Table of Contents
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FOREWORD
PREFACE
List of Contributors
Secondary Metabolite Production through Elicitation: Biotic, Abiotic, MeJA, PGRs and Stress Signaling in Improving Compounds in Select Medicinal Plants
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
ELICITOR
Classification of Elicitor
Elicitation and Improved Yield in Some Medicinal Plants
MECHANISM
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
In Vitro Multiplication and Metabolite Variations through GC-MS of a Medicinal Plant Scaevola Taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Material and Sterilization
Culture Medium and Conditions
Multiplication of Shoot
Rooting and Acclimatization
Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry
Sample Preparation
RESULTS
Shoot Initiation
Multiple Shoot Induction
Rooting and Acclimatization
Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Metabolic Engineering & Synthetic Biology of Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids Pathway in Catharanthus Roseus
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
THE MIAs BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY
METABOLIC ENGINEERING AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND KEYS
MIAs ‘Pathway Genes’ and ‘Transcriptional Factors Metabolic Engineering’
MIAs Synthetic Biology of Plant and Microbial Cell Factories
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Impact of Abiotic Stresses on In Vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY METABOLITES OF PLANTS
BENEFITS OF USING PLANT TISSUE CULTURE FOR SECONDARY METABOLITES PRODUCTION
IMPACT OF ABIOTIC STRESS ON IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
Drought
Salinity
Nutrients Deficiency
Ultraviolet Radiation
Temperature
CONCLUDING REMARKS
ABBREVIATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Glandular Trichomes: Bio-cell Factories of Plant Secondary Metabolites
Abstract
Introduction
Glandular Trichome: Morphology, Development, Secondary metabolite accumulation and Molecular regulation in some important plants
Morphology, Occurrence and Biosynthetic Regulation of Metabolites in the Trichome of Some Important Plants
Solanum lycopersicum
Artemisia annua
Helianthus annuus
Cannabis sativa
Withania somnifera
Influence of Biotic/abiotic Stresses on Trichome Development and Metabolite Accumulation
Effect of Abiotic Stress on Trichome Physiology and Metabolic Productivity
Temperature Stress
Drought and Water Stress
Heavy Metals Stress
Salinity Stress
Ozone Stress
Light and Wind Stress
Effect of biotic stress on trichome physiology and metabolite productivity
Pathogens
Insects
Concluding remarks and future prospective
Acknowledgements
REFERENCES
Role of Plant Growth Regulators for Augmenting Secondary Metabolites Production in Medicinal Plants
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (PGRs)
Types of PGRs
Auxins
Cytokinins
Gibberellins
Ethylene
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
SECONDARY METABOLITES
Terpenes
Phenolics
Nitrogen and Sulphur-containing Compounds
INFLUENCE OF PGRs ON SECONDARY METABOLITES PRODUCTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Effects of Cytokinins on the Alteration of Secondary Metabolites Production
Effects of Auxins on the Alteration of Secondary Metabolites Production
Effects of GA on the Alteration of Secondary Metabolites Production
Effects of ABA on the Alteration of Secondary Metabolites Production
Effects of Combinations on the Alteration of Secondary Metabolites Production
CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
Hassawi Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Nutraceutical Properties, In Vitro Culture and Genomics
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF HASSAWI RICE
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
SECONDARY METABOLITES
Classification
Biological Functions
Secondary Metabolites in Rice
MEDICINAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES
Antidiabetic Properties
Anti-Obesity and Gastrointestinal Activities
BREEDING APPROACHES
Cultivation and Limitations
Breeding Objectives
Heterosis Breeding
Hybridization
Molecular Breeding Potential
Marker-Assisted- Selection for Genetic Improvement
Potential Impact
TISSUE CULTURE APPLICATIONS
Mutation
In Vitro Response to Stress
GENOMICS
Genetic Diversity
Genetic Engineering
Whole Genome Sequence
Chloroplast Genome
Mitochondrial Genome
Quantitative Trait Loci
CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS
REFERENCES
In Vitro Rapid Regeneration of Plantlets from Shoot Tip Explants of Allamanda Cathartica L. and Characterization of Phytochemicals in Regenerants
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Explants Collection
Explant Preparation
Media and Culture Condition
Shoot Induction and Multiplication
Rooting and Acclimatization
Sample Collection and Preparation
Preparation of Leaf Extract
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of Meta-topolin
Cytokinin - Auxin Interaction on Shoot Proliferation
Effect of Sucrose
Rooting and Acclimatization
Phytochemical Screening
CONCLUSION
ABBREVIATIONS
References
Production of Secondary Metabolites from Endangered and Commercially Important Medicinal Plants Through Cell and Tissue Culture Technology
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
IN VİTRO CULTURE AS A SUBSTİTUTE SYSTEM FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLİTES
Traditional Strategies
Metabolic Engineering
APPROACHES TO MANİPULATE THE CONTENTS OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLİTES
Carbon Source
Media Formulation
Temperature
Agitation
Phosphate
Nitrogen
Plant Growth Hormones
Gas Composition
Precursor Supplementation
Callus Culture System
Cell Suspension Cultures
Hairy Root Cultures
Organ Culture
Elicitation: A Biotechnological Tool
CONCLUSİON AND FUTURE PROSPECTİVE
REFERENCES
Antimicrobial Efficacy of In Vitro Cultures and their Applications
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Culture Initiation
Type of Cultures
Elicitation
Metabolic Engineering
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The Contemporary Facts Towards In Vitro Production of the Plant-derived Medicinal Metabolites
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Aloe arborescens Mill
Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem
Arnebia euchroma (Royle) J onst.
