediately there is increased commotion, quivering knees and lips, tears rolling down cheeks. Unfortunately, this scenario can apply to both the patient and the treating dental team.

For a variety of reasons, there are dental practitioners and staff that have an aversion to treating pediatric patients, especially infants and toddlers. This is unfortunate for both the patients and the dentist.

By the institution of early oral health education and the application of preventive dentistry procedures, the pediatric dental patient can be insured for a lifetime of Excellent Dental health.

For the dental practice, ignoring or rejecting the infant and toddler population results in a missed opportunity to contribute to improved oral health for the overall population, establish dental homes early, and attract new patients to the practice.

HISTORY OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY

In 1909, Minnie Evangeline Jordon created the first dental practice in the United States dedicated exclusively to pediatric patients.In 1925, she published the first textbook on pediatric dentistry, titled Operative Dentistry for Children.The first dental care brought to public school was by Alfred C. Fones in 1914, which was 6 decades after the first woman, Lucy Hobbs Taylor, who received a DDS.Plenty of things have changed and improved in pediatric dentistry since it was first revolutionized in 1900’s (Figs. 9 & 10).Fig. (9)) History of Pediatric Dentistry. Fig. (10)) History of Pediatric Dentistry.

PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY PROCEDURES

It is important to make it easy for the child to be comfortable. The dentist / pediatric dentist must decide whether the parents should be present in the operatory during the dental procedure or not.The dentists should also practice non-verbal communication if needed during the procedure. It may be necessary if he cannot talk and guide the patient by facial expressions.It is also important to distract the child’s attention to decrease the pain intensity; for example, the child can be given a mirror to hold or sunglasses to wear to avoid light exposure.The dentist should be fully aware of the child’s history and prescribe suitable pediatric dentistry procedures for him.

Why Is Pediatric Dentistry Important? (Fig. 11)

Oral hygiene is a vital component of the overall health of a person. Without it, human beings’ health is incomplete. It is of paramount importance to convince the parent/child that if oral health is neglected, the body suffers and the child is unable to eat and drink anything, and the body gets insufficient important nutrients.

Fig. (11)) Importance of pediatric dentistry.

Pediatric Dentistry takes into Consideration

1. The advent of social medicine in pediatric health care.

2. Expanding knowledge about pediatric oral health risk and disease management.

3. Trends in oral health and dental care disparities and forces that propel them.

4. Perceived needs for dental care services and other barriers that propel the need for dental home utilization.

5. Dentistry as an independent profession.

6. Dental capacity system for all children, including children with special dental care needs.

The First Dental Visit

Parents are always excited about different milestones in their child’s life.The first syllable convey, crawling, standing, and walking, and the parents celebrate the eruption of the first tooth.There is a need to create a similar desire and preparation of the parent for the child’s first dental visit. Dentists should urge patients to give importance to pediatric dentistry as soon as their child gets their first tooth (Fig. 12).It is suggested that a child should have his first visit to the dentist when he turns one year old. Early engraining of oral hygiene habits will develop strong teeth and gums in the child throughout life. A Paediatric dentist can be the child’s best friend and protect him from long term problems and lifelong complications.The first visit often sets the tone for the future dental behaviours of an individual. When a child comes to the dental operatory in a non-threatening environment for a check-up, which often goes uneventful after a thorough oral and dental examination of the teeth [4], hence first visit makes the child look forwards to future visits.On the other hand, if the first visit of the child is overdue until the child shows signs of tooth decay or the presence of a dental emergency, it is conducted in a stressful situation for the child and prepares the child’s mind to look forward to an unpleasant experience that would involve some form of dental treatment.Delay in the first dental visit may also lead to irreversible progression and an increase in the severity of dental caries.Conditions involving improper feeding habits can be detected, and counselling of the involved caregivers can be done to prevent early childhood caries. Certain developmental disturbances like cleft lip and palate and natal and neonatal teeth also require prompt diagnosis and intervention. Hence the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry have recommended it to conduct the first dental visit within six months of the eruption of the first tooth but not later than twelve months of age.At the first dental visit, the dentist should take a thorough medical history and review the pre-natal and post-natal history with an emphasis on any medications taken by the mother, access to fluoride supplements during pregnancy, and the presence of any maternal conditions that may affect the child’s oro-dental development.The examination of the child should be done in a comfortable environment keeping the child as the focus of attention of both parent and the dental surgeon.The dentist may choose to seat the child in a child-friendly low chair or examine in the knee-to-knee position commonly used for small children. The parent’s presence in the operatory is encouraged as they may help to relieve the anxiety and participate in keeping the child relaxed [2-4].Fig. (12)) First visit of a child to Pediatric Dentist.

