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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
Building information modelling (BIM) is a set of interacting policies, processes and technologies that generates a methodology to manage the essential building design and project data in digital format throughout the building's life cycle. BIM, makes explicit, the interdependency that exists between structure, architectural layout and mechanical, electrical and hydraulic services by technologically coupling project organizations together.
Integrated Building Information Modelling is a handbook on BIM courses, standards and methods used in different regions (Including UK, Africa and Australia). 13 chapters outline essential information about integrated BIM practices such as the BIM in site layout plan, BIM in construction product management, building life cycle assessment, quantity surveying and BIM in hazardous gas monitoring projects while also presenting information about useful BIM tools and case studies. The book is a useful handbook for engineering management professionals and trainees involved in BIM practice.
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Integrated Building Information Modelling
Edited by
Peng Wu
Department of Construction Management, Curtin University,Australia
Haijiang Li
School of Engineering, Cardiff University,UK
Xiangyu Wang
Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information
Modelling, Curtin University,Australia
&
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FOREWORD
Building information modelling (BIM) is a set of interacting policies, processes and technologies that generates “a methodology to manage the essential building design and project data in digital format throughout the building's life cycle”. It makes explicit the interdependency that exists between structure, architectural layout and mechanical, electrical and hydraulic services by technologically coupling project organizations together.
BIM facilitates the convenient and highly-efficient multi-professional collaboration. By synchronizing the central files, various professionals are able to share the same data set and operate on a unified platform. It is noted that the technical kernel of BIM is comprised of 3D visualization and the corresponding building information management mechanisms. With 3D visualization, it is easier to demonstrate design intent of cross-disciplinal professional engineers, and enable intuitive understanding, facilitate timely communication and error checking in drawings. Since large construction projects are featured as large in size, high in interspace and densely-populated, it is easy to cause significant impact to the safety of personnel and loss to property once an emergent situation occurs. Mapping the 3D models of BIM with the intelligent systems can simulate unexpected situations by computer and contingency plans can be made in advance. In addition, utilizing the 3D visualization technology of BIM, the construction unit can publish project construction information and operational information through the internet and other means of mass media. This provides it with a chance of improving the public participation, economic, environmental and the social benefits, as well as other comprehensive benefits.
The present book, structured in 13 chapters, deals with some of the fundamental integrated BIM applications, such as BIM in site layout plan, BIM in construction product management and BIM in hazardous gas monitoring. These chapters demonstrate that BIM is an excellent platform for technology integration.
An overview of the use of BIM is provided to report the best practices, standards, BIM frameworks, manuals and policies from different countries unfolding their status of BIM research, education and industry implementation. While the benefits of BIM, are evident in the past research, these benefits alone may not be sufficient to lead its adoption. An extensive study of the successful BIM cases from across the world, the problems faced and lessons learnt may promote its adoption.
Chapter two reviews the current BIM application and its adoption in housing and investigates an applicable decision support tool to enhance the practicality of housing information modelling in a way that a traditional life cycle assessment (LCA) or life cycle cost (LCC) does not. The case study provided in this chapter demonstrates that what information is required and how data can be developed from stakeholders’ requirement in housing construction and management.
Chapter three focuses on investigating the current perceived legal risks as identified by the AEC industry and are used to analyse an existing standard contract to propose changes which will facilitate the transition to a collaborative digital environment. The conceptual model is tested on a standard construction contract (GC21) to test its validity.
Chapter four proposes a final as-built BIM model inspection and management approach when preparing the final as-built model beyond project closeout. The utilization of the proposed approach can effectively manage the status and results of the final as-built BIM model inspection and management work performed. The proposed approach is applied in a selected building case study in Taiwan to verify the proposed approach and to demonstrate the effectiveness of preparing and managing a final as-built BIM model practically. Additionally, this chapter identifies the benefits, limitations, and problems encountered through real cases.
Chapter five summarizes the state-of-the-art in BIM-based methods developed to provides input data to different analyses as well as the state-of-the-art of site layout planning (SLP) optimization models and corresponding solution methods. Benefits to be reaped from integrating BIM within the SLP problem are discussed. Frameworks developed for obtaining travel frequencies and locations of temporary facilities on site, as well as methodologies to account for the dimensions of such facilities at each construction project stage, by taking advantage of the information made available by building information models, project schedules and construction cost databases are presented.
Intelligent and efficient data exchange among various software platforms is the key for sustainable and innovative production systems. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data model is intended to describe building and construction industry data in a standard way which enables various software platforms to exchange information throughout the life cycle of the project with minimum human interaction/ manual data re-entry. Chapter six presents an introduction to the IFC and emphasizes its utility in all the stages of a project by illustrating its application in design, construction and operation & maintenance stage.
