Improving Crop Productivity in Sustainable Agriculture E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1128

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

An up-to-date overview of current progress in improving crop quality and quantity using modern methods. With a particular emphasis on genetic engineering, this text focusses on crop improvement under adverse conditions, paying special attention to such staple crops as rice, maize, and pulses. It includes an excellent mix of specific examples, such as the creation of nutritionally-fortified rice and a discussion of the political and economic implications of genetically engineered food.
The result is a must-have hands-on guide, ideally suited for the biotech and agro industries.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Foreword

Preface

List of Contributors

Part I: Climate Change and Abiotic Stress Factors

Chapter 1: Climate Change and Food Security

1.1 Background and Introduction

1.2 State of Food Security

1.3 Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability

1.4 Natural Resources Management

1.5 Adaptation and Mitigation

1.6 Climate Resilient Agriculture – The Way Forward

References

Chapter 2: Improving Crop Productivity under Changing Environment

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Genetic Engineering for Acid Soil Tolerance in Plants

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Phytotoxic Effect of Aluminum on Plant System

3.3 Aluminum Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants

3.4 Aluminum Signal Transduction in Plants

3.5 Genetic Approach for Development of Al-Tolerant Plants

3.6 Transcriptomics and Proteomics as Tools for Unraveling Al Responsive Genes

3.7 Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 4: Evaluation of Tropospheric O3 Effects on Global Agriculture: A New Insight

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Tropospheric O3 Formation and Its Recent Trend

4.3 Mechanism of O3 Uptake

4.4 Looking Through the “-Omics” at Post-Genomics Era

4.5 Different Approaches to Assess Impacts of Ozone on Agricultural Crops

4.6 Tropospheric O3 and Its Interaction with Other Components of Global Climate Change and Abiotic Stresses

4.7 Conclusions

References

Part II: Methods to Improve Crop Productivity

Chapter 5: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants: “-Omics” Approaches

5.1 Introduction

5.2 MAPK Pathway and Its Components

5.3 Plant MAPK Signaling Cascade in Abiotic Stress

5.4 Crosstalk between Plant MAP Kinases in Abiotic Stress Signaling

5.5 “-Omics” Analyses of Plants under Abiotic Stress

5.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6: Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria-Mediated Amelioration of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses for Increasing Crop Productivity

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Factors Affecting Plant Growth

6.3 Plant-Mediated Strategies to Elicit Stresses

6.4 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria-Mediated Beneficiaries to the Environment

6.5 PGPR-Based Practical Approaches to Stress Tolerance

6.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Are Viruses Always Villains? The Roles Plant Viruses May Play in Improving Plant Responses to Stress

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Viruses Are Abundant and Diverse

7.3 Wild Versus Domesticated

7.4 New Encounters

7.5 Roles for Viruses in Adaptation and Evolution

7.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Risk Assessment of Abiotic Stress Tolerant GM Crops

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Abiotic Stress

8.3 Abiotic Stress Traits are Mediated by Multiple Genes

8.4 Pleiotropy and Abiotic Stress Responses

8.5 General Concepts of Risk Analysis

8.6 Risk Assessment and Abiotic Stress Tolerance

8.7 Abiotic Stress Tolerance Engineered by Traditional Breeding and Mutagenesis

8.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9: Biofertilizers: Potential for Crop Improvement under Stressed Conditions

9.1 Introduction

9.2 What Is Biofertilizer?

9.3 How It Differs from Chemical and Organic Fertilizers

9.4 Type of Biofertilizers

9.5 Description and Function of Important Microorganisms Used as Biofertilizers

9.6 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria

9.7 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

9.8 Mycorrhiza

9.9 Inoculation of Biofertilizers

9.10 Potential Role of Various Biofertilizers in Crop Production and Improvement

9.11 Conclusions

References

Part III: Species-Specific Case Studies

Section IIIA: Graminoids

Chapter 10: Rice: Genetic Engineering Approaches for Abiotic Stress Tolerance – Retrospects and Prospects

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Single Action Genes

10.3 Choice of Promoters

10.4 Physiological Evaluation of Stress Effect

10.5 Means of Stress Impositions, Growth Conditions, and Evaluations

10.6 Adequate Protocols to Apply Drought and Salinity Stress

10.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 11: Rice: Genetic Engineering Approaches to Enhance Grain Iron Content

