Integrated Green Energy Solutions, Volume 1 E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 522

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

INTEGRATED GREEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS This first volume in a two-volume set presents the state of the art for the concepts, practical applications, and future of renewable energy and how to move closer to true sustainability. Renewable energy supplies are of ever-increasing environmental and economic importance in every country worldwide. A wide range of renewable energy technologies has been established commercially and recognized as an important set of growth industries for most governments. World agencies, including the United Nations, have extensive programs to encourage these emerging technologies. This book will bridge the gap between descriptive reviews and specialized engineering technologies. It centers on demonstrating how fundamental physical processes govern renewable energy resources and their applications. Although the applications are updated continually, the fundamental principles remain the same, and this book will provide a useful platform for those advancing the subject and its industries. Integrated Resilient Energy Solutions is a two-volume set covering subjects of proven technical and economic importance worldwide. Energy supply from renewables is an essential component of every nation's strategy, especially when there is responsibility for the environment and sustainability. These two volumes will consider the timeless renewable energy technologies' principles yet demonstrate modern applications and case studies. Whether for the veteran engineer, student, or other professional, these two volumes are a must-have for any library.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

1 Green Economy and the Future in a Post-Pandemic World

1.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1.2 The Need to Question How we Do Business and the Evolution of Green Policies

1.3 The Shift from Fossil Fuels to Nuclear Energy for a Cleaner, Sustainable Environment

1.4 Significance of Emergent Technologies in the Reduction of Global Warming and Climate Change

Conclusion

Bibliography

2 Home Automation System Using Internet of Things for Real-Time Power Analysis and Control of Devices

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Methodology

2.3 Design Specifications

2.4 Results and Discussion

2.5 Conclusion

References

3 Energy Generation from Secondary Li-Ion Batteries to Economical Na-Ion Batteries

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Li-Ion Battery

3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries

3.4 Conclusion

References

4 Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Operating Principle

4.3 Why Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell?

4.4 Hydrogen as an Energy-Vector in a Long-Term Fuel Cell

4.5 Application

4.6 Conclusion

References

5 IoT and Machine Learning–Based Energy-Efficient Smart Buildings

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Methodology

5.3 Design Specifications

5.4 Results

5.5 Conclusion

References

6 IOT-Based Smart Metering

Abbreviations and Nomenclature

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Methodology

6.3 Design of IOT-Based Smart Meter

6.4 Results and Discussion

6.5 Conclusion

References

7 IoT-Based Home Automation and Power Consumption Analysis

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Literature Review

7.3 IoT (Internet of Things)

7.4 Architecture

7.5 Software

7.6 Hardware

7.7 Implementation, Testing and Results

7.8 Conclusion

References

8 Advanced Technologies in Integrated Energy Systems

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Combined Heat and Power

8.3 Economic Aspects

8.4 Conclusion

References

9 A Study to Enhance the Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) Process Using Organic Base

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Materials and Methods

9.3 Similarity Study of NA in the Saline Water Containing Cations Having a Valency of 2

9.4 Results and Discussion

9.5 Conclusions

References

10 Flexible Metamaterials for Energy Harvesting Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Metamaterials

10.3 Summary and Challenges

References

11 Smart Robotic Arm

Abbreviations and Nomenclature

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Design of Robotic Arm with a Bot

11.3 Project Demonstration

11.4 Conclusion

References

12 Energy Technologies and Pricing Policies: Case Study

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Literature Review

12.3 Non-Linear Pricing

12.4 Agricultural Water Demand

12.5 Priced Inputs and Unpriced Resources

12.6 Proposed Set Up on Paper

12.7 Empirical Model

12.8 Identification Strategy

12.9 Data

12.10 Empirical Results

12.11 Counterfactual Simulation A

12.12 Counterfactual Simulation B

12.13 Counterfactual Simulation: Costs of Reduced Groundwater Demand

12.14 Conclusion

References

13 Energy Availability and Resource Management: Case Study

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Literature Review

13.3 Study Area

13.4 Empirical Model of Adoption

13.5 Material and Methods

13.6 Results

13.7 Conclusion

References

14 Energy-Efficient Dough Rolling Machine

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Methodology

14.3 Specifications

14.4 Result and Discussion

14.5 Conclusion

References

15 Peak Load Management System Using Node-Red Software Considering Peak Load Analysis

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Methodology

15.3 Model Specifications

15.4 Features of UI Interface

15.5 Conclusions

Bibliography

16 An Overview on the Energy Economics Associated with the Energy Industry

16.1 Time Value of Money

16.2 Classification of Cost

16.3 Economic Specification

16.4 Analysis

16.5 Conclusion

Bibliography

17 IoT-Based Unified Child Monitoring and Security System

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Literature Review

17.3 Proposed System

17.4 Result and Analysis

17.5 Conclusion and Future Enhancement

References

18 IoT-Based Plant Health Monitoring System Using CNN and Image Processing

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Literature Survey

18.3 Data Analysis

18.4 Proposed Methodology

18.5 Results and Discussion

18.6 Conclusion

References

Bibliography

19 IoT-Based Self-Checkout Stores Using Face Mask Detection

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Literature Review

19.3 Convolution Neural Network

19.4 Architecture

19.5 Hardware Requirements

19.6 Software

19.7 Implementation

19.8 Results and Discussions

19.9 Conclusion

References

20 IoT-Based Color Fault Detection Using TCS3200 in Textile Industry

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Literature Survey

20.3 Methodology

20.4 Experimental Setup

20.5 Results and Discussion

20.6 Conclusion

References

21 Energy Management System for Smart Buildings

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Literature Survey

21.3 Modules of the Project

21.4 Design of Smart Energy Management System

21.5 Result & Analysis

21.6 Conclusion

References

22 Mobile EV Charging Stations for Scalability of EV in the Indian Automobile Sector

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Methodology

22.3 Result

22.4 Conclusions

Bibliography

About the Editors

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 NodeMCU controller pin description.

Table 2.2 Components required besides Wi-Fi module.