Chapter seven provides an organizational level framework with insights into how BIM can be implemented within the construction products manufacturing (CPM) sector to improve solutions at different implementation stages of the AEC sector. The findings of the study push the boundary beyond the fragmented silo style of working between product manufacturing and the construction process, and reveal the new relationships that are formed and the synchronous communication that occurs from the point of object creation through the upload unto the web repository, and ultimately, sharing the product data via the project model among the multi-organization project team.
Chapter eight focuses on the implementation of BIM in the construction project management phases and buildings lifecycle covering the ‘asset management'. It aims to argue that integrated BIM usage can be an effective tool in enhancing sustainability and lean performance of construction project management and of asset management.
Chapter nine aims to help the industry understand the current status and future development of BIM-integrated life cycle assessment (LCA). A systematic review shows that BIM has been used as the platform to host LCA implementations for various project life cycles (including production, transportation, construction, operation and end-of-life stages) and environmental impacts (mainly including energy, carbon emissions, water and waste). In addition, future actions are needed in the aspect of standardization, benchmarking and available databases in order to allow accurate comparison of the environmental performance between different projects and design alternatives.
Chapter ten aims to examine the use of BIM in the construction industry and whether it impacts on the key roles and responsibilities of the quantity surveying professional and on construction project cost performance in South Africa. The study concludes that the implementation of BIM technology on construction projects in South Africa will not change the responsibilities and roles of quantity surveyors on projects. It is therefore recommended that South African quantity surveyors use BIM technology on projects to realize the full benefits derived from its implementation internationally.
Chapter eleven provides an overview of the current BIM courses taught in-class and online by the civil engineering department of National Taiwan University (hereinafter referred to as ‘NTUCE’). In this chapter, a detailed overview of a basic and foundational in-class BIM course taught at NTUCE, titled “Technology and Application of BIM”, and its curriculum with focus on factors such as course objectives, course description, teaching resources used for the course, course contents, teaching methodologies, course discussions, and the evaluation process involved, is provided.
In order to enhance the performance of controlling in hazardous gas detection in underground construction sites, Chapter twelve proposes an solution for the integration of building information modeling (BIM) and wireless sensor networks (WSN) technologies to enable the monitoring of hazardous gas conditions in underground construction site and provides warning signals. It examines the use of the BIM-based safety monitor system to provide the flow of safety information collected by WSN sensors, and visually illustrates the status of detection and alarm regarding hazardous gas with different colors.
Chapter thirteen investigates the prospects and possible challenges confronting the upgradation of BIM technologies in the two leading African economies namely; Nigeria and South Africa. The results will be useful for other developing countries which may wish to implement BIM in the construction industry in the near future.
As a whole, all the fourteen chapters of this book, written by professionals and specialists in the field, offer a valuable review of updated knowledge about the integrated BIM application. All chapters have a large bibliographic reference list which increases their documentary value. The book is of great interest for students, researchers and for those interested in integrated BIM.
PREFACE
Building Information Modelling, since it was first coined as BIM, has been increasingly acknowledged and accepted all over the world. It now comes to its tipping point for wider and deeper industry practice, therefore, many key practical implementation problems have been spotted and in turn further triggered new research directions. There is a strong need both from BIM industry and academia to be fully aware of the state-of-the-art developments, by doing that successfully, it certainly can further leverage the knowledge from both sides, and eventually could further increase the productivity, performance and efficiency in construction industry.
This edited book intends to leverage the wider BIM knowledge all over the world, both from BIM industry and academia, to provide a comprehensive BIM research and industry implementation picture and future developing roadmap. In this book, there is a team of BIM specialists in UK, USA, New Zealand, Australia and Taiwan who have reported many integrated BIM solutions and future trends of BIM are discussed to create a holistic road map for BIM future.
The editors would like to thank all the authors for their contribution for the publication of:
Integrated Building Information Modelling.
Your commitment and effort in this publication deserves our greatest appreciation.