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Micronutrient Malnutrition

11.3 Food Fortification

11.4 Biofortification

11.5 Iron Uptake and Transport in Plants

11.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: Pearl Millet: Genetic Improvement in Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Drought: Its Nature and Effects

12.3 Genetic Improvement in Drought Tolerance

12.4 Heat Tolerance

12.5 Salinity Tolerance

References

Chapter 13: Bamboo: Application of Plant Tissue Culture Techniques for Genetic Improvement of Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Vegetative Propagation

13.3 Micropropagation

13.4 Genetic Improvement for Abiotic Stress Tolerance

13.5 Dendrocalamus strictus

13.6 Future Prospects

References

Section IIIB: Leguminosae

Chapter 14: Groundnut: Genetic Approaches to Enhance Adaptation of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea, L.) to Drought

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Response to Water Deficits at the Crop Level

14.3 Some Physiological Mechanisms Contributing to Drought Tolerance in Groundnut

14.4 Integration of Physiological Traits to Improve Drought Adaptation of Groundnut

14.5 Status of Genomic Resources in Groundnut

14.6 Molecular Breeding and Genetic Linkage Maps in Groundnut

14.7 Transgenic Approach to Enhance Drought Tolerance

14.8 Summary and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15: Chickpea: Crop Improvement under Changing Environment Conditions

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Abiotic Constraints to Chickpea Production

15.3 Modern Crop Breeding Approaches for Abiotic Stress Tolerance

15.4 Genetic Engineering of Chickpea for Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses

15.5 Biotic Constraints in Chickpea Production

15.6 Modern Molecular Breeding Approaches for Biotic Stress Tolerance

15.7 Application of Gene Technology

15.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 16: Grain Legumes: Biotechnological Interventions in Crop Improvement for Adverse Environments

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Grain Legumes: A Brief Introduction

16.3 Major Constraints for Grain Legume Production

16.4 Biotechnological Interventions in Grain Legume Improvement

16.5 Future Prospects

16.6 Integration of Technologies

16.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 17: Pulse Crops: Biotechnological Strategies to Enhance Abiotic Stress Tolerance

17.1 Pulse Crops: Definition and Major and Minor Pulse Crops

17.2 Pulse Production: Global and Different Countries from FAOStat

17.3 Abiotic Stresses Affecting Pulse Crops

17.4 Mechanisms Underlying Stress Tolerance: A Generalized Picture

17.5 Strategies to Enhance Abiotic Stress Tolerance: Conventional

17.6 Strategies to Enhance Abiotic Stress Tolerance: Biotechnology and Genomics

17.7 Concluding Remarks

References

Section IIIC: Rosaceae

Chapter 18: Improving Crop Productivity and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cultivated Fragaria Using Omics and Systems Biology Approach

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Abiotic Factors and Agronomic Aspects

18.3 Genetically Modified (GM) Plants

18.4 Omics Approaches toward Abiotic Stress in Fragaria

18.5 Systems Biology as Suitable Tool for Crop Improvement

18.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 19: Rose: Improvement for Crop Productivity

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Abiotic Stress and Rose Yield

19.3 Abiotic Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species

19.4 Stress-Related Genes Associated with Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rose and Attempts to Transgenic Development

19.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Index

Related Titles

Tuteja, N., Gill, S. S., Tiburcio, A. F., Tuteja, R. (eds.)

Improving Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stress

2012

ISBN: 978-3-527-32840-6

Meksem, K., Kahl, G. (eds.)

The Handbook of Plant Mutation Screening

Mining of Natural and Induced Alleles

2010

ISBN: 978-3-527-32604-4

Jenks, M. A., Wood, A. J. (eds.)

Genes for Plant Abiotic Stress

2009

ISBN: 978-0-8138-1502-2

Hirt, H. (ed.)

Plant Stress Biology

From Genomics to Systems Biology

2010

ISBN: 978-3-527-32290-9

Hayat, S., Mori, M., Pichtel, J., Ahmad, A. (eds.)

Nitric Oxide in Plant Physiology

2010

ISBN: 978-3-527-32519-1

Yoshioka, K., Shinozaki, K. (eds.)

Signal Crosstalk in Plant Stress Responses

2009

ISBN: 978-0-8138-1963-1

Kahl, G., Meksem, K. (eds.)