Table 2.3 Test cases for prototype functionality check.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Main characteristics of Li and Na materials.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Design specification of energy meter.

Table 6.2 Design specification of Arduino UNO.

Table 6.3 Design specification of Wi-Fi module.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Stirling engine specifications.

Table 8.2 Sizing of steam turbine.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Injected composition with a concentration.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Design specifications.

Table 11.2 Degrees of freedom of motors with angles.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Summary statistics.

Table 12.2 Empirical modelling as per requirements.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Summary statistics on peer group drip irrigation adoptions.

Table 13.2 Summary statistics on parcel characteristic

Table 13.3 Drip irrigation adoption model with peer group defined as parcels w...

Table 13.4 Drip irrigation adoption model with peer group defined as parcels w...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Specifications of motor.

Table 14.2 Specifications of SMPS.

Table 14.3 Dimensions of the cuboidal (box) structure.

Table 14.4 Dimensions of rotating platform.

Table 14.5 Dimensions of roller.

Table 14.6 Loading specifications of the motor.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Future value of an investment and their corresponding interest earn...

Table 16.2 Rate of interest and their corresponding years taken to double the ...

Table 16.3 Sensitivity analysis problem statement.

Table 16.4 Sensitivity analysis by varying both tables sold and utility gain t...

Table 16.5 Replacement analysis problem statement.

Table 16.6 Replacement analysis after 1 year.

Table 16.7 Replacement analysis after 2 years.

Table 16.8 Replacement analysis after 3 years.

Table 16.9 Comparison table for 1-3 years.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Database used for training.

Table 18.2 Fundamental features of the machine.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Frequency values in Hz of different types of clothes.

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Components for circuit of SEM unit.

Table 21.2 Components for circuit of SSM unit.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Block diagram for the prototype.

Figure 2.2 NodeMCU controller pin description.

Figure 2.3 Components from Table 2.2.

Figure 2.4 Circuit diagram.

Figure 2.5 Blynk GUI.

Figure 2.6 PCB.

Figure 2.7 Live hardware model of prototype.

Figure 2.8 Blynk GUI (operational view).

Figure 2.9 Live hardware model of prototype (operational).

Figure 2.10 Power BI graph for humidity in 24 hours of a day as recorded on th...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Advantages of lithium-ion batteries vs. sodium-ion batteries [6].

Figure 3.2 Diagrammatic illustration of part of lithium-ion battery [7].

Figure 3.3 Crystal structures of layered, spinel and olivine compounds [15].

Figure 3.4 Typical crystal structures.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Applications of hydrogen as today.

Figure 4.2 Applications of hydrogen as tomorrow.

Figure 4.3 Applications of hydrogen as future.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Block diagram of the proposed system.

Figure 5.2 Algorithm.

Figure 5.3 Detection of human using CNN model.

Figure 5.4 Detection of drowsiness using CNN model for drowsiness.

Figure 5.5 Working of firebase.

Figure 5.6 Circuit diagram.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Flow chart.

Figure 6.2 Energy meter.

Figure 6.3 Arduino UNO.

Figure 6.4 Wi-Fi module.

Figure 6.5 Working model.

Figure 6.6 Electrical units consumed in 1 hour.

Figure 6.7 Excel sheet of electrical units consumed in 10 hours.

Figure 6.8 Formula for standard deviation.

Figure 6.9 Output of the statistical analysis.

Figure 6.10 Electric meter after 1 hour.

Figure 6.11 ThingSpeak website after 1 hour.

Figure 6.12 ThingSpeak website after 10 hours.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Block diagram of our proposed idea.

Figure 7.2 Hardware system of our proposed idea.

Figure 7.3 Temperature data in ThingSpeak.

Figure 7.4 Bulb has glowed as per Google command.

Figure 7.5 Comparing the power consumed by the normal fan and smart fan.

Figure 7.6 Temperature vs. power consumed generally.

Figure 7.7 Temperature vs. power consumed by our proposed idea.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Integrated energy systems [9].

Figure 8.2 Electricity generated from biomass agricultural waste.

Figure 8.3 Efficiency curve.

Figure 8.4 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

Figure 8.5 Graphical representation of energy utilization factor for every mon...

Figure 8.6 Distribution of IES market potential by cooling operating scheme.

Figure 8.7 IES potential by building type.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Recovery of oil as a function of capillary number.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Generalized block diagram of energy harvesting system.

Figure 10.2 Classification of materials.

Figure 10.3 Designed metamaterial unit cell (a) top view (b) side view and (c)...

Figure 10.4 Obtained simulated absorption characteristics of the designed stru...

Figure 10.5 (a) Schematic of the metamaterial designed using structured graphe...

Figure 10.6 Obtained absorption characteristics for the proposed design from 2...

Figure 10.7 (a) Schematic representation of PAM configuration (b) Simulated RM...

Figure 10.8 (a) Energy harvester in PAM (b) In the absence of PAM. Reprinted w...

Figure 10.9 (a) 2D lattice structure made of Al stubs with defects circular fo...

Figure 10.10 Designed metamaterial unit cell for energy harvesting. Reprinted ...

Figure 10.11 Harvester frequency vs. efficiency for an array of 9*9 structure ...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Flowchart to detect the object.

Figure 11.2 Flowchart to detect human interference.

Figure 11.3 Flowchart to show the main method.

Figure 11.4 Flowchart to make the servo lift the object.

Figure 11.5 Initialise the parameters.

Figure 11.6 Initialise the serial.

Figure 11.7 Free body diagram of the robotic arm [9].

Figure 11.8 Work region of the robotic arm [9].

Figure 11.9 Prototype of the robotic arm with the bot.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Electricity in the HPA 2.

Figure 12.2 Irrigation rate system for 50 HP (a) and 100 HP (b) well pumps.

Figure 12.3 Water requirement theoretical calculation.

Figure 12.4 Operating mechanism.

Figure 12.5 Distribution of PCC, 2017.