List of contributors
Worldwide BIM Overview
Anil Sawhneya,*,Manav Mahan Singhb,Ritu AhujacAbstract
The construction sector is one of the oldest sectors of the economy that has played a defining role in the survival of the human race. While it is slow to adopt innovation, the last decade has been marked by an attempt to harness the true potential of increased computing power and information technology products, to make the ground-breaking shift from its traditional Computer Aided Design/Drafting (CADD) approach to an information rich model-based approach. More and more constituents of the industry are shifting towards Building Information Modelling (BIM) that provides such a model-centric way of working. BIM has the potential to positively shift the focus of the industry towards the much needed value-adding tasks, but its holistic implementation is still a challenging task. The BIM process requires that all the industry participants come on board and join hands for effective information management throughout the asset lifecycle and this shift requires an overhaul of the existing (fragmented) practices followed by the individual organizations in their particular sub-domain. The industry as a whole has come to realize that adoption of BIM is crucial for the built environment sector globally as it endeavors to overcome the challenges of environmental sustainability, cost overrun, time delays, and poor quality that are faced by the industry today. This realization is forcing the construction industry to undergo a transformational change in the way work is performed, processed and managed. Although BIM has been identified as an effective solution, its implementation in several parts of the world remains low. The industry requires a well-crafted and well-documented path to increase the productivity, performance, and efficiency via the use of BIM. This chapter aims to do this by reporting the global best practices, standards, BIM implementation frameworks, manuals and policies from different countries. Through this, the authors attempt to unfold the status of BIM research, education and industry implementation in major developed and developing markets around the world. At the same time, the chapter also lays out the BIM adoption journey for these countries to allow the readers to understand how BIM implementation takes place over time at the sector level. While the benefits of BIM, are evident in the past research, these benefits alone may not be sufficient to convince stakeholders and encourage adoption. An extensive study of the successful BIM cases from across the world, the problems faced and lessons learned are reported in this chapter to allow the
readers to develop a deeper understanding of the implementation process and encourage adoption.
INTRODUCTION
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a remarkable development that is helping the built environment sector achieve improvements in its processes, practices, and outcomes [1]. It is also helping the sector and its key constituents to review and rethink the way the sector and its constituents function. In a way, BIM is making the industry stakeholders look at every aspect of the functioning of the sector with the aim of propagating systemic improvements. This introspection is possible because BIM has potential implications across all the lifecycle phases of the projects that the industry undertakes. It also influences legal, financial, managerial, technical and social aspects of the industry [2]. Due to this, all specialists within the industry are being forced to introspect their internal work practices, the way they connect with the rest of the project teams, and how they define their roles. This trend is evident in the way industry organizations nationally and internationally are approaching their understanding of BIM, and have been detailing out implementation strategies of BIM.
Although BIM has been identified as an effective solution its implementation in several parts of the world still requires a well-crafted path and a robust strategy to increase the productivity, performance and efficiency gains anticipated by its proponents. This chapter provides a global perspective on these aspects of BIM which are described on a global scale and are woven around the following three major themes:
Status of research in the area of BIMState of BIM implementation across major marketsEducational initiatives surrounding BIM in major countriesThe following sections and subsections provide a snapshot of these three themes as of the last quarter of 2015. These sections rely heavily on published materials freely available for review and do not in any way try to rank or shortlist technologies, software, publications, research groups, etc.
STATUS OF RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF BIM
Influence of BIM is now visible in all the aspects of the built environment sector including research and development activities focusing on the sector. A major shift can be seen in the research activities as BIM becomes a new focus of activities, as many researchers are involved in BIM related research directly or indirectly. This shift has been less than a decade old and as recently as 2008 many researchers and practitioners reported the beginning of the “BIM Age” [3]; some marking the beginning of this as late as 2005 [4]. A flurry of activity in the industry and academia around the world surrounding BIM is evident [5, 6]. Research in the area of BIM has been studied by others in the recent past and a trend that shows increased interest in research in this area has been clearly demonstrated [7-10]. The following sub-sections trace the evolution of BIM from a research perspective and provide an overview of the current state of the research in this area. Linkages between research and practice are also traced to see how both have evolved.
Evolution of BIM
BIM, the term which has now become ubiquitous in design and construction domain in the past ten years, has disrupted the traditional methods of representation, information sharing, and collaboration. Since, the novel vision of the future architect by Douglas C. Engelbart in 1962 [11], BIM continues to evolve as an effective tool for the industry. Most of the developments in BIM revolve around advancement in computing technology. This trend becomes evident by tracing the historical timeline of research in this area. Leveraging the benefits of increased computing power, BIM has been shown to have the potential to increase the efficiency of the industry by automating complex (generally non-value adding repetitive) tasks and providing a collaborative platform for information generation, sharing and reuse. Historical development in the domain of BIM is shown graphically on a timeline in Fig. (1).
The first conceptual understanding of BIM came in 1962 when Engelbart presented his vision of a future architect that was centered around an object-based design approach, parametric manipulation of objects, and a relational database to store objects and associated information [11]. In the following year, Ivan Sutherland developed the sketchpad, an interactive computer-based drawing program, utilizing Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) graphical interface [12]. Simultaneously many other researchers started conceptualizing a ‘futuristic’ design paradigm that revolved around the three-dimensional (3D) design approach and object-orientation. For example, Leifer (1984) developed a concept for the data-rich environment for CADD, which needs to be updated until it uniquely represents the proposed building as shown in Fig. (2) [13].