The Handbook of Plant Functional Genomics

Concepts and Protocols

2008

ISBN: 978-3-527-31885-8

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Professor G.S. Khush (August 22, 1935)

Professor G.S. Khush was born in a small village in Punjab, India, and did B.Sc. in 1955 from Government Agricultural College (now Punjab Agricultural University), Ludhiana, and Ph.D. in 1960 from the University of California, Davis. After serving as an Assistant Geneticist at University of California, Davis, for 7 years, he joined International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, Philippines (1967), as a Plant Breeder. He was promoted as Head of Plant Breeding Department in 1972 and became Principal Plant Breeder and Head of Division of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biochemistry (1986). Professor Khush is a world-renowned plant breeder who has made enormous contribution to the development of more than 300 high-yielding rice varieties that played significant role toward achieving “Green Revolution,” thereby boosting rice production. Professor Khush provided excellent leadership for the global rice improvement program benefiting millions of resource-poor rice growers in the world. A semi-dwarf rice variety IR36 developed by him was one of the most widely grown rice varieties in the world during 1980s. IR64 developed during 1980s is the most widely planted rice variety in the world. In India, Professor Khush has been actively involved in the development of Plant Breeding and Agriculture Biotechnology. He has authored 3 books, edited 6 books, 40 review articles, 45 book chapters, and 160?research papers. His scientific work featured in the most prestigious international journals. Professor Khush received many awards and honors from various scientific bodies, such as Borlaug Award (1977), Japan Prize (1987), World Food Prize (1996), Rank Prize (1998), Wolf Prize (2000), and Padma Shri from the President of India. He received D.Sc. (hc) degrees from 10 universities, including Punjab Agricultural University, Jawahar Lal Nehru Agriculture University, De Montfort University, ?Cambridge University, and Ohio State University. He is elected to the Fellowship of Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore; National Academy of Sciences (India), Allahabad; National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi; Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi; the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; US National Academy of Sciences; and The Royal Society (London). At present, Professor Khush is serving as Adjunct Professor in University of California, Davis.

This book is dedicated to Prof. G.S. Khush, the undisputed Hero of Rice Revolution.

Foreword

Agriculture is now at a crossroad of conservation and sustainability along with the challenge of increasing productivity. Global agricultural land is limited; the same is true for the water availability and other natural resources. However, population is increasing, particularly in the developing countries. The vertical growth of crop productivity is the only way to meet the daunting task and ensure food security for ever-increasing population. I am glad to see this book addressing those issues and providing scientific know-how to solve some of the problems. I firmly believe that genetic potential of the crop productivity can be utilized and further improved through science and technology interventions.

Several chapters including (1) Climate Change and Food Security by Dr R.B. Singh, (2) Improving Crop Productivity under Changing Environment by Drs ?Dhillon, Gosal, and Kang, (3) Are Virus Always Villains? The Roles Plant Viruses May Play in Improving Plant Responses to Stress by Drs Wylie and Jones, (4) Risk Assessment of Abiotic Stress-Tolerant GM Crops by Drs Howles and Smith, (5) Rice: Genetic Engineering Approaches for Abiotic Stress Tolerance – Retrospects and Prospects by Dr Singh et al., (6) Groundnut: Genetic Approaches to Enhance Adaptation of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Drought by Rao et al., (7) Pulse Crops: Biotechnological Strategies to Enhance Abiotic Stress Tolerance by Drs Ganeshan, Gaur, and Chibar, and so on make focused discussions on the subject. All chapters are well written and create a scientific interest in the learners/readers and researchers.

Congratulations and my best compliments to editors of this book Drs N. Tuteja, Sarvajeet S. Gill, and R. Tuteja who performed an outstanding work in getting valuable contributions from some world experts on the relevant subject. I am sure the readers in the field of agriculture and particularly in abiotic stress management, biotechnology, and new genetics in plant breeding would find this book very useful. The publisher also deserves congratulations for publishing this useful book.

ICAR, New DelhiApril 11, 2012

Prof. Swapan K. Datta, FNAAS, FNAScDeputy Director General (Crop Science)ICAR, New Delhi

Preface

The world's population is projected to hit ~9.2 billion in 2050. On the other hand, agricultural production is decreasing because of negative implications of global climate change. Therefore, it has become essential to increase the global agricultural production to feed the increasing population. Globally, a major loss in crop production is imposed by a suite of stresses, resulting in 30–60% yield reduction every year. Abiotic stress factors such as heat, cold, drought, salinity, wounding, heavy metal toxicity, excess light, floods, high-speed wind, nutrient loss, anaerobic conditions, radiation, and so on represent key elements affecting agricultural producti-vity worldwide. In an agriculturally important country, agriculture is the main driver of agrarian prosperity and comprehensive food and nutritional security. The?loss of productivity is triggered by a series of morphological, physiological, ?biochemical, and molecular stress-induced changes. Therefore, minimizing these losses is a major area of concern for the whole world.