Outcomes of a First Dental Visit

Counselling of parents towards age-appropriate oral hygiene methodsCounselling of parents for diet and nutritionEvaluation of the fluoride programme and supplementing fluoride wherever necessaryAdvice on breastfeeding and discuss methods and the right time for weaningInform the parent about cariogenic habits like the use of honey-dipped or sweetened pacifiersThorough oral examination of the teeth and supporting structures if presentExamination of gum padsIdentify any development disorders of hard and soft tissuesInform parents about the different preventive methods

Anticipatory Guidance

One of the important aspects of the first dental visit is anticipatory guidance. It involves identifying present problems and informing the parents about future anticipated problems due to the present condition.When a child with improper feeding or highly cariogenic habits is discovered, the parents should be informed about the future effects and sequelae of dental caries.Similarly, if developmental disturbances like ankyloglossia are noticed the parents should be informed about the anticipated speech problem later [5, 6].As compared to general dentists, pediatric dentists have specific skills and expertise to treat oral diseases in infants, children, and teens.Having a single pediatric dentist from the beginning will help the child in finding the right treatment for a child. They do not have to find a different dentist each time. The dentist will know the child’s history and treat him accordingly instead of adopting a new procedure every other time.The child will also be saved from the additional pain, and he will become familiar with the Pediatric dentist, and their bond will get stronger, resulting in a better understanding. This will be helpful in the successful treatment of the child and creates no worries for parents.

Considerations of Child Management in Dentistry

1. To desire, decide and learn the practice of dentistry for children is a great step in terms of patient care in dentistry.

2. The dentist willing to practice dentistry for children should possess good skills in general dentistry, including restorative procedures, extractions, endodontic treatment and above all, diagnosis and treatment planning (Fig. 13).

Fig. (13)) Comprehensive Pediatric Dental Care.

3. They must have dealt with children to an extent during their graduation or during their initial years of association with senior practitioners to understand what difficulties can be encountered while dealing with children.

4. To learn the art and science of child management in dentistry, they must either observe the work of a pediatric dentist or a dentist with reasonable skills in practicing dentistry for children.

5. The most difficult hurdle to overcome while beginning to practice dentistry for children is ‘to believe’ that child management principles work! Those who do, accept that, like most sciences, despite limitations,

‘child management’ can be practised with a certain predictability.

6. The dental surgeon must develop a team that he/she heads for practising dentistry for children. The team must continuously acquire knowledge and learn from experience while dealing with children. It is also important to decide policies in practice about specific child management techniques or aspects (for example: whether parent/s should be present in the operatory during the dental treatment of a child; whether a restraining technique is to be used.

7. Most children beyond a certain age are potentially cooperative for most dental procedures. They cannot be just classified as ‘cooperative’ or ‘uncooperative’.

8. The ‘child management methods’ apply to all children- cooperative as well as initially uncooperative. It is therefore mandatory to learn for the successful management of most children.

9. Children account for approximately one-third of the population; thus the onus of practising dentistry for children remains on dental surgeons practising dentistry with children.