Fig. (1)) Tracing the evolution of BIM. Fig. (2)) Data-rich CADD environment (source Leifer 1984).During the decades of 1970’s and 80’s, two methods of displaying and recording shape information namely, Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) and Boundary Representation (B-rep) [14-20], were developed. In 1974, at Carnegie Melon University, one of the first database to store information about a building being designed called the Building Description System (BDS) was developed. It utilized a library of building elements which can be retrieved and added to the model. Also, the concept of coordinated views and sortable database emerged from this and other related research. The key idea was that information can be retrieved by the designer about building elements based on their properties [21, 22]. Automated model review and check for design irregularity emerged in 1974 [23]. The project Graphical Language for Interactive Design (GLIDE) under the guidance of Eastman, exhibits most of the features of the present day BIM authoring tools [24]. Several systems for the construction sector were subsequently developed such as GDS, EdCAAD, Cedar, RUCAPS, Sonata and Reflex in 1980’s that looked at design and construction in a more integrated way. For example, the RUCAPS system developed by GMW computers captures the concept of temporal phasing of construction process [1, 25].
In 1988, Paul Teicholz founded the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) [26], at Stanford University for research with industry collaboration to develop the area of 4D modeling [27, 28]. In some ways, this can be marked as a time when research in BIM began to see its transfer to the industry and interest in the implementation of BIM in practice increased. Simultaneously due to increasing industry participation interest in the development of specialized tools for BIM-based performance simulation also increased [23]. In 1993, the tool called Building Design Advisor was developed to perform energy simulation and give suggested feedback based on modeled information [29-31].
In 1984, RADAR CH became the first BIM software to be launched on a personal computer [32], which later came to be known as ArchiCAD [33]. It was developed by Gábor Bojár in Budapest, Hungary for Apple computers based on the operating system Lisa. Although it lacked many features, it had a complicated but flexible programming environment known as Graphics Description Language (GDL) [34]. Soon after ArchiCAD, Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC) released its first version of Pro/ENGINEER [35]. It was the mechanical CAD program that utilizes constraint-based parametric modeling engine [36]. In 2000, a new BIM tool called Revit, which utilizes parametric change engine [37, 38], made possible through the use of object-oriented programming in C++, was released. After the acquisition of Revit by Autodesk Inc. in 2002 [39], it has been globally marketed as the main BIM authoring tool. This software had a graphical user interface for modeling parametric components. The software later incorporated an integrated model feature in Revit 6, which allowed a collaborative working platform for large design teams [40]. In the year 2012, Autodesk launched a mobile-based application for conceptual modeling, Formit [41] to further showcase advancement in computing technologies to the construction industry.
Other tools such as Generative Components (GC), by Bentley Systems, introduced in 2003, focused on parametric flexibility and sculpting geometry that supports NURBS surfaces [42, 43]. By 2006, Gehry Technology launched the Digital Project based on CATIA. In 2008, Patrick Schumacher coined the movement of parametric building models in architecture, specifically those which allow for NURBS surfaces and scripting environments as ‘parametricism’ [44, 45].
With growing number of BIM authoring tools in the market, the industry realized the need for an open data format which can capture and store the information about an asset in an interoperable way. Significant research and advocacy effort has gone in this area culminating in the development of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) under the leadership of International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI)1[46]. BIM continues to evolve with the integration of other upcoming technologies, making the design and construction process even more streamlined. In summary, the above-described evolution shows that BIM developed primarily as an Information and Communications Technology (ICT) with CAD as its core. Through the research and technical development in the area of solid modeling, 3D representation, product development, digital fabrication, cloud computing, big data, and sensor technology, BIM continues to mature and evolve.
Thematic Research Areas of BIM
Recent studies have shown that BIM has emerged as a key research area among academicians working in the architecture, civil engineering, and construction domains. Some of these studies have tried to identify existing research themes and also predict future research trends. The framework used by these studies is largely derived from the Turk’s [47] “Research Themes in Construction Informatics” [48]. Under this framework research themes are classified as ‘core themes’ and ‘supporting themes’ (see Fig. 3).