Figure 12.6 REC electricity prices, 2011-2017 [19].

Figure 12.7 Change in 2017 pumping vs. well capacity.

Figure 12.8 Change in annual pumping vs. average precipitation.

Figure 12.9 Distribution of ∆

Welfare

it

.

Figure 12.10 Demand and infra-marginal welfare effects.

Figure 12.11 Spatial distribution of average welfare effects.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Trifa Plain of north-eastern Morocco.

Figure 13.2 Aquifer, wells, and irrigation canals of the Trifa Plain.

Figure 13.3 Cumulative drip irrigation system adoptions, 2002-2012.

Figure 13.4 Spatial distribution of drip irrigation system adoptions, 2002, 20...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Flow chart.

Figure 14.2 Power consumption at different loadings.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Snippet of the dataset, which gave the current 24-hour consumption...

Figure 15.2 (a) Peak load curve of BYPL. (b) Peak load curve of MES. (c) Peak ...

Figure 15.3 (a) Node control of the UI. (b) Overview of UI.

Figure 15.4 (a) Manage prism home setup. (b) Load switching, water usage level...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Block diagram 1 – Infant stage.

Figure 17.2 Block diagram 2: Toddler stage.

Figure 17.3 Proteus simulation circuit 1.

Figure 17.4 Proteus simulation circuit 2.

Figure 17.5 Proteus simulation circuit 3.

Figure 17.6 Proteus virtual terminal 1.

Figure 17.7 Proteus virtual terminal 2.

Figure 17.8 Proteus virtual terminal 3.

Figure 17.9 Hardware setup.

Figure 17.10 ESP32 camera flashing memory with FTDI.

Figure 17.11 Pushover APP alert notifications sent to user.

Figure 17.12 GSM GPS module.

Figure 17.13 GPS output in Arduino serial monitor.

Figure 17.14 ThingSpeak dashboard.

Figure 17.15 ThingSpeak dashboard.

Figure 17.16 Camera surveillance.

Figure 17.17 OVA260.inbuilt facial detection.

Figure 17.18 GSM message received.

Figure 17.19 Google map location display when the link is clicked.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 The basic structure of CNN.

Figure 18.2 Phases of model training.

Figure 18.3 Flowchart of proposed model.

Figure 18.4 Affine transformation of images.

Figure 18.5 Perspective transformation of images.

Figure 18.6 Rotation transformation of images.

Figure 18.7 Training and validation accuracy.

Figure 18.8 Training and validation loss.

Figure 18.9 Graph of testing accuracy (first 15 classes).

Figure 18.10 Graph of testing accuracy (last 15 classes).

Figure 18.11 ThingSpeak write API key.

Figure 18.12 ThingSpeak read API key.

Figure 18.13 Tinkercad serial monitor output for a green leaf.

Figure 18.14 Tinkercad serial monitor output for a dry leaf.

Figure 18.15 Google colab output for a green leaf.

Figure 18.16 Google colab output for a dry leaf.

Figure 18.17 Index page of the web app.

Figure 18.18 Healthy leaf page of the web application.

Figure 18.19 Healthy plant page of the web application.

Figure 18.20 Diseased plant page of the web application.

Figure 18.21 Medications prescribed for the plant diseases.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 A simple ConvNet.

Figure 19.2 Convolution operation.

Figure 19.3 An entire CNN.

Figure 19.4 Architecture of proposed system.

Figure 19.5 Face mask detection process.

Figure 19.6 Entering the PIR values.

Figure 19.7 No mask detected.

Figure 19.8 Face mask detected and N<15.

Figure 19.9 Face mask detected but N=15 (threshold).

Figure 19.10 Face mask detected and one person exits the store.

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Part of the textile industry.

Figure 20.2 Block diagram of the proposed model.

Figure 20.3 Block diagram of TCS3200.

Figure 20.4 Microcontroller working with TCS3200 color sensor.

Figure 20.5 Flowchart of our proposed model.

Figure 20.6 Function of the microcontroller and Wi-Fi module.

Figure 20.7 Working principle of IR sensor.

Figure 20.8 Working principle of capacitive proximity sensor.

Figure 20.9 Process that describes the working of Blynk.

Figure 20.10 Hardware prototype.

Figure 20.11 Pin configuration of the hardware.

Figure 20.12 Hardware implementation of system.

Figure 20.13 Blue color detection.

Figure 20.14 Red color detection.

Chapter 21

Figure 21.2 Flowchart describing the condition to schedule the loads.

Figure 21.3 IDLE showing predicted power value.

Figure 21.4 Solar power vs. month.

Figure 21.5 Login page of web portal.

Figure 21.6 Date, month, year and load priority input webpage.

Figure 21.7 Webpage showing the predicted power value.

Figure 21.8 Experimental setup of SEMS.

Figure 21.9 Output of LCD screen when load 1 and load 2 are ON.

Figure 21.10 Output of (a) Hardware setup, (b) SEM code, (c) Serial monitor ou...

Figure 21.11 Output of (a) Hardware setup, (b) SEM code, (c) Serial monitor ou...

Figure 21.12 Output of (a) Hardware setup, (b) SEM code, (c) Serial monitor ou...

Figure 21.13 Output of (a) Hardware setup, (b) SEM code, (c) Serial monitor ou...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Screenshot of the OwnTracks mobile application.

Figure 22.2 Snapshot of the transported data.

Figure 22.3 Webhook relay functionality.

Figure 22.4 Access token.

Figure 22.5 Data is received from the OwnTracks application.

Figure 22.6 Logbook of Webhooks being relayed to the client end.

Figure 22.7 Node-red flow.

Figure 22.8 Sample of locations tapped by world map API.

Figure 22.9 Proposed technology.

Figure 22.10 The flow of the project.

Figure 22.11 Locations tapped.