10. Practicing dentistry for children is rewarding, satisfying and challenging profession.

11. Children are not small adults (Fig. 14). They behave and relate to their surroundings differently. They have their preferences, likes and dislikes. A dentist for children has to have an insight into their demands.12. There are certain rules for successful dental practice; for example, achieving adequate anaesthesia is a rule before tooth extraction; a correct instrumentation technique, working length determination, and use of proper irrigation are the basics of endodontic success. The success story of practising dentistry for children begins with good child management. It is important to have patience and sustained interest for success in the practice of dentistry for children.

Fig. (14)) The Childhood Shows the Man as Morning Shows the Day”.

Concept of Dental Home

The Dental Home concept has been promoted by the AAPD to provide dental treatment to infants, children, and adolescents, including children with special health care needs, under one roof.It allows the personnel involved in the oral health care management of children like parents, dental surgeons, dental professionals, and non-dental professionals to take part in the execution of dental treatment for children.At the same time, various specialists who are commonly involved in the management of medically, physically, psychologically, and mentally challenged children are available at a single centre, thereby reducing the need for lengthy referrals, delays and inconvenience to parents and children with special needs [7].The dental home is the ongoing relationship between the dentist and the patient, inclusive of all aspects of oral health care delivered in a comprehensive, continuously accessible, coordinated, and family-centred way. The establishment of a dental home begins no later than 12 months of age and continues through childhood and adolescence.By establishing a Dental Home and taking preventive steps recommended by the pediatric dentist, parents can avoid their children contracting early childhood caries, which is extensive devastating tooth decay that results in pain, failure to thrive, and in various cases, extensive and costly restorative work.Dental home is an important concept for the dental profession to embrace. Evidence supports the advantages of receiving early professional dental care and intervention that are complemented by anticipatory guidance for parents, as well as periodic supervision visits based on the child’s risk of dental disease. The dental home could increase opportunities for preventive oral health services for children that can reduce disease disparities. The dental home is a concept that deserves support.

Habit counselling – children pick up some habits as they learn through socialization. Most of those habits should be inspired because they teach kids ways of life. However, certain of habits in infancy should be stopped as the child grows. These include thumb sucking, and using the pacifier. Some habits are not easy to stop.

Preventive dental care – children need preventive dental care more than anyone else. Their teeth are still developing, and their bone structures are changing. Preventive dental care makes sure their teeth are in perfect health through various stages. Preventive dental care includes services like fluoride treatment, dental sealants, space maintainers, etc.

Early diagnosis – another great benefit of pediatric dentistry is early diagnosis. In the medical world, detecting a problem early is the best way to curb it before it advances. Some oral problems like teeth misalignment, discolouration on teeth, gum recession, plaque build-up, among others, can be controlled early before they rise into complex problems.

Dental Conditions

Fighting Dental Anxiety – dental anxiety and phobias are common among children. Particularly, if the child has gone through many medical interventions, it is hard to get them to go forward with others in the future. Visiting a dentist regularly is part of good oral health practice. It is a known fact that it is a tug of war to get the child to the dentist if he has anxiety and phobias. Pediatric dentists know their way around dental anxiety. They can help the children get comfortable with the idea of dental intervention.Overall health care – a paediatric dentist capable of a lot more than parents are aware. They are trained health experts who know a lot about the human body. With the mouth being the first contact point of things that get into the body, dentists participate in overall health care.

Why Pediatric Dentistry is Better for Children?

Professionals working in pediatric dentistry are dedicating themselves exclusively to children and are therefore better equipped to manage any problems occurring in their mouths. This will include tooth decay, cavities, delayed eruption, loss of baby teeth, and even wisdom teeth. These professionals are qualified to administer sedation to children to undergo invasive and intensive dental treatments.

Maintaining calmness is easy for pediatric dentists because they are working with children every day. They tailor their approach according to every patient’s specific area of concern. Children feel more comfortable in the pediatric dentists’ chair because of their experience in keeping children calm.

Pediatric dentists design their offices keeping young children in mind. They are equipped to provide treatment to children for any oral health issue to help them keep a smile on their faces.