Fig. (3)) Research themes for construction informatics research (Source: Add Turk 2006).Using this framework Isikdag and Underwood (2010) developed a “BIM Research Compass” [49] that provides the following research themes:
Conceptual boundariesOrganizational adoptionMaturityStandardsLean and greenProcess simulationInformation servicesGeo-spatial integrationEmergency responseIndustry-wide adoptionTraining and educationReal-life casesA more recent scientific and comprehensive study was done by Yalcinkaya and Singh [10]. They identified core research areas in the domain of BIM through an extensive literature review. These areas are implementation and adoption, energy management, design practices, information standards, and safety management [10]. These major themes are described briefly in the following sub-sections:
Implementation and Adoption
Implementation and adoption of BIM is one of the prime areas of research among the scholarly community. Research themes like adoption [50-52], project collab-oration [53, 54], promotion and development [55], education and curriculum development [56-62], cloud computing [63-65], cost estimation [66-71], app-lication of gaming technology for interactive visualization [72], product supply chain [65], integrated project delivery [73-75], lean construction [76], impact on industry and project networks [6] and benefits for contractors [77, 78] and asset owners [79, 80] fall under this heading. These research themes have shown trends basically towards three broad areas-BIM adoption and implementation issues, project delivery and management practices, and realization of benefits of BIM for various stakeholders.
Energy Management
Energy analysis in the computing environment has captured the interest of researchers since the efforts of the US Department of Energy in 1973 to develop a modeling and analysis computer program [81]. This research area comprises of the use of BIM models for energy performance assessment [82-87], energy performance simulation [86, 88, 89], performance optimization of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system [90] and building lifecycle management [91-93]. More recently the holistic issue of sustainable design and construction has been addressed using BIM models. Early analysis using BIM models has transformed the way industry has approached green and sustainable solutions in the built environment sector comingling it with design evolution.
Design Practices
Standardization of architectural practice is a much-discussed topic among the professionals and professional organizations due to increasing demand of BIM. Global professional organizations like buiding SMART are trying to help national authorities, project teams, and individuals to streamline their design processes [94]. Related research areas include compliance checking for design codes, architectural design process, urban/building space design and analysis [95], and analysis of 3D space [96].
Information Standards
Development of information exchange standards started in 1995 with the development of IFC. The topic has received renewed attention since 2004 among the researchers focused on the development of open standards and neutral data format for increased interoperability and collaboration [97, 98]. Information retrieval and querying [99], cloud computing [63], semantic reasoning [66], and semantic web technologies [100] in BIM are other research areas related to this theme. Other open standards such as Construction Operations Building Infor-mation Exchange (COBie) have also received wide industry acceptance [101, 102].
Safety Management
While construction simulation for reducing uncertainty and identification of potential problems and their impact, are prime topics discussed in this research area, safety management using BIM has also got attention since 2007 [103]. Usually, research themes include planning of workspace for safety [104] showing a growing trend to start using BIM in downstream functions across the asset lifecycle.
BIM and its Links to Other Paradigms in the Industry
BIM as a paradigm has connectivity to other major industry themes such as lean principles, sustainability, offsite or prefabrication, and Integrated Project Delivery. These connections are now becoming evident, and a general realization is occurring that integrated adoption strategies are needed to reap maximum benefits of these ideas.
Considering waste minimization and value generation as the two most important pillars of lean, it has been reported that various BIM capabilities can effectively contribute to lean goals. While at the same time, past research also suggests that lean processes facilitate the introduction of BIM [105, 106]. An integrated approach of lean and BIM on construction projects can establish improved and successful results with reduction of waste, improved flow and reduction in overall construction time.
BIM also allows architects and engineers to visualize, simulate, and analyze building performance more accurately, comparatively earlier in the design process [107]. With the multidisciplinary function of information sharing, BIM provides sustainable design solutions and allows measurement of performance throughout the design process [108]. BIM-based sustainability analysis leads to significant time and cost savings [109] and helps in achieving improved energy efficiency and reduced carbon footprint [110].
The developing countries and emerging economies are experiencing an increased demand on the construction sector and to meet these demands, adoption of emerging technologies and techniques like off-site construction is considered as a potential solution. At the same time, BIM is suggested to act as a catalyst for streamlining and promoting off-site construction [106]. The combination of BIM and off-site is envisaged to provide efficient outputs including waste reduction [111].
The American Institute of Architects, AIA defines IPD as “a project delivery approach that integrates people, systems, business structures, and practices into a process that collaboratively harness the talents and insights of all project participants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction” [112]. BIM is highlighted as an important tool that facilitates IPD by providing a platform for collaboration, communication, and coordination between various stakeholders and within the project teams [113].
BIM’s Link with Upcoming Technologies
The historical development suggests technological development which has influenced BIM significantly. This trend continues even today. The increasing computing power, communication tools, and cloud servers are improving the uptake of BIM in the industry. These technologies help store data centrally, access data remotely, use and share enormous computing power of cloud servers, perform simulations and expand organizations’ modeling capabilities. Some technology driven impacts on BIM include the use of cloud computing for model sharing, big data for evidence-driven design, scan to BIM for capturing as-built conditions and BIM to field technologies [106].