Artemisia annua L.
Chamomile spp.
Cannabis sativa L.
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don
Chlorophytum borivilianum SANT. Et. FERN
Coleus spp.
Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Makino
Curcuma longa L.
Cupressus sempervirens L.
Dioscorea spp.
Echinacea spp.
Eryngium alpinum L.
Ginkgo biloba L.
Hypericum perforatum L.
Hypericum spp.
Lavandula spp.
Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.
Lychnis flos-cuculi L.
Morinda citrifolia L.
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Nothapodytes foetida (Wight)
Ocimum spp.
Oenothera biennis L.
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer
Solanum spp.
Stephania spp.
Taxus baccata L.
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.
Vaccinium spp.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Harnessing the Potential of Plant Tissue Culture Techniques for the Herbal Industry
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF HERBAL MEDICINE
LARGE SCALE PLANT PROPAGATION THROUGH PLANT TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
Establishment of Aseptic Cultures
Shoot Multiplication
Through Meristem Culture
Adventitious Shoot Organogenesis
Rooting of in vitro Regenerated Shoots
Somatic Embryogenesis
Acclimatization
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION
Cell Suspension Culture and Its Potential in the Herbal Industry
Production of Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Plants Using Hairy Root Culture System
Metabolic Engineering for Enhanced Production of Pharmaceutically Important Compounds
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
REFERENCES
In Vitro Propagation and Secondary
Metabolite Production from
Medicinal Plants:
Current Trends
(Part 1)
Edited by
Mohammad Anis
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory
Department of Botany
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202-002, India
&
Mehrun Nisha Khanam
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory
Department of Botany
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202-002, India
University Centre for Research & Development
Chandigarh University
Mohali-140-413
Punjab, India
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FOREWORD
Biotechnology will continue to be the frontline area for research and application in the 21st century. The potential of biotechnology is enormous, and numerous breakthroughs have benefited the humankind. Plant science research holds tremendous potential to address pressing global issues, including climate change, food insecurity and sustainability. Necessary research to generate innovative discoveries that solve urgent problems is at risk.
India is rich in bioresources but has been slow in converting them into economic wealth through appropriate technologies. Medicinal plants are active biochemical factories of a vast group of secondary metabolites (SMS), and these are indeed basic sources of various pharmaceutical drugs. It is believed that 80% of the world's population utilises herbs, and in developing nations, its percentage could be as high as 95%. The Ayurveda market in India has been valued at INR 335 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach INR > 1000 billion by 2025. There is a growing interest in the world over photomedicines and photo-chemicals. Quite frequently, unique genotypes have to be multiplied in a pure form. Also, several medicinal plants worldwide are under threat of extinction due to climate change. Clonal propagation is important to multiply elite planting materials of selected medicinal tees and many prized herbs.
Plant tissue culture has been viewed as a key technology for enhancing the capability for the production of large quantities of planting material of selected elite high-yielding varieties to boost production and productivity. This technology holds enormous potential for meeting the demands of both domestic and export markets in terms of high-quality planting material.
In this context, the present book titled "In vitro Propagation and Secondary Metabolite Production from Medicinal Plants: Current Trends" edited by Professor (Dr) Mohammad Anis, Former Dean, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, is a timely one. The book will certainly appeal to postgraduate students, researchers, biotechnologists, and industry and can be used as a reference book. We must convert our biological wealth into economic wealth and job opportunities. The book will be an important step in this era.