Genetic engineering of abiotic stress-related genes is an important objective for increasing agricultural productivity. Plant adaptation to environmental stresses is?dependent on the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and the expression of specific stress-related genes?and metabolites. Consequently, these genes that protect and maintain the function and structure of cellular components can enhance tolerance to stress. Genetic engineering of important genes and QTLs have now become valuable tools?in crop improvement for rapid precision breeding for specific purposes. Additionally, drip irrigation and fertigation, leaf color chart (LCC) for need-based application of nitrogen, sensor-based yield monitors, nitrogen sensors/green seekers, special-purpose vehicles with sensor-based input applicators, integrated nutrient management (INM) systems, integrated pest management (IPM) systems, integrated disease management (IDM) systems, site-specific management systems using remote sensing, GPS, and GIS, and Web-based decision support systems for controlling diseases and insect pests have been developed and are being commercialized for precision farming.

In this book “Improving Crop Productivity in Sustainable Agriculture,” we present a collection of 19 chapters written by 55 experts in the field of crop improvement and abiotic stress tolerance. This volume is an up-to-date overview of current progress in improving crop quality and quantity using modern methods. Included literature in the form of various chapters provides a state-of-the-art account of the information available on crop improvement and abiotic stress tolerance for sustainable agriculture. In this book, we present the approaches for improving crop productivity in sustainable agriculture with a particular emphasis on genetic engineering; this text focuses on crop improvement under adverse conditions, paying special attention to such staple crops as rice, maize, and pulses. It includes an excellent mix of specific examples, such as the creation of nutritionally fortified rice and a discussion of the political and economic implications of genetically engineered food. The result is a must-have hands-on guide, ideally suited for the biotech and agro industries. This book best complements our previous title “Improving Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stress” (ISBN 978-3-527-32840-6, Volumes 1 and 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012).

For the convenience of readers, the whole book is divided into three major parts, namely, Part I: Climate Change and Abiotic Stress Factors; Part II: Methods to Improve Crop Productivity; and Part III: Species-Specific Case Studies. Further, Part III has been divided into three sections, namely, Section IIIA: Graminoids; Section IIIB: Leguminosae; and Section IIIC: Rosaceae. Part I covers four chapters. Chapter 1 deals with climate change and food security, where emphasis has been paid to food security and climate resilient agriculture. Chapter 2 uncovers the ways for improving crop productivity under changing environment. Chapter 3 deals with the approaches such as genetic engineering for acid soil tolerance in crop plants, whereas Chapter 4 focuses on the evaluation of tropospheric O3 effects on global agriculture. Part II covers five chapters. Chapter 5 deals with “-omics” approaches for abiotic stress tolerance where emphasis has been paid to understand the ?importance of mitogen-activated protein kinases in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Chapter 6 unravels the importance of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for the amelioration of abiotic and biotic stresses for increasing crop productivity. Chapter 7 interestingly uncovers the importance of viruses in reducing damage from both biotic and abiotic stressors in crop plants. This chapter focuses on the new technologies that revealed that viruses are far more abundant and diverse than previously known and unexpected roles as symbionts and as sources of genetic raw material for evolution are informing a new appreciation of the roles plant viruses play in nature. Chapter 8 is on risk assessment of abiotic stress-tolerant GM crops. This chapter outlines the likely issues for consideration in risk assessment for the commercial release of a GM plant with a novel abiotic stress tolerance trait. Chapter 9 is on biofertilizers as potential candidate for crop improvement under stressed conditions. Part III deals with different crop plants under three sections. Section IIIA covers four chapters that deal with rice, pearl millet, and bamboo. In this ?section, Chapter 10 deals with the genetic engineering approaches for abiotic stress tolerance in rice – retrospects and prospects. Chapter 11 uncovers the genetic engineering approaches to enhance grain iron content in rice. The creation of nutritionally fortified rice can have a dramatic impact on human health because it is a major staple crop in the world. Chapter 12 deals with the genetic improvement for tolerance to abiotic stresses in pearl millet. Chapter 13 deals with the application of plant tissue culture techniques for genetic improvement of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Nees). Section IIIB includes four chapters on groundnut, chickpea, grain legumes, and pulse crops. Chapter 14 deals with genetic approaches to enhance adaptation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to drought stress. Chapter 15 discusses the strategies for crop improvement under changing environment conditions in chickpea. Chapter 16 deals with grain legumes, where biotechnological interventions in crop improvement for adverse environments have been discussed. Chapter 17 uncovers the biotechnological strategies to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in pulse crops. Section IIIC includes two chapters on Fragaria and rose. Chapter 18 deals with improving crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance in cultivated Fragaria using “-omics” and systems biology approach. Chapter 19 discusses the strategies for improving crop productivity in rose. The editors and contributing authors hope that this book will add to our existing knowledge of improving crop productivity in sustainable agriculture that, in turn, may eventually open up new avenues for improving the stress tolerance in crop plants.