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a concept centered around the availability and use of computing resources (both hardware and software) over the Internet [114]. It allows utilization of enormous computing power remotely. Obviously, solution providers in the area of BIM have also starting to market cloud computing as a possible solution. Various aspects of cloud computing such as the deployment of cloud-based model server, BIM software server, content management and cloud-based collaboration, are now possible and are influencing BIM implementation [115, 116]. Deploying BIM on a cloud platform enhances coordination and collaboration [117], which augments the capabilities of team members.
Big Data
Big data is a generic term to describe the exponential growth and availability of data, both structured and unstructured, which professionals can tap to improve existing situation [118]. Linking BIM platform with big data can provide an enabling platform to professionals to take informed decisions. Project teams with access to real-time data such as supply chain data, commodity pricing data, marketing data, sensor data, point-cloud data, demographics data, crime date, and employment data can enhance decision-making capabilities and increase the use of evidence-based design in the built environment sector.
Physical to Digital
For large-scale retrofit and renovation projects, information of existing built environment is an important pre-requisite. Advanced technology from the instrumentation sector such as LASER scanning, 3D imaging, and camera vector technologies can be used in capturing as-built data with accuracy. The 3D data captured using these advanced technologies can be fed into BIM software for further design and construction.
STATUS OF BIM IMPLEMENTATION ACROSS MAJOR MARKETS
BIM implementation in the industry has gained significant momentum in the past decade or so [119]. The industry has understood the needs and benefits of implementing BIM alongside the barriers and challenges to its implementation. As BIM evolves and processes are getting automated, industry professionals need to adopt more sophisticated processes for managing design information digitally. As the adoption of BIM in the built environment sector is increasing, there is a need to put in place specifications for developing the model, sharing information and performing related transactions in the BIM environment. Many countries like the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Scandinavian countries lead the way in developing national standards, guidelines, and programs for successful adoption of BIM in the industry [106]. The research work in this domain suggest coordinated government support, industry leadership and statutory mandates are critical drivers in increased implementation of BIM in some parts of the world [78, 119]; some parts of the world are reporting no such benefits. The chapter documents BIM initiatives for the USA, the UK, Europe (Finland and Germany), Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, India, and Brazil. The current status of BIM implementation, government mandates, professional initiatives, and development of standards is summarized in Fig. (4).
Fig. (4)) BIM implementation across the globe.From Fig. (4) it can be seen that in the major markets, BIM adoption is being promoted through the development and use of BIM implementation guides and standards with or without government support and through national BIM implementation programs [106]. One key observation is that in regions where adoption is high there exists a partnership between government, industry, academia and professional bodies. The sub-sections below describe some of the most talked about national programs, standards, and similar initiatives.
BIM Implementation Standards and Guides
Globally a number of BIM implementation standards and guides are available to standardize the process aspect of BIM implementation.
US National BIM Standard (NBIMS)
NBIMS has been developed by National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) and buildingSMART alliance make implementation easier and to foster further innovation [120]. The comprehensive NBIMS standard is expected to mature over time. It standardizes typical design processes and computer-based exchange of information, employed during the conception, creation, and operation of the assets. The standards are intended to benefit all the participants across the project lifecycle. The owner or the project sponsor will get all the collective information about the project charter, and how the facility is intended to perform and individual vendors will have the pertinent asset information. The standard is expected to form the basis for contractually exchanging building information to accomplish transparent, efficient and consistently defined commerce. The NBIMS cover business transactions among all participants during the entire asset lifecycle [121]. It will contribute to resolving issues associated with the ineffective exchange of project information.
US National Veteran Affairs (VA) BIM Guide
The goal of VA BIM Guide is to deliver higher value and maximize lifecycle asset performance by digitally managing asset data for design, construction, and management of VA buildings [122]. It instructs project members that IFC-compliant BIM authoring tools be used as the architectural/engineering software for all major construction and renovation projects. According to VA BIM guide, BIM should be used for space and medical equipment validation, spatial design models, energy analysis, design visualization for communication, functional analysis and constructability, building system models—structural, MEPF and interiors, space scheduling and sequencing, communication of construction scheduling and sequencing, COBIE / commissioning, clash detection / coordi-nation, and virtual testing and balancing.