Rajeev Varshney
Centre for Crop & Food Innovation
WA State Agricultural Biotechnology
Murdoch University
Perth, Australia
PREFACE
Plant tissue culture is one of the most important and useful areas of plant biotechnology, having both fundamental and applied significance. Secondary metabolites hold the key to many medicinal properties present in plants, which thus makes their production a commercial prospect. Optimization of various factors responsible for enhanced cell growth and production of secondary metabolites has become a pre-requisite for the use of bioreactors commercially. Plant cell culture provides a viable alternative over whole plant cultivation for the production of secondary metabolites. The discovery that these metabolites could be extracted from callus came at a time when there was a concern about dwindling plant resources. A continuous callus is used from such medicinal plants, and there would be no need to use field-grown plants to obtain secondary metabolites.
There are fluctuations in the concentrations and quantities of secondary metabolites in field-grown plants as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, although controlled genetically, is affected strongly by environmental influence. Moreover, very little is known about the biotransformation that takes place once the crop is harvested. To overcome these limitations biotechnologist suggested the use of plant cell and tissue culture rather than to use whole plants for the extraction of certain secondary metabolites. Plant tissue culture may very well contain metabolic pathways that have been modified and/or abbreviated from that of the plant. The impact of rapid climate changes may also have an adverse effect on wild plant species leading to the loss of useful genetic material.
In vitro cell culture and controlled environment production systems offer excellent opportunities for the selection and seasonal independent propagation of elite lines with specific, consistent levels of medicinal metabolites with minimum contamination. Additionally, the plant materials produced by in vitro techniques allow efficient application of emerging analytical methods. The impact of these techniques perhaps may be greatest in the improvement of medicinal plants since the resulting genetic diversity may open avenues for the discovery of new medicinal metabolites and treatments.
The continued rise in consumer demand or plant-based medicines and the expanding world population have resulted in the indiscriminate harvest of wild species of medicinal plants. The impact of rapid climate changes may also have an adverse effect on wild plant species leading to the loss of useful genetic material.
The biomass is mainly obtained through conventional methods, which pose quality issues mainly due to poor seed germination, low viability of the seeds and mainly because of environmental factors. Therefore, there is a great need to develop alternative and stable approaches by using different biotechnological approaches like cell, tissue and organ culture, which are independent of all the environmental variations and obtain uniform biomass of high quality for pharmaceutical purposes. During the last 2 decades, a large number of in vitro propagation procedures through direct and indirect organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and also using synthetic seeds have been developed for the conservation aspects.
Several attempts have been made to optimize the protocol for the production of biomolecules using tissue culture and also through hairy root culture (Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation). These cultural techniques can be achieved by monitoring environmental conditions like media optimization, physical conditions, use of biotic and abiotic elicitors, etc., where improved production of secondary metabolites for commercial scale can be achieved. With the significant information on gene regulation and the key enzymatic steps involved in the biosynthetic pathways, modulation in the production of bioactive content can be achieved to the levels required for the pharmaceutical industry. The present book will provide a comprehensive report on the research carried out in the area and will emphasize the future prospects that can be considered for the production of secondary metabolites or the development of elite germplasm with higher contents of secondary metabolites, which would benefit the mankind in an endurable way.
The purpose of this book is to provide important, state-of-the-art findings on secondary metabolite production in valuable medicinal plants. We are extremely grateful to all the contributors who warmly welcomed our invitation and agreed to contribute chapters to embellish information on the subject, thus helping in this endeavor. We also appreciate their patience and cooperation in meeting deadlines and revising their manuscripts when required. We would also like to place on record our sincere thanks to Mr. Zohaib Siddiqui for preparing the layout of the contents. As usual, my wife, Humera Anis, provided much needed morale support, and grand daughter, Haniya, provided moments of joy during a bit tiring and monotonous work.
The editors also like to acknowledge the support received from the publisher Bentham Science, Singapore.