We are highly thankful to Dr. Ritu Gill, Centre for Biotechnology, MD University, Rohtak, for her valuable help in formatting and incorporating editorial changes in the manuscripts. We would like to thank Prof. Swapan K. Datta, Deputy Director General (Crop Science), ICAR, New Delhi, for writing the foreword and Wiley-Blackwell, Germany, particularly Gregor Cicchetti, Senior Publishing Editor, Life Sciences, and Anne Chassin du Guerny for their professional support and efforts in the layout. This book is dedicated to Professor G.S. Khush, the undisputed Hero of Rice Revolution.

Narendra TutejaICGEB, New DelhiSarvajeet Singh GillMDU, RohtakRenu TutejaICGEB, New Delhi

July, 2012

List of Contributors

S. AcharjeeAssam Agricultural UniversityDepartment of AgriculturalBiotechnologyJorhat 785013AssamIndia

Alok AdholeyaThe Energy and Resources InstituteBiotechnology & Bioresources DivisionDarbariSeth BlockLodhi RoadNew Delhi 110003India

Madhoolika AgrawalLaboratory of Air Pollutionand Global Climate ChangeDepartment of BotanyBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi 221005Uttar PradeshIndia

S.B. AgrawalLaboratory of Air Pollution andGlobal Climate ChangeDepartment of BotanyBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi 221005Uttar PradeshIndia

Paramvir Singh AhujaInstitute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology (CSIR)Division of BiotechnologyPalampurKangra 176061Himachal PradeshIndia

Pankaj BarahNorwegian University of Scienceand TechnologyDepartment of BiologyHgskoleringen 57491 TrondheimNorway

Pooja Bhatnagar-MathurInternational Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT)Genetic Transformation LaboratoryPatancheruHyderabad 502324Andhra PradeshIndia

Atle M. BonesNorwegian University of Scienceand TechnologyDepartment of BiologyHgskoleringen 57491 TrondheimNorway

Vasvi ChaudhryCSIR-National Botanical ResearchInstituteDivision of Plant Microbe InteractionsRana Pratap MargLucknow 226001Uttar PradeshIndia

Puneet Singh ChauhanCSIR-National Botanical ResearchInstituteDivision of Plant MicrobeInteractionsRana Pratap MargLucknow 226001Uttar PradeshIndia

Ravindra N. ChibbarUniversity of SaskatchewanCollege of Agricultureand BioresourcesDepartment of Plant Sciences51 Campus DriveSaskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8Canada

Manab DasThe Energy and Resources InstituteBiotechnology & BioresourcesDivisionDarbari Seth BlockLodhi RoadNew Delhi 110003India

Devendra DhayaniInstitute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology (CSIR)Division of BiotechnologyPalampurKangra 176061Himachal PradeshIndia

Navjot K. DhillonPunjab Agricultural UniversitySchool of Agricultural BiotechnologyLudhiana 141004PunjabIndia

S. GaneshanUniversity of SaskatchewanCollege of Agricultureand BioresourcesDepartment of Plant Sciences51 Campus DriveSaskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8Canada

P.M. GaurInternational Crops Research Institute forSemi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruHyderabad 502324Andhra PradeshIndia

Sarvajeet Singh GillInternational Centre for GeneticEngineering and Biotechnology(ICGEB)Plant Molecular Biology GroupAruna Asaf Ali MargNew Delhi 110067India

and

MD UniversityFaculty of Life SciencesCentre for BiotechnologyStress Physiology and MolecularBiology LabRohtak 124 001HaryanaIndia