UK Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 1192
PAS 1192 is a series of specifications, code of practice or guidelines sponsored by Construction Industry Council (CIC) on behalf of BIM Task Group and published by the British Standards Institution (BSI) [102, 123]. The series have been developed for BIM-based information management for both the capital/delivery phase and operations phase of the asset. It is aligned with goals of the UK government construction strategy of adopting fully collaborative 3D BIM by 2016, which is level 2 BIM on centrally-procured projects. Level 2 BIM is a managed 3D environment, with attached data but segregated discipline models. PAS 1192 evolves from British Standard (BS) 1192, which advocates collaborative production of design and construction information. The standard defines the requirement of information at each stage of project delivery. Its application begins with the statement of need and works through the stages of the information delivery cycle, leading to the as-built Asset Information Model (AIM). The standard presents an approach which starts with the identification of information required in the downstream activities, to ensure its reuse during the whole building lifecycle. It advocates the adoption of collaborative practices and lean construction techniques throughout the process. PAS 1192-2 specifies the requirements at five stages of information delivery i.e. Procurement, Post Construction-Award, Mobilization, Production, and Asset Information Model Maintenance. PAS 1192-3, a partner document of PAS 1192-2, provides specifications for information during operations phase of asset lifecycle using BIM. It aims to ensure continuity and consistency in the management and organization of information for both planned and unplanned events that may occur during operation, maintenance and management of the asset.
UK NBS BIM Toolkit
This Toolkit is a web-based BIM project management tool operated by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) [124]. It provides a structured platform to define, manage and validate the responsibility for information development and delivery at each stage of the asset lifecycle in congruence with PAS 1192 [125]. The two major parts of the toolkit are - the classification system and the ability to create a digital plan of work. It uses the same unified work stages as identified in the RIBA plan of work and other industry project-lifecycle initiatives. The toolkit contains classifications and levels of definition templates. It also allows users to create a digital plan of work that helps create key documents such as employer’s information requirements and design responsibility matrices.
Australia NATSPEC National BIM Guide
The NATSPEC National BIM Guide is adopted from National VA BIM Guide and published by NATSPEC Construction Information for assisting clients, consultants and other stakeholders [126]. It describes the BIM requirements in a nationally consistent manner aimed to reduce confusion and duplication of effort. A key element of the National BIM Guide is its requirement for a BIM Management Plan (BMP). The BMP is used to describe in a detailed way how the project will be executed, monitored and controlled with regard to BIM to satisfy the requirements recorded in the Project BIM Brief.
Singapore BIM Guide and BIM Essential Guide Series
The Singapore BIM Guide has been prepared by the BIM Guide Workgroup on behalf of the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) and the BIM Steering Committee to list the roles and responsibilities of the project members when using BIM [127]. The roles and responsibilities are then captured in a BIM Execution Plan, to be agreed between the employer and project team members [128]. The guide aids the project team on the preparation of BIM execution plan, setting BIM deliverables, modeling and collaboration process in BIM environment and roles and responsibilities of various professionals in the BIM setting. The BIM Essential Guide Series is an effort to demystify BIM and to give clarity to the requirement of BIM usage at different stages of a project. It provides references to good BIM practices in an illustrated, easy-to-read format, and is targeted at new BIM users. Currently, the series consists of eight guides for various project participants and purposes.
National BIM Initiatives
To understand the global acceptance of BIM, it is important to review the national BIM initiatives around the world.
USA
With the pioneering efforts of the US General Services Administration (GSA), the United States has emerged as a global leader in BIM related development and its implementation [129]. GSA, which manages federal buildings had initiated the 3D-4D-BIM program in 2003. Continuing its efforts, it mandated the use of BIM for spatial program validation in 2007. The next stage in GSA’s efforts for BIM implementation is to explore the use of BIM tools throughout a project’s lifecycle in areas such as spatial program validation, energy and sustainability, 4D phasing, circulation, and security validation and laser scanning. NBIMS developed by NIBS, which is internationally recognized BIM standard, is another substantial effort for BIM adoption. The US government is also moving towards the requirement of BIM on all of their projects.
UK
The UK government introduced an ambitious and centrally driven BIM implementation program for the UK construction industry in 2011. The objective is to transform the UK industry into a global BIM leader through a five-year staged program. The government has mandated the requirement of BIM on all public projects by 2016. BIM is perceived as a focal point to save 20% on procurement costs in addition to targeted benefits in the operation costs. The government’s strategy has a dramatic impact on the construction industry as firms are developing necessary competence to meet the requirements. The UK BIM Task Group has been established to assist both public sector clients and private sector participants. It helps them in enhancing their work practices to facilitate BIM delivery. The BIM levels as mentioned in NBS BIM Report 2014 are Level 0 BIM, Level 1 BIM, Level 2 BIM, Level 3 BIM and 4D BIM and beyond [130], [131]. Level 0 BIM means 2D CAD drawings without any collaboration, mainly for production information. Level 1 BIM is a combination of 3D CAD for conceptual work and 2D drawings for statutory approval, documentation and production information as per the BS 1192:2007 standard. Level 2 BIM, with a target date of adoption in 2016 is characterized by collaborative working with all parties using their 3D CAD models, but not necessarily using a single or shared model. The design information is shared using a common file format such as IFC or COBie, enabling organizations to combine the data with their model to make a federated BIM model. Level 3 BIM, with target implementation date in 2019, represents a full collaboration between all participants by using a single, shared project model held in a centralized repository. 4D BIM and beyond is the use of BIM data to analyses time; beyond this are ‘5D’ which includes cost management, and ‘6D’ for Facilities Management (FM) purposes.
