Intelligent Green Technologies for Sustainable Smart Cities E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Advances in Cyber Security
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 529

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Intelligent Green Technologies for Sustainable Smart Cities

Presenting the concepts and fundamentals of smart cities and developing “green” technologies, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, also goes into the practical applications that can be utilized across multiple disciplines and industries, for both the engineer and the student.

Smart cities and green technologies are quickly becoming two of the most important areas of development facing today’s engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals. Written by a team of experts in these fields, this outstanding new volume tackles the problem of detailing advances in smart city development, green technologies, and where the two areas intersect to create innovation and revolutionary solutions.

This group of hand-selected and vetted papers deals with the fundamental concepts of adapting artificial intelligence, machine learning techniques with green technologies, and many other advances in concepts related to these key areas. Including the most recent research and developments available, this book is an extraordinary source of knowledge for students, engineers seeking the latest research, and facilities and other professionals working in the area of green technologies and challenges and solutions in urban planning and smart city development.

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Intelligent Green Technologies for Sustainable Smart Cities

Edited by

Suman Lata TripathiSouvik GanguliTengiz MagradzeandAbhishek Kumar

This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-81606-5

Cover image: Pixabay.comCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

Smart cities beautify urban areas. The creation of the smart city relies heavily on the deployment of technology. To further social and environmental improvements, cities have created and advanced their smart policies. A smart city does improve the quality of life. It does, however, also require additional power resources, which highlights green or renewable energy. Green energy is a form of energy generated by natural resources like solar, wind, fossil fuel, etc. Wise utilization of green energy and avoidance of wastage is an integral part of sustainable smart cities. To make energy available round the clock, following several strategies can boost sustain-ability: smart management of the energy, conversion of waste to efficient energy, and efficient auditing of energy.

Energy conservation or savings is just as important as energy that has been generated. In planning the architecture of smart cities for the upcoming technical era, we need to replace the existing infrastructure in metropolitan areas all around the world with more efficient, smart, and environmentally sustainable ones. Artificial intelligence finds a place in almost every activity of day-to-day life, and the adoption of intelligent technologies helps to make the city smarter. AI and blockchain technologies help to manage the network of smart city architecture towards developing sustainable ecosystems. The integration of electronic equipment in day-to-day life is unavoidable, including maximum information available on the devices. The security of processed and processing information is perhaps the most important aspect of the smart city to avoid unauthorized access to these devices. This book targets future technologies to make the city smarter either by efficient and reliable utilization of energy sources or enhancing the privacy of the information.

List of Contributors

J. ShanthiAvinashilngam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, India

C. MeenaAvinashilngam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, India

Tanya SrivastavaThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Soumitra MukhopadhyayDoosan Power Systems India Pvt. Ltd, India

G. Boopathi RajaVelalar College of Engineering and TechnologyErode, Tamil Nadu, India

Arjyadhara PradhanKalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar

Babita PandaKalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar

Salwa AmmachEffat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Saeed Mian QaisarEffat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Gurjot KaurNIT, Jalandhar, India

Aradhana TirkeyNIT, Jalandhar, India

S. SriramSri Ramakrishna Polytechnic College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Sahil VirkThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Souvik GanguliThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Simran SrivastavaThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Saumyadip HazraThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Shilpy GoyalThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Parag NijhawanThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Deepak KumarUniversity of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India

Shiromani Balmukund RahiMahamaya College of Agriculture Engineering and TechnologyAkabarpur Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Neha ParasDr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

K. Suresh KumarIFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India

D. PrabakaranIFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India

R. Senthil KumaranIFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India

I. YamunaIFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India

Jagendra SinghBennett University, Greater Noida, India

Mohammad SajidAligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Suneet Kumar GuptaBennett University, Greater Noida, India

Raza Abbas HaidriKhwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University, Lucknow, India

Shasanka Sekhar RoutGIET University, Gunupur, India

Salony MahapatroAsiczen Technologies, Bhubaneswar, India

Gaurav JayaswalSemi-Conductor Laboratory, Department of Space, Punjab, India

Manish HoodaSemi-Conductor Laboratory, Department of Space, Punjab, India

Biyyapu Sai VamsiDr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

Tarun ChaudharyDr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

Deepti KakkarDr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

Amit TiwariDr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

Manish SharmaDr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

Amal E. Abdel GawadEffat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Nehal A. AlyamaniEffat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

1An Overview of the Intelligent Green Technologies for Sustainable Smart Cities

Tanya Srivastava1, Sahil Virk2 and Souvik Ganguli2*

1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

2 Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Abstract

By 2050, 68% of the world population is projected to live in urban areas by the United Nations (UN). With such a rapid surge of people moving into urban areas, the sustainability of many city’s social, economic, and environmental practices have become difficult to keep up with. Cities of the future cannot be built in the same way cities of today have been built. Now, urban areas have to be built around incorporating new technologies, which will positively affect the social, environmental and economic terms of the city. The smart city is used as an umbrella term for such cities. In scheming the architecture of smart cities for the upcoming technical era, we need to replace the existing infrastructure in metropolitan areas all around the world with more efficient, smart, and environmentally sustainable ones. In this paper, we explore certain examples of smart cities around the world and try to interpolate the features of one. We also mention smart green technologies and their examples for smart city infrastructure development and try to understand the global acceptance of the concept of smart cities.