Satbir S. GosalPunjab Agricultural UniversitySchool of Agricultural BiotechnologyLudhiana 141004PunjabIndia

Meetu GuptaJamia Millia IslamiaCentral UniversityDepartment of BiotechnologyNew Delhi 110025India

S.K. GuptaInternational Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT)PatancheruHyderabad 502324Andhra PradeshIndia

Paul HowlesOffice of the Gene TechnologyRegulator15 National CircuitCanberra, ACT 2600Australia

Monika JaggiNational Institute of Plant GenomeResearchAruna Asaf Ali MargNew Delhi 110 067India

C.K. JohnNational Chemical LaboratoryPlant Tissue Culture DivisionPune 411008MaharashtraIndia

Michael G.K. JonesMurdoch UniversitySchool of Biological Sciencesand BiotechnologyWestern Australian State AgriculturalBiotechnology CentrePlant Virology GroupPerth, WA 6150Australia

Manjit S. KangPunjab Agricultural UniversityLudhiana 141004PunjabIndia

N. Nataraja KarabaUniversity of Agricultural SciencesDepartment of Crop PhysiologyGKVK CampusBengaluru 560065KarnatakaIndia

Kiran KaulInstitute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology (CSIR)Division of BiotechnologyPalampurKangra 176061Himachal PradeshIndia

Navtej KaurInstitute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology (CSIR)Division of BiotechnologyPalampurKangra 176061Himachal PradeshIndia

Ch. Sridhar KumarInternational Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT)Genetic Transformation LaboratoryPatancheruHyderabad 502324Andhra PradeshIndia

S. KumaraswamyUniversity of Agricultural SciencesDepartment of Crop PhysiologyGKVK CampusBengaluru 560065KarnatakaIndia

Aradhana MishraCSIR-National Botanical ResearchInstituteDivision of Plant MicrobeInteractionsRana Pratap MargLucknow 226001Uttar PradeshIndia

Sagarika MishraIndian Institute of TechnologyDepartment of BiotechnologyGuwahati 781039AssamIndia

M.K. ModiAssam Agricultural UniversityDepartment of AgriculturalBiotechnologyJorhat 785013AssamIndia

Chandra Shekhar NautiyalCSIR-National Botanical ResearchInstituteDivision of Plant MicrobeInteractionsRana Pratap MargLucknow 226001Uttar PradeshIndia

Paramita PalitInternational Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT)Genetic Transformation LaboratoryPatancheruHyderabad 502324Andhra PradeshIndia

Sanjib Kumar PandaAssam UniversityDepartment of Life Science &BioinformaticsSilchar 788011AssamIndia

V.A. ParasharamiNational Chemical LaboratoryPlant Tissue Culture DivisionPune 411008MaharashtraIndia

T.G. PrasadUniversity of Agricultural SciencesDepartment of Crop PhysiologyGKVK CampusBengaluru 560065KarnatakaIndia

K.N. RaiInternational Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT)PatancheruHyderabad 502324Andhra PradeshIndia

Richa RaiLaboratory of Air Pollution andGlobal Climate ChangeDepartment of BotanyBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi 221005Uttar PradeshIndia

N. RamaUniversity of Agricultural SciencesDepartment of Crop PhysiologyGKVK CampusBengaluru 560065KarnatakaIndia

R.C. Nageswara RaoThe University of QueenslandCentre for Plant ScienceQueensland Alliance for Agricultureand Food Innovation (QAAF)Kingaroy, Queensland 4610Australia

D. Srinivas ReddyInternational Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT)Genetic Transformation LaboratoryPatancheruHyderabad 502324Andhra PradeshIndia

Jens RohloffNorwegian University of Scienceand TechnologyDepartment of BiologyHgskoleringen 57491 TrondheimNorway

Lingaraj SahooIndian Institute of TechnologyDepartment of BiotechnologyGuwahati 781039AssamIndia

Abhijit SarkarLaboratory of Air Pollution andGlobal Climate ChangeBanaras Hindu UniversityDepartment of BotanyVaranasi 221005Uttar PradeshIndia

Bidyut K. SarmahAssam Agricultural UniversityDepartment of AgriculturalBiotechnologyJorhat 785013AssamIndia

H.C. SharmaICRISATDivision of EntomologyPatencheruHyderabad 502324Andhra PradeshIndia

Kiran K. SharmaInternational Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT)Genetic Transformation LaboratoryPatancheruHyderabad 502324Andhra PradeshIndia