Europe
To present a scenario of BIM adoption in Europe, the initiatives of Finland and Germany have been documented in the following sub-sections.
Finland
Finland provides a strong innovation culture for companies engaged in the built environment sector. Research and development in the area of BIM have been most notable in Finland. BIM maturity level is more advanced here than anywhere else in the world. Finland has an agile construction industry with a long history of trust and open standards, making BIM adoption easier. No official government mandate on the use of BIM exists but BIM is being used as a response to the need of the sector for a more advanced technology than CAD.
Germany
Germany constituted a reform commission with representation from government, industry, and academia seeking solutions for cost and schedule overrun in large projects [132]. As part of commission, the German BIM task group was assembled to develop a BIM strategy and making BIM mandatory for large projects. A BIM guide sponsored by the commission was published in 2013.
Australia
BIM adoption has seen an upward trend in Australia. The proponents of BIM are pushing for stronger cooperation between the government and industry to increase its adoption. The Sydney Opera House is often cited as an exemplar BIM project that captures the benefits of using BIM in the management of existing buildings. The government has planned to implement BIM through the National BIM initiative, in three years. The government targeted to develop BIM contracts, the inclusion of BIM training in tertiary education, information exchange protocols, and integrated access to land, geospatial, and BIM data by July 2014. The government had also planned to develop national technical standards, model-based building regulatory compliance and transition to model-based performance system by July 2015. By July 2016, the government mandated BIM for its built environment projects and state/territory governments will also be encouraged to do the same.
Singapore
Singapore’s BCA is instrumental in developing the strategies to implement BIM on public projects. A Construction Productivity and Capability Fund (CPCF) of S$250 million has been setup with the goal of increasing BIM usage in the industry. Construction and Real Estate Network (CORENET) is promoting the use of ICT products in the industry. The CORENET e-Plan Check system, which enables designers to perform regulatory compliance check through an online gateway, is a yet another initiative to promote BIM in the country. Singapore has also adopted IFC as the standard for data exchange. By 2014, it became mandatory for all new building projects of more than 20,000 m2 to have BIM e-submissions, and by 2015, this became applicable for projects more than 5,000 m2. Moreover, the government is mandating BIM by offering incentives to early adopters. The government has set up the target of achieving a highly integrated and technologically advanced construction industry by 2020, with cutting-edge firms and a skilled and proficient workforce.
Hong Kong
BIM implementation in Hong Kong’s construction industry is still in the primary stage in terms of the scale. Where some professionals have aligned their work practices for its adoption, some of them are still playing as an observer to analyses its benefits [133]. Hong Kong’s statutory body, the Construction Industry Council, is influencing the use of BIM on construction projects. Hong Kong Housing Authority had set a target to apply BIM on all new projects by 2014. A BIM Academy started in the first quarter of 2014, to provide education, assessment, and certification for BIM professionals in the country.
China
China is witnessing a strong uptake of BIM and most entities engaged in the built environment sector seem well positioned to adopt BIM quickly. Large investments in infrastructure propelled by strong overall economic growth are providing a good platform for BIM adoption. There is strong government support for increasing BIM adoption. BIM was included in the National 12th Five Year Plan (2011–2015). A BIM framework is also being formulated in the country.
India
BIM implementation in India is in the early stages [78]. However, huge growth in Indian construction market and expanding international firms moving their operations to India can be perceived as the biggest driver of BIM implementation in the country. Larger construction companies are increasing use of BIM on complex construction projects, but it is not currently adopted on a wider scale [134, 135]. Implementation cost is high due to the isolated ad-hoc use of BIM. The industry also demands widespread BIM training and development. No national initiatives exist at this time in India.
Brazil
Brazil, which is the largest country and economy in Latin America, has a major influence in implementing BIM in the region [132]. The construction market activity got a boost from the country hosting major events such as FIFA in 2014 and the Olympic Games in 2016. The global players in Brazilian construction industry are influencing BIM implementation. National Department of Transport Infrastructure is embracing BIM for major road schemes. With the publication of the BIM focused academic paper, Brazil’s adoption rate stands 3rd in the list just behind USA and Sweden.
Drivers and Barriers to BIM Implementation
The key drivers and barriers in BIM implementation and realized BIM benefits for different countries have been summarized in Table 1.
International Case Studies
Various researchers, professional organizations and software developers have been instrumental in documenting successful BIM cases throughout the world. Some of the successful cases of BIM usage have been summarized in Table 2.