Keywords: Intelligent green technologies, sustainability, smart cities, waste management, energy management

1.1 Introduction

Energy represents around 70% of the world Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [1]. The rise in the number of the global population has put immense pressure on the available natural resources and city infrastructure. Worldwide, around 56% of the world’s population live in urban areas. This percentage is even higher in certain continents as shown in Figure 1.1.

With such high population pressure, energy production and the consequent utilization have immense amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. These greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone, have not only resulted in an accelerated rate of climate change but also burgeoned air pollution problems in highly packed cities and megacities. Around 12.6 million people die because of environmental pollution every year. Atmospheric pollution causes severe lung and heart-related diseases [1]. Similarly, with the increase in the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) environment, ozone layer depletion has also advanced, which has caused ultraviolet rays to come in contact with people causing skin damage and cancer. In the last century, we have put an enormous amount of carbon dioxide in our environment as seen in Figure 1.2. Urbanization plays a major role in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.

Soil and water pollution are the major reasons behind more than 100 illnesses. Therefore, with the decrease in global natural resources, there is a complete imbalance in the ecological system. Hence, we need to quest ways that will decrease our dependency on conventional resources and invest our finances in planning a more sustainable and safe future for ourselves, as well as the upcoming generations. As we have established, urbanization and the projected growth and acceleration of the same would be responsible for negatively impacting our environment. Thus, in the 17 sustainable development goals (SDG) set up by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015, sustainable cities and communities (SDG-11) are listed as one of the SDGs. Others include clean water and sanitation (SDG-6), affordable and clean energy (SDG-7), industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG-9) and climate action (SDG-13). Smart cities are a way to meet these goals collectively.

Figure 1.1 The degree of urbanization continent wise based on the year 2020.

Figure 1.2 The worldwide carbon dioxide emissions from the years 1750–2010.

According to the United Nations “Smart city planning improves the lifestyle of its people, provides healthy, safe, stimulating and dynamic environment for its citizens to grow.” According to Navigant Research’s long-term forecasts, the demand for smart cities will expand steadily, reaching a size of 25.3 billion euros in 2023. Smart cities are a modern and growing technology that enhances the lifestyle of the expanding urban population and provides them with better services. Citizen participation also plays a vital role in the planning of a smart city as they pool their ideas and have a lot of experience which could aid in the development of better services and plans. By listening to them, the chances of failure of projects could be reduced and the potential problems could be addressed at an early stage [2].

As mentioned before, the “Smart City” has certain objectives, such as reduction of the negative impact of all the human activities in urban areas and also improving the life quality of its residents. A major problem that experts face while describing the notion of a smart city is a lack of a universally accepted definition for the same; however, the effect of smart city on domains, like transport, buildings, natural resources, and people provides a starting point for exploring the idea. Experts agree that the inclusion of ICT technologies is essential to the concept of a smart city. Smart cities encompass a variety of smart technologies, especially ones applied in homes and public spaces. These places provide a place for commencing smart initiatives which when applied on a larger scale, starts to resemble a smart city. Neirotti et al. [3] took this opportunity to highlight the trends in smart city development and discussions as well as identifying hard and soft application domains.

Application domains have been classified into “hard” and “soft” domains. They also further described hard domains like the one where smart technology visions can be physically and quantifiably applied, whereas soft domains are where the ideas of smart cities can be fostered in people and culture. Hard application domain includes energy grids, public lighting, management of water and natural resources, waste management, environmental resources, transport, residential and office spaces, healthcare, and public security. The soft domain includes education, culture, social inclusion, and welfare, public administration, the economy and the government. Subdomains of them are thus listed in Figure 1.3.

Due to concerns about the deteriorating health of our environment, people have become more environmentally sensitive than ever before. Especially in urban cities, residents have become aware that their actions have consequences on the environment. Even after this, residents are still fairly new to the smart technologies that can help reduce this negative impact on the environment. As resources like water and electricity are still available at nominal rates in major metropolitan cities, people thereby rarely take steps to reduce their intake. In the study by Bhati et al [4], it was pointed out that there is a gap between today’s consumers’ understanding of smart technology design in smart homes and its integration into people’s life. Their paper highlighted the outlook of Singapore’s residents on smart technology and how it can be utilized to save resources.