Madhu SharmaInstitute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology (CSIR)Division of BiotechnologyPalampurKangra 176061Himachal PradeshIndia

M.S. SheshshayeeUniversity of Agricultural SciencesDepartment of Crop PhysiologyGKVK CampusBengaluru 560065KarnatakaIndia

Markandey SinghInstitute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology (CSIR)Division of BiotechnologyPalampurKangra 176061Himachal PradeshIndia

Poonam C. SinghCSIR-National Botanical ResearchInstituteDivision of Plant MicrobeInteractionsRana Pratap MargLucknow 226001Uttar PradeshIndia

R.B. SinghPresidentNational Academy of AgriculturalSciencesNASC Complex, DPS Marg, PusaNew Delhi 110012India

Salvinder SinghAssam Agricultural UniversityDepartment of AgriculturalBiotechnologyJorhat 785013AssamIndia

Alok Krishna SinhaNational Institute of Plant GenomeResearchAruna Asaf Ali MargNew Delhi 110 067India

Joe SmithOffice of the Gene TechnologyRegulator15 National CircuitCanberra, ACT 2600Australia

Rohini SreevathsaUniversity of Agricultural SciencesDepartment of Crop PhysiologyGKVK CampusBengaluru 560065KarnatakaIndia

Suchi SrivastavaCSIR-National Botanical ResearchInstituteDivision of Plant MicrobeInteractionsRana Pratap MargLucknow 226001Uttar PradeshIndia

D. SudhakarTamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant MolecularBiology and BiotechnologyCoimbatore 641003Tamil NaduIndia

Narendra TutejaInternational Centre for GeneticEngineering and Biotechnology(ICGEB)Plant Molecular Biology GroupAruna Asaf Ali MargNew Delhi 110067India

M. UdayakumarUniversity of Agricultural SciencesDepartment of Crop PhysiologyGKVK CampusBengaluru 560065KarnatakaIndia

Stephen J. WylieMurdoch UniversitySchool of Biological Sciences andBiotechnologyWestern Australian State AgriculturalBiotechnology CentrePlant Virology GroupPerth, WA 6150Australia

O.P. YadavAll India Coordinated Pearl MilletImprovement ProjectMandorJodhpur 342304RajasthanIndia

Part I

Climate Change and Abiotic Stress Factors

Chapter 1

Climate Change and Food Security

R.B. Singh

Abstract

The Green Revolution ushered in the 1960s brought unprecedented transformation in agricultural production, productivity, food security, and poverty reduction. But, it has now waned. The numbers of hungry, undernourished, and poor remain stubbornly high. Moreover, the natural agricultural production resources, particularly water and land, have shrunk and degraded. The problem has further exacerbated by the global climate change and extreme weather fluctuations widely depressing agricultural yields, increasing production instability, and degrading natural resources. If the change is not managed adequately, the agricultural yields will drop by up to 20% by the year 2050 and the national GDP will erode annually at least by 1%. A series of adaptation and mitigation pathways involving business unusual have been suggested toward developing climate smart agriculture by increasing agricultural resilience to climate change through integrating technology, policy, investment, and institutions with special reference to the resource poor, women, and other more vulnerable people.

1.1 Background and Introduction

Toward the year 2050, the world population is projected to stabilize at around 9.2 billion. In order to adequately feed this population, the global agriculture must double its food production, and farm productivity would need to increase by 1.8% each year – indeed a tall order. On the other hand, the natural resources – the agricultural production base, especially land, water, and biodiversity – are fast shrinking and degrading. For instance, by 2025, 30% of crop production will be at risk due to the declining water availability. Thus, in order to meet the ever-intensifying demand for food and primary production, more and more is to be produced from less and less of the finite natural and nonrenewable resources.

The challenges of attaining sustainably accelerated and inclusive growth and comprehensive food security have been exacerbated by the global climate change and extreme weather fluctuations. The global warming due to rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) causing higher temperature, disturbed rainfall pattern causing frequent drought and flood, sea level rise, and so on is already adversely impacting productivity and stability of production, resulting in increased vulnerability, especially of the hungry and resource-poor farmers, and is a growing threat to agricultural yields and food security. World Bank projects that the climate change will depress crop yields by 20% or more by the year 2050. Livestock and fish production will likewise be impacted. Pathogen virulence, disease incidences, pest infestations, epidemic breakouts, and biotic stresses in general are predicted to intensify.