Figure 22.12 Path traced for charging stations.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Pages

ii

iii

iv

xvii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

361

362

363

364

365

367

368

369

370

371

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Integrated Green Energy Solutions Volume 1

Edited by

Milind Shrinivas DangateW.S. SampathO.V. Gnana Swathika

and

P. Sanjeevikumar

This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of WarrantyWhile the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119847434

Front cover images supplied by Pixabay.comCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

Renewable energy supplies are of ever-increasing environmental and economic importance all over the world. A wide range of renewable energy technologies has been established commercially and recognized as growth industries. World agencies, such as the United Nations, have extensive programs to encourage renewable energy technology.

This two-volume set, Integrated Green Energy Solutions, will bridge the gap between descriptive reviews and specialized engineering treatises on particular aspects. It centers on demonstrating how fundamental physical processes govern renewable energy resources and their application. Although the applications are being updated continually, the fundamental principles remain the same, and we are confident that this book will provide a useful platform for those advancing the subject and its industries. We have been encouraged in this approach by the ever-increasing commercial importance of renewable energy technologies.

Integrated Green Energy Solutions is a numerate and quantitative text covering subjects of proven technical and economic importance worldwide. Energy supply from renewables is an essential component of every nation’s strategy, especially when there is responsibility for the environment and sustainability. These books will consider the timeless renewable energy technologies’ timeless principles yet seeks to demonstrate modern applications and case studies. This volumes will stress the scientific understanding and analysis of renewable energy since we believe these are distinctive and require specialist attention.

The five most important topics covered in these two books are:

Education in Energy Conversion and Management

Integrated Energy Systems

Energy Management Strategies for Control and Planning

Energy economics and environment

World Energy demand

1Green Economy and the Future in a Post-Pandemic World

Luke Gerard Christie1* and Deepa Cherian2

1VIT University, Chennai Campus Chennai, Tamil-Nadu, India

2Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, India

Abstract

The future to geo-political and geo-economic conundrums is by transforming current economies into inclusive and sustainable societies. In this race for global dominance and hegemony, policy makers must be wary of not forgetting institutional practices of conserving and preserving ecosystems and biospheres with pro-active and proper thinking. Governments that are in power must be sensible to realize that economies will eventually grow when more people join the formal and informal sectors, but the challenge is to have a planet that sustains our needs rather than addressing our greed. Legal systems must work harder in the 21st century to embed proper and critical thinking driven by an ecological conscience to preserve, conserve and protect the environment that sustains us. The technology that is being built and fashioned to drive businesses must submit to stringent ecological standards. With the rapid spread of Covid19, scientists are aware that humanity will be afflicted with more such zoonotic diseases primarily brought on by the global warming and climate change. Third world governments in their search for competing and contributing with the global economy forget the impending dangers of a cataclysmic warmer, hotter and unsustainable planet that will deprive burgeoning populations of food and clean water furthering a health scare. Across the globe, we have witnessed government’s response to Covid19 especially in the third world and the loss of lives that could have been prevented. This affliction is bound to endure owing to the inadequate policies that fail to create low–carbon economies or submit to Sustainable Development Goals that could mitigate the debilitating effects of a globally warmer planet. In all of this, the future will be fought not over oil but wars are bound to be fought over water and food and lack of immediate or urgent healthcare support. It is observed painfully, that the people most affected or afflicted with the mostly the marginalized, the poor, the disadvantaged. In this paper, I propose how governments of the day must transform their economies to be sustainable and inclusive, ameliorate global warming, promote healthy agricultural practices, constantly set higher moral standards for a low-carbon economy and build on a healthcare system that is robust and flexible to everyone’s needs. The globe after observing many discussions at Copenhagen is now becoming familiar with the reality of a resource-efficient economy and natural capital as an invaluable economic asset.

Keywords: Inclusive environment, green economy, energy economics, Fourth Industrial Revolution, low-carbon, agriculture, freshwater resources, governmental policies

1.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

A report released in August 2021 stated that the ecological damage to the planet is irreversible and there is an ambitious requirement to reduce carbon-dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from accelerating climate change. The bigger problem is that it would take at least 80 to 100 years for climate to improve and stabilize conditions and temperatures. The 6th Assessment Report, which will be released in 2022, reflects that the climatic scenario is not as it looks and is more adverse in nature, but it can be mitigated with global engagement of governments and citizens with proper and effective value building measures in negotiations and decision-making with all global stake-holders from governance to business. All regions face stupendous challenges in the upward trajectory of increasing temperatures and climate changes that will be problematic, as that would bring changes to cyclonic patterns, affect agricultural practices causing droughts, reducing harvest yields and causing flooding and changes to monsoon and precipitation that will vary from regions. There will be swifter melting of polar ice caps in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, causing ocean temperature to increase, threatening marine life and normal or natural functioning of biodiversity in ecosystems. There will be continued sea level rise throughout the 21st century in coastal areas with frequent and severe coastal flooding in low-lying areas and coastal erosion. The prediction is that sea level events that occurred once in 100 years could happen every year by the end of this century. It is most observed that cities will be amplified with heatwaves and cold waves with heavy precipitation. The thawing of the permafrost is bound to threaten 4 million people and there is a desperate need for drastic measures to reduce emissions.

1.2 The Need to Question How we Do Business and the Evolution of Green Policies

The world today requires an enterprising and proactive vision towards mitigating global warming and climate change that will build a sustainable planet. Governments and policy makers are not the only stake holders responsible for implementation of a robust, green economy; it is through a collective consciousness of engendering an environment and ecological mindset in parallel with technology and newer advances in technology. Countries have to harness emergent technologies to prove their technological resilience in global economics, trade and commerce and in agriculture and for fresh water resources. The most developed countries have been able to accomplish a sustainable greener initiative with constant amendments to their policies and with systemic engagement with their citizenry. Most countries are acutely aware of greening the economy and creating employment opportunities in renewable energy and technologies. It is also to be found that the future to global trade and supply chains will be driven with more economic opportunities in the green sector.