Mohammad Anis
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory
Department of Botany
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202-002, India
&Mehrun Nisha Khanam
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory
Department of Botany
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202-002, India
University Centre for Research & Development
Chandigarh University
Mohali-140-413
Punjab, India
List of Contributors
Ashish GuptaDepartment of Botany, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaAzra N. KamiliCentre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190 006, (J&K), IndiaAlpana YadavDepartment of Botany, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaArchana PrasadDepartment of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226007, IndiaAnabela RomanoMED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, PortugalAbhishek SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar-382426, India
C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Gopal-Vidyanagar, Maliba Campus, Surat-394350, IndiaA. YusufDepartment of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, IndiaAnil Kumar BishtDepartment of Botany, Kumaun University, Nainital, IndiaA. MujibDepartment of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, IndiaBrajesh Chandra PandeyDepartment of Botany, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaBoregowda NandiniPlant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru - 570 020, Karnataka, IndiaDebasis ChakrabartyAcademy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, IndiaDechen DolkerDepartment of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, Punjab, IndiaFadime KarabulutDepartment of Biology, Firat University, Elazıg, IndiaGauri SaxenaDepartment of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226007, IndiaGopal W. NarkhedeDepartment of Agricultural Botany Genetics and Plant Breeding, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431402, Maharashtra, IndiaGholamreza AbdiDepartment of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr-7516913817, IranHemant BoraseC. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Gopal-Vidyanagar, Maliba Campus, Surat-394350, IndiaHarsh Kumar ChauhanDepartment of Botany, Kumaun University, Nainital, IndiaInês MansinhosMED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, PortugalIndra Dutt BhattG.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora-263643, Uttarakhand, IndiaJameel M. Al-KhayriDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi ArabiaKhushboo ChawdaBiotechnology and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, IndiaKapil D. PandeyDepartment of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaKrishnananda P. IngleBiotechnology Centre, Department of Agricultural Botany, Post Graduate Institute, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krishi Nagar, Akola, Maharashtra, IndiaKiran S. MawalePlant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru - 570 020, Karnataka, IndiaKuldeep KaurDepartment of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, Punjab, IndiaMuneera Q. Al-MssallemDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa-31982, Saudi ArabiaMehrun Nisha KhanamUniversity Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140-413, Punjab, India
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202-002, IndiaMohammad AnisPlant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202-002, IndiaMohammad Yaseen MirCentre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190 006, (J&K), IndiaMehpara MaqsoodGovt. College for Women, M.A. Road, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, IndiaMir KhusrauGovernment Degree College (Boys), Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaM. RaseenaDepartment of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, IndiaNishi KumariDepartment of Botany, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaPragya ShuklaBiotechnology and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaPenna SuprasannaNuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai MS, IndiaParvatam GiridharPlant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru - 570 020, Karnataka, IndiaPanchsheela NogiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, Punjab, IndiaPratap Kumar PatiDepartment of Agriculture, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar Punjab, India
Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, Punjab, IndiaPooja JaiswalDepartment of Botany, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaRajesh AroraDepartment of Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi- 110054, IndiaSandra GonçalvesMED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, PortugalS. Mohan JainDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki-00014, Helsinki, FinlandSakshi RawatDepartment of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, Punjab, IndiaShashikanta BeheraDepartment of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, Punjab, IndiaVaishali KumariDepartment of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, Punjab, IndiaVyoma MistryC. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Gopal-Vidyanagar, Maliba Campus, Surat-394350, IndiaZahoor A. KalooDepartment of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Secondary Metabolite Production through Elicitation: Biotic, Abiotic, MeJA, PGRs and Stress Signaling in Improving Compounds in Select Medicinal Plants
Mehpara Maqsood1,A. Mujib2,*,Mir Khusrau3,Zahoor A. Kaloo4
1 Govt. College for Women, M.A. Road, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
2 Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
3 Government Degree College (Boys), Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India
4 Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Abstract
Plants in addition to primary metabolites produce secondary metabolites which are of immense pharmaceutical importance and other industrial uses. Secondary metabolites are produced due to the stress experienced by plants in response to external triggers/agents like elicitors. Elicitation involves two types of elicitors namely biotic and abiotic. Elicitors have a vital role in plant tissue culture as these improve secondary metabolite content in cultures. Other culture conditions including volume and types of medium, duration, etc., also affect the yield of alkaloids. Extensive research has been carried out for the enhanced level of alkaloids in in vitro cultured plants. Various common elicitors used in media are methyl jasmonate (MeJA), yeast extract (YE), fungal extract, ions from various salts like CdCl2, heavy metal ions, and ionic, nonionic radiations, etc. The fungal cell wall components oligosaccharides and peptides have also been used as elicitors for the induction/enhancement of secondary metabolites in plant cell/organ cultures. The influence of sample representation of biotic and abiotic elicitors, i.e., YE, Aspergillus flavus, MeJA, CdCl2, CaCl2, has been discussed taking a few medicinals and oil yielding plants from authors’ laboratory. A direct link of stress with elicitors including plant growth regulators (PGRs) has been established showing over accumulation of proline, protein, SOD, APX and other antioxidant enzyme activity with increased levels of elicitation. Increasing demand forces researchers to conduct further investigation in this area for the production of phyto-compounds and even for viable commercial exploitation.
Keywords: Alkaloids, Catharanthus roseus, Colchicum luteum, Colchicine, Elicitor.
*Corresponding author A. Mujib: Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India;
E-mail:
[email protected]REFERENCES
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