CONCLUSION

Children are unique in their stages of development; hence there is a need for a separate dental speciality for children. Pediatric dentists have specific skills and expertise to treat oral diseases in infants, children, and teens. It is recommended that a child should have his first visit to the dentist when he turns one year old. Early engraining of oral hygiene habits will develop strong teeth and gums in the child throughout life. Paediatric dentist can be the child’s best friend and can protect him from long-term problems and lifelong complications. By introducing early oral health education and applying preventive dentistry procedures, the pediatric dental patient can be insured for a lifetime of Excellent Dental health.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author(s) declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Declared none.

REFERENCES

[1]American Dental Association Commission on Dental Accreditation Accreditation standards for advanced specialty education programs in pediatric dentistry 2018. Available at: https://www.ada.org/~/media/CODA/Files/ped.pdf[2]American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Perinatal and infant oral health care The Reference Manual of PediatricDentistry 2020252-6.[3]Guideline on management of the developing dentition and occlusion in pediatric. Dentistry American academy of pediatric 2020; 32(6): 10-1.[4]Gelbier S, Kupietzky A, Tsai AT-P. History of the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry: A 50-year perspective. Int J Paediatr Dent 2019; 29: 387-402.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12492][5]Pediatric Dentistry Timeline Available at: http://mouthmonsters.mychildrensteeth.org/ pediatric-dentistry-timeline/[6]Bhaskar V, McGraw KA, Divaris K. The importance of preventive dental visits from a young age: systematic review and current perspectives. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2014; 6: 21-7.[PMID: 24672258][7]Policy of Dental Home Oral Health Policies 2019.

Emotional Development of a Child

Raghavendra M. Shetty1,*,Trisha Gadekar2,Aditi Pashine3

1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE

2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India

3 Associate Dentist, MyDentist, Aberystwyth, UK

Abstract

The emotional development of a child is the progressive process of the child’s ability to control their feelings. The emotions of the child are expressed through facial expressions. Emotions in a child are influenced by their inborn temperament depending on the inherited genes. Crying, laughing, anger, fear, anxiety, or phobia represent different types of emotions. The impact of dental anxiety and fear often leads to avoidance or delay of dental treatment. Moreover, such individuals are difficult to treat and have behavioral problems further resulting in an unpleasant dental experience. All these factors lead to worsening oral health, which often requires complicated dental procedures. Hence, it becomes difficult for the patient to get out of this vicious cycle. Management of such patients is critical and requires careful handling and assessment. Various behaviour management techniques and advanced specialist care in the dental setting can assist fearful patients in attaining optimum oral health and significant overall improvement towards dentistry.

Keywords: Anxiety, Assessment Scale, Emotion, Fear.

*Corresponding author Raghavendra M. Shetty: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE; Tel: [phone]; Fax: [phone]; E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The emotional development of children and adolescents is symbolised by a vast variation according to age, maturity, intellectual development, temperament, experience, family background, and cultural background. These factors play a vital role in influencing the child’s development and underlying emotions.

Crying, laughing, and anger represent the physiological response of the emotions, whereas fear, anxiety, or phobia represents physiological causes of emotions. Fear and anxiety are considered evolutionary mechanisms essential for human existence. While every human being is afraid and anxious, it may be difficult to

manage and understand another person's similar emotions. Usually, adults are aware of their fear and anxiety and often times, they have identified ways to regulate and control their anxiety, whereas it is a complex and sensitive issue while dealing with a child’s fear and anxiety, especially in a dental setting. This is primarily due to its unknown nature and, secondly, due to difficulty in tackling the situation in the unique dental environment. Though pediatric dentists possess expertise in building and instilling a positive attitude toward dentistry during childhood, neutralizing a child’s fear and anxiety requires proper implementation of behaviour shaping and management knowledge. They must be able to recognize the underlying reasons and provide an effective foundation for effective oral health care throughout an individual’s life.