Policy makers have woken up to this reality of ameliorating emissions and the many positives of decelerating global warming and climate change. Yet, implementation of green policies seems not to have become a social and economic reality owing to the existing and engendered policies and older technologies that have harnessed growth of organizations and economies alike. Concurrently, countries are forced to swiftly change their predilections to avoid pitfalls of global warming and climate change. The Bretton Woods institutions such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the International Trade Organization have recalibrated economic strategies to prevent inflation but also to improve global economic outlook. The oil crisis fostered the path for the creation of the International Energy Agency to manage oil disruptions, creating policy awareness for global security supplies and initiatives. The major organizations from focusing on preventing economic shocks and setbacks are not coerced to consider the biggest elephant in the room, global warming and climate change brought on by the ignorance of previous policies. Past decisions have benefitted economies and expanded supply and the demand footprint but they inflated a bigger problem on everyone’s hands and in global political discourse of taking effective measures to ameliorate or reduce global warming and climate change and greenhouse emissions that propel climate change.

In the post-globalized world, from automobile manufacturers, air-conditioning makers to all diverse products that reach markets have to submit to reducing the amount of emissions to building a cleaner and safer environment. The well-advanced countries have shifted to guaranteeing a low-carbon economy with cleaner and sustainable ways of doing business but enforcing those global greening laws on other countries whom they do business with to bring about a reinforced vision of inclusive and sustainable societies. With the advent of newer policies with global citizens waking up to a necessity of cleaner environments, organizations have lent credence to ensuring that all products that reach shores across the globe are in line with the provisions of the requirements of global policy on emission reduction. Citizens with directives from their governments across the globe have been campaigning to buy greener products, avoid lethal products, practice waste reduction and optimize on energy saving. With the constant serious intervention of policy makers for a low carbon economy, most major businesses have taken the plunge, keeping in mind economic downturns, and sensitized their business practices toward environmental benefits and have positioned themselves to promote environmental goals or to being precursors due to strong legislations for industry with government commitments. In several global firms and global supply chains, primary importance is being given to submit to environmental practices in the manufacturing process of products and commodities, which results in managing costs and furthering environmentally friendly practices. In short, most policies from the government and organizationally have corporate environment responsibility projects for better and enhanced environmental sustainability. Economic incentives like taxes or tax exemptions, and subsidized permits, are often encouraged by governments for oganizations to comply with environmental standards. Trilateral or bi-lateral agreements between businesses across the globe and between governments has shifted the focus onto reducing emissions and making commitments to eco-friendly practices.

1.3 The Shift from Fossil Fuels to Nuclear Energy for a Cleaner, Sustainable Environment

Fossil fuels are creating even more pollution with the growing number of cars on the roads. When India uses nuclear power, pollution can be confronted and electricity can be generated at triple the amount that is being generated with burning of coal. The future for countries like India is to utilize nuclear power. The developed societies have moved onto renewable energy, but in a country like India, and with climate change and global warming, unpredictable weather patterns makes it an impossibility to rely on solar or wind technology alone to power large-scale industries. We have to utilize nuclear power as we are a growing economy where we have reached the 2 trillion dollar mark and by 2025 we will cross the 4 trillion dollar mark. This is mainly due to the exports being driven by the demand of the global economy and businesses operating at full flow keeping up to stiff competition with the developed world. There have been just four accidents involving nuclear power in 60 years and the main causes for the accidents were due to improper safety mechanisms, gross human error or utilization of poor technology. The technology used had not been upgraded and countries that embrace nuclear energy must be well educated before installation of the plants to avoid accidents.

The idea of setting up nuclear power plants in areas that threaten livelihoods and displace people should be taken into consideration and plants must be set up where agriculture land and people’s livelihoods are not threatened. It is seen and has been proved that the developed world has used or is using nuclear power in tandem with renewable sources of energy making their economies low-carbon. If India can use the same principles—as the weather in India is unpredictable—the economy can reduce the carbon footprint and in turn make societies more adaptable and efficient. The greatest advantage for India to shift to nuclear power is that the waste material can be contained in an area if she shifts to thorium. The waste it seems can be contained in an area the size of a football field which can be destroyed after a few decades. The soil can then be revitalized, unlike the waste that comes from a uranium enrichment nuclear plant. India has large reserves of thorium, which is the nuclear fuel of the future. However, the technologies needed to extract thorium for the plants need to be designed, which may take some time. What must be noted is that fossil-based fuels or fossil fuels are not sustainable and even more important is that with the scarcity of fossil fuels, there will definitely be geo-political instability. We have seen that in the case of Exxon, which is a leading producer of petroleum and is on a new trajectory in trying to find shale gas from complex rock formations in the Arctic to counter the problems of not being able to find petroleum. They had exploited the earth, all parts of the globe, from Indonesia to Africa, Latin America, Russia, Iraq and now to the Arctic region trying to find shale gas under tough weather conditions. Exxon Mobil had been tough in criticizing the global community’s concern about changing weather patterns and global warming, until in 2009 it did agree that the planet is warming due to manmade disasters. When we keep in mind a warmer planet, the size of the carbon footprint growing larger, agricultural practices being disrupted due to global warming and climate change, we must realize that the people who will have to struggle will be those who live on the fringes of society or who live on state benefits.

It is a far superior idea to shift to nuclear energy, harness thorium; tackle global warming and climate change building sustainable societies solving agricultural problems without soil degradation or the crops having the potential of a qualitative yield when harvested. The only challenge is even though we have thorium, we must be able to manufacture the fissile material which is necessary in sustaining a chain reaction when bombarded by neutrons.

The fact remains that countries will have to shift to nuclear energy and ensure that nuclear plants are well established with adequate and proper safety measures. Nuclear power and energy is the best alternative to fossil fuel, and the technology that countries use in these plants, through improved and advanced with shifts in nano-technology, have benefitted developed economies and that influence has caught up with the developing societies. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals and World Bank’s goals in recognition of inclusive and sustainability as essential global practices for the environment are the force driving the policy agenda forward. A synergy is created in energy, business and transport where environmental policies are integrated in their framework of manufacturing procedures rather than solely pursuing the agenda individually. For example: automobiles will have to follow a certain standard of emissions they are allowed to release into the atmosphere, abiding by government norms and policies on a global scale as all countries have agreed to reduce emissions and pollutants into the atmosphere by 2030.

1.4 Significance of Emergent Technologies in the Reduction of Global Warming and Climate Change

AI (Artificial Intelligence), Big Data, and 3D printing are used extensively to develop solutions to mitigate or offer solutions to reduce global warming and climate change. Yet, despite the challenges and investments, there is no stopping of temperature rise in the Arctic of 3-5 degree Celsius by 2050. Technologies like Big Data and Artificial Intelligence can be used to collect or curate vast amounts of data and be used for insightful information in an intelligent manner.

Cloud computing is another disruptive technology that has been extensively used and continues to identify its possibilities to boost a green economy. For instance, the recent pandemic times have witnessed an exponential increase in data usage, as companies resorted to work from home. Enormous rise in data led to an increase in cloud providers for the storage and management of data. Cloud Computing Environment (CCE) has been a widely recognized technology during work from home. Organizations such as the Word Economic Forum and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have called for a “green reset” following COVID-19. In that regard, cloud and green computing can help progress towards a more sustainable green future by reducing carbon emissions to the ecosystem through various energy-saving digital modes.

Further, Remote Working has reduced the carbon footprint in the environment during the pandemic and this recently evolved work model has equipped organizations to valiantly face contingencies by not trading off on a green economy. Remote working that utilizes a green cloud technology offers the flexibility to work anytime and anywhere, and it has improved productivity and abridged the daily commute of employees to the office. This decrease in commuting has reduced fuel consumption and carbon emission to the atmosphere and has furthered organizations to cut down on various marginal expenses such as rent and land costs while reducing energy consumption at the office premises. Many organizations have decided to take forward this work model post-pandemic for a greener economy and to save costs.

In businesses today, Artificial and Big Data is used by resource personnel to take challenging decisions and to achieve functional excellence. These new or emergent technologies can inform governments or policy makers to develop impactful plans in reducing emissions and climate change. Google, the world’s largest search engine, has already invested in newer technologies and uses big data to estimate greenhouse gas emissions to inform citizenry and governments of the increase that enables them to educate society about the pitfalls. Conversely, Artificial Intelligence can sense their ecosystem, think, and adapt to their programmed initiatives and be used intensively in energy-saving initiatives by incorporating data from smart sensors, smart meters and Internet of Things to forecast energy demand and its surplus. AI can help electricity grid providers to optimize energy production and reduce any loss or to mitigate impact on the climate. Technology providers across the globe seeing and realizing the importance of mitigating emissions are working on simulation-based technologies to aid in planning future cities that are smart, sustainable with a low-carbon footprint. IBM as of now has developed technology that informs cities about heat waves and how to prevent future heat waves. The technology developed informs citizens on the best locales to plant trees that are susceptible to heat waves and reduce the intensity of the heat waves. Governments have been developing a serious awareness of the dangers of global warming and climate change, and are now working on technologies and Artificial Simulation programmes for accurate weather forecasting and city planning to ameliorate climate change and its impact. 3D printing in dynamic mode across the developed economy actually reduces manufacturing costs and significantly reduces carbon emissions. This major innovative accomplishment is achieved by reduction of raw material or using recycled material for manufacturing building constructing purposes. 3D printing can guarantee a truly innovative way to dispose of trash in a constructive manner that can be used for the efforts in city planning. 3D technology aims to be more ascendable and disrupt the construction industry as this seems more a viable option for reducing waste than having waste recycled for infrastructure and city building projects. Another such technology in the modern era that can be used efficiently is Augmented Reality or Virtual Reality, where cities and countries can identify the impacts of climate change and can inform policy makers to prioritize efforts in the drive against global warming by economic development and climate adaption initiatives. Augmented reality helps visualize disaster prone areas by embedding Artificial Intelligence and 3D technology, by which knowledge of the repercussions is gained. The visualization of ecological degradation areas with viable solutions will help all governments to make better decisions on climate change. Covid-19 has largely witnessed enormous increase in data and the use of cloud-enabled services which resulted in low carbon emissions.

Conclusion

The primary goal to reduce global warming and climate change rests today with assertive and ambitious policy makers working and collaborating with new-age technology companies that can effectively create an impact on the mitigating of emissions by involvement and participative engagement with all stakeholders in order to create a less polluted, livable planet. There is a serious demand for strong cooperation and with efficient public-private partnership, innovative solutions can be formed to solve a crisis of our own making. This will reduce the anxieties for the coming generations and allow them to live healthier lives in a cleaner, greener sustainable planet, fulfilling the promise of the 196 countries who have committed to fight global warming and climate change. It is a vision that can be achieved with everyone’s unbiased participation for clean fresh water resources, better agricultural yields and healthier breathing ecosystems that sustain life. The only way forward is to act now without delay.

Bibliography

Anderson, Dennis, and Catherine D. Bird. 1992. “Carbon Accumulations and Technical Progress: A Simulation Study of Costs.”

Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics

54(1).

Annan, R. H. 1992. “Photovoltaic Energy, Economics and the Environment.” In B. Abeles, A. J. Jacobson, and P. Sheng, eds.,

Energy and the Environment

. Singapore: World Scientific.

Ahmed, K., & Anderson, D. (1994). Renewable energy technologies: a review of the status and costs of selected technologies. World Bank technical paper (ISSN 0253-7494, (240).

Apak, S., Atay, E., & Tuncer, G. (2011). Financial risk management in renewable energy sector: Comparative analysis between the European Union and Turkey.

Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences.

Bhandari, A. (2015, October). India’s Power Utilities Owe Banks $90 billion, Cripple Future.

Bhatia, M., & Banerjee, S. G. (2011). Unleashing the potential of renewable energy in India. World Bank Publications.

Bhattacharya, S. C., & Jana, C. (2009). Renewable energy in India: historical developments and prospects.

Energy

, 34(8), 981-991.

Bulfotuh, F. (2007). Energy efficiency and renewable technologies: the way to sustainable energy future.

Cavallo, Alfred J., Susan M. Hock, and Don R. Smith. 1993. “Wind Energy: Technology and Economics.” In Thomas B. Johansson and others, eds.,

Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuel and Electricity

. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Costello, D., and P. Rappaport. 1980. “The Technological and Economic Development of Photovoltaics.”

Annual Review of Energy

.

Development Sciences, Inc. 1981. “The Economic Costs of Renewable Energy.” Report prepared for the Agency for International Development.

Deloitte, IEC (2013). Securing tomorrow’s energy today: Policy and Regulations Meeting the Financing Challenge in the Energy Sector in India.

Devadas R.P. (1988). Management of development Programmes for Women and Children, Vol. II. Coimbatore.

Drennen, T. E., Erickson, J. D., & Chapman, D. (1996). Solar power and climate change policy in developing countries.

Energy Policy.

Nelson, D., Shrimali, G., Goel, S., Konda, C., & Kumar, R. (2012). Meeting India’s renewable energy targets: The financing challenge. CPI-ISB Report, Climate Policy Initiative.

Richardson, R; and Wilkins, M. (2010). Can Capital Markets Bridge the Climate Change Financing Gap?

Schwabe, P., Mendelsohn, M., Mormann, F., & Arent, D. (2012). Mobilizing Public Markets to Finance Renewable Energy Projects.

William, C.A. and Heins, M.R. (1976).

Management and Insurance

. New York: McGraw-Hill Books Co.

Note

*

Corresponding author

:

[email protected]

2Home Automation System Using Internet of Things for Real-Time Power Analysis and Control of Devices

Richik Ray, Rishita Shanker1, V. Anantha Krishnan1*, O.V. Gnana Swathika2† and C. Vaithilingam1

1School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus, Tamil Nadu, India

2Centre for Smart Grid Technologies, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Conventional power systems have been in use since the beginning of centralized power generation and distribution arrangements. These systems supply energy to human settlements and their workplaces and are responsible for a reliable delivery of power and in cases of faults, also to fix them. With time and considerable advancements in technology, the world has seen a necessary shift from the conventional power systems to Smart Grids that are based on principles of Distributed Generation and similar crucial methods like Customer Interaction. The need for smarter grids arose due to change in the everyday lifestyle of people that in turn led to an increase in power consumption, which had to be coupled with Renewable Resources of Energy since conventional resources such as fossil fuels have been depleting drastically. Now alongside smarter grids, the Automation Industry has paved its own path into our lifestyles, with the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and microcontrollers/microprocessors. From Smart Cars to Smart Refrigerators, this industry is booming and certainly depicts that it is the future of technology for a world depending on clean fuels and more reliable and user-friendly technology. A Smart Home is similar to the previous examples, as it depends on multiple smart devices like Smart Energy Meter, Alarm System, Garage Parking, etc., that all combine and form the Home Automation System, powered by a Smart Grid supply. In this paper, a functional prototype for the same is designed, but this system carries out the forementioned functions on a single platform by integrating the control of these separate devices on a user-friendly application directly from our smartphones based on IoT, rather than having separate protocols for each of the applications, and further, the future prospects for this model are presented.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), smart grid, distributed generation, power BI, Blynk, renewable energy, automation

2.1 Introduction

A Home Automation System is the basic building block of a fully functional Smart Home that is connected to a local power station, which is a part of a larger smart grid. It is the distributed generation principles that are applied across the whole network that make the change from a conventional grid to one that is smarter. Based on IoT protocols and Machine Learning, this leads to the development of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) dependent system that monitors the whole grid from generation to final distribution in homes and workstations. The Home Automation System is responsible for integrating all the essential functions that a smart home consists of as discussed, and with its direct connection to the grid, it results in higher customer interaction, allowing the users to gain access to data like consumption levels, consumption pattern graphs from the supply end for peak load analysis, tariff rates, etc.

Multiple devices can be utilised to build a fully functional smart home automation system. This includes devices like a Smart Power-Strip. It works as a wall outlet adapter and can be controlled using a microcontroller and allows the user to upgrade to an automated home without any additions. The Wi-Fi connection or sensors collect the data and then the microcontroller passes instructions using the same (e.g., programmed parameters) [1]. Internet of things is used in every industry and machinery for sharing intel and completing tasks within short time frames, via Internet, in comparison to the more time-consuming manual operation [2]. Under the IoT fog computing paradigm, exchange of messages is possible with the integration of IoT-based nodes and a common data cloud. Wi-Fi and ZigBee amongst these are the most ideal communication technologies for smart homes. Wi-Fi although popular, has a restricted application due to high energy consumption and also it lacks standard mesh networking competences for low-power devices. Hence, ZigBee was selected as a more preferable option for wireless automation devices in the industries [3].

As of now, smart home systems are based on primitive technology, and users will be unable to control home appliances since their functionality will be limited. Moreover, there are concerns about the security of these systems since they are prone to hacking, potentially leading to major problems [4]. Multiple layers are included in an IoT-based system, and each of these layers has an additional Security layer for protection purposes and privacy protocols. A smart home will include [5] energy and water consumption that is to be monitored to recommend appropriate use of resources. Remote appliance control will also prevent accidents and energy wastage. Intruders can be detected, and storerooms be observed. In the market, there are various types of Single Board Computers (SBCs) other than Raspberry Pi such as Galileo and Arduino. Thus, the need for flexible data across heterogeneous systems is critical [6].

An IoT-based smart home is an integrated connection of electronics, sensors and software, building a network of physical devices inside a house that provides functionality [7]. Automated homes have built-in detection and control devices, such as air conditioning, lighting and security systems. Modern systems interconnect switches and sensors, and are called “gateways”, which basically control the system through a device, i.e., phone or computer via a user interface [8]. Systems that integrate IoT have a key role in the incipient smart home environment. By 2023, the smart home market is forecasted to rise to US$137.91 billion, growing at 13 percent annually with respect to the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between 2017 and 2023 [9].

The proposed model in this paper discusses the reduction of high installation and maintenance costs of a smart home automation system by the elimination of separate smart devices and integrating them on a single platform. For example, in the existing billing system, companies cannot keep track of the dynamic changes in customer demand. Consumers often receive bills for services they already paid before due dates. This is accompanied by poor reliability and quality often too. Keeping track of the consumer side with respect to load will ensure a more accurate billing system, allow tracking the maximum demand, and also help to calculate and note the threshold values. These are crucial features that must be incorporated in the design of an efficient energy billing system [10]. The smart energy meter is hence nullified by real-time power consumption being displayed directly on a smartphone.

With the influx of the smart grid era and the dawn of advanced communication and information infrastructures, bidirectional communication, energy storage systems and home area networks will alter the outlines of electricity usage and energy preservation at the consumption sites. Coupled with the rise of vehicle-to-grid machineries and distributed generation, there is a profound transition from the conventional centralized infrastructure towards the new and adaptive, autonomous and cyber-physical energy systems with renewable sources [11]. Installing various sensors in the house, environmental and regular devices are operated in automated remote and GSM instructions. Green renewable source of energy is utilised in power generation for smart appliance functioning in order to sustain the automated home [12].

In addition to these, smart homes connected to a smart grid depend on renewable energy as their primary source, making the setup more ecologically and commercially beneficial, and thus the smart energy meter does the needful, as mentioned earlier, and helps monitor power usage and live data.

The prototype discussed in this paper is a model designed to show the proposed idea at a smaller scale. Based on IoT and microcontroller configuration, the circuit can be connected with a smartphone using a Wi-Fi module and the application on the phone can be used to control two devices, get live readings for temperature and humidity, and also give power consumption by the devices in real time.

The next segment, i.e., segment 2, covers the methodology for designing the prototype.

2.2 Methodology

The prototype that is discussed in this paper is based on the principles of IoT and functions on the integration of multiple electronic components and a cellular device, i.e., a smartphone, over a shared wireless connection, allowing the user to monitor and control the prototype from the application designed on the cell phone. The fundamentals of IoT allows the establishment of the private network which is embedded with the sensor, microcontroller, and other similar components and hence allows connecting and exchanging data and instructions over the wireless connection for the prototype.

It can be observed from Figure 2.1 that the Wi-Fi module or the microcontroller for the prototype that is responsible for sending and receiving instructions for the circuit based on IoT, is connected to a pre-registered smartphone via Hotspot tethering over the same network. Once a command has been given by the user on the application created on the smartphone, the data is processed by NodeMCU Wi-Fi module, and the necessary actions are taken with respect to device control, which includes a sequence of LED lights and a fan. The power consumption of the devices is calculated using the pre-set code in the module. In a larger scale for a bigger project, this data is sent to the cloud after which it is displayed on the smartphone. All the exchange of data in the case of this prototype is through the hotspot connection.

Figure 2.1 Block diagram for the prototype.

The next segment, i.e., segment 3, has the design specifications.

2.3 Design Specifications

In this segment, the various topics regarding the building of the prototype are covered, including the components required, circuit assembly and working, application for the user interface on the smartphone, and the PCB design.

2.3.1 Components Required

The Wi-Fi module is the key component in making the prototype as it is what works on the fundamentals of IoT and connects the smartphone and the circuit leading to the sharing of data via a common connection. In specific cases, the NodeMCU microcontroller running on ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC, is what connects the system to the cloud and is responsible for the sharing of intel between users via devices connected to the same (Figure 2.2).

Figure 2.2 NodeMCU controller pin description.

Table 2.1 NodeMCU controller pin description.

PIN

Description

Micro USB, 3.3V, GND, Vin

Voltage is supplied to Micro-USB, 3.3V & Vin pins to power the board. GND is the ground pin.

EN, RST

These are the control pins that enable and reset the microcontroller.

A0

Analog pin for voltage measurement in the range of 0-3.3V.

GPIO Pins

16 pins.

SPI Pins

4 pins to configure the SPI communication.

UART Pins

Uploading the firmware/program.

12C Pins

Supporting functions.

Table 2.1 includes the most frequently used pins in the Wi-Fi module used for the prototype along with their description. Furthermore, all sorts of coding required for the control of the circuit too is encoded in this microcontroller using Arduino. The software is readily available for all versions of Windows and Mac (Figure 2.3).

As mentioned in Table 2.1, all the pins and their functional descriptions are unique and have been presented.

The rest of the components required for the prototype are as given in Table 2.2.

Figure 2.3 Components from Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Components required besides Wi-Fi module.

Component

Quantity

Description

Relay Module (i)

1

A 5V Relay Module is used as an automatic switch. Low current signal utilized for high current control.

SMPS (ii)

1

It is an AC-DC converter which gives an output voltage of 12V DC.

Temperature Sensor (DHT11) (iii)

1

DHT11 is a sensor module that senses the temperature and humidity.

Regulator IC (iv)

2

It is used to regulate the voltage for smooth functioning of electronic devices.

Fan (v)

1

A very low current consumption fan with a voltage requirement of 12V is used.

LED

8

LEDs with power consumption of 0.48 W are used.

2.3.2 Circuit Diagram and Working

Working

The power supply of 230V AC is stepped down to 12 V DC for the relay switch to function by using the SMPS as a step-down voltage component or a transformer. Voltage regulators step down the voltage to 9 V and then 5 V from 12 V for Node MCU to function. The DHT11 sensor is directly integrated with the Wi-Fi module for constant data transfer to display real-time temperature and humidity values on the smartphone application. The module has to be connected with the pre-registered smartphone via hotspot tethering over the same network. The registration of the smart phone beforehand is essential for security purposes, and maintains a private control over the network and its system. Using the app, we can control the devices by sending a signal through the same network, that operates the relay and the devices (Figure 2.4