Figure 1.3 The domains and subdomains of a smart city.

The objective of the paper was to bring light to the famously constructed smart cities at the international and national levels, discussing their designing features and how we can incorporate these learning at local levels and move toward the goal of sustainable development. Besides, the primary and essential features of smart cities have been discussed.

1.2 Case Study 1: Oslo—A Smart City

Oslo, the capital of Norway has targeted to reduce 95% city emissions by 2030. It was also regarded as the eco capital of Europe in 2019. Oslo has only one municipality. The city aims to reduce carbon emissions by promoting electric vehicles and making public transport more attractive. The public electric buses, as well as ferries, operate on renewable hydroelectric power. The government has posed a ban on cars in the cities and encouraged the citizens to use cycles and pave for pedestrian walking. They employ simple waste management strategies, which have given marvellous results in reducing the wasted food as well as in the recycling process. Every household must segregate glass, plastic, metal, and food before dumping them into the garbage bins. The plastic waste is recycled and the food waste goes to the biological treatment plant which produces biogas and biofertilizer and is then delivered to the farms [5]. Datek Light Control system is used in the lighting infrastructure of Oslo city to enhance the quality of light by adding smart capabilities to the lighting infrastructure. It adds sensors for automatic light control and decreases light pollution [6].

1.3 Case Study 2: Chandigarh—A Smart City

After India’s independence, Chandigarh was the first city that was smartly planned by French architect Le Corbusier [7]. The city has been divided into various sectors promoting neighborhood planning. Roads in the union territory are all covered with the trees along and are named according to the direction or purpose and not according to the name of the individuals. It has also emerged as the city of elites. The capital of Punjab and Haryana is a green city and is striving to achieve goals of zero emissions in the coming years. Punjab University is one of the good internationally recognized universities in the city [8].

Figure 1.4 The features of smart cities.

1.4 Features of the Smart Cities

The main features of a smart city are shown in Figure 1.4 and explained further in this section.

1.5 Well-Planned Public Spaces and Streets

More social interaction is possible with a good quality environment [9]. This smart public space should be designed for people-to-people interaction, gathering activities, for expressing their views on lifestyles and their cultures. Also, the tradition of asking the people for directions of places should not be lost while designing a plan for the smart city [10]. Planning is not limited to the social impact here. Due to climate change, places are experiencing changing weather patterns and therefore, their infrastructure suffers as they were not built keeping that in mind. As climate change worsens, cities have to think about the long-term effects that their infrastructure may be facing in the next few decades because of climate change.

1.5.1 Waste Management

If we have to reduce and minimize the waste generation of cities, then it would require probably three steps:

Prevention of waste

Proper waste collection

Proper value recovery from collected waste

The waste can be utilized by the remanufacturing companies and the waste recovery systems. Urban Mining is a suitable example of such a system. A smart city would use new technologies to better handle the waste. These can be innovated by individuals, enterprises, and public services. Waste collection, recycling, and disposal are done in such a way that minimizes the harmful impact of poor waste management on individuals and the environment as a whole. Waste storage, treatment, recycling, and regeneration are also included.

1.5.2 Energy Management

To design a smart energy management system for a smart city, one has to consider all the five main-energy related areas-generation, storage, infrastructure, facilities, and distribution [11]. Exploiting regenerative or inexhaustible natural resources, such as solar and wind power, are also crucial for smart city energy management. Countries use the smart street lighting system and other IoT (Internet of Things) based applications in the cities for reducing energy consumption.

1.5.3 Good Connectivity

A good transport infrastructure reduces noise pollution and the risk of accidents, as well as traffic congestion. It is an important part of urban planning. The spread of electric vehicles would improve the carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere [12]. Here, the technological innovations involving hybrid and electrical cars play a gigantic role in reducing carbon emissions. Taking traffic and energy demand into account when optimizing logistics and transportation in urban environments is pertinent to the existing and future traffic problems. Providing users with real-time, multi-modal traffic and transportation statistics and providing environmentally efficient fuels and advanced propulsion technologies to ensure long-term public transit will be the goals of a smart city community.

Promotion of public transports and providing smart parking technology can help in reducing the sheer number of vehicles on the road. Casini [13] pointed out the objectives of achieving good connectivity in a smart city. The author included points like

Inclusion of early warning signs which include smart parking and conveying traffic conditions in real time to people. This information would go a long way to help people have a more productive life.

Digitizing the public transport system. This makes public transport attractive to the public while also providing them transparency about the wait timings and distances through a common application.

Promoting pedestrian spaces and walkways and encouraging people to walk instead of opting for a relatively less environment-friendly way of commuting would have a positive impact on the environment as well as the public’s health.

1.5.4 Urban Residence

Urban planning in the smart city supports a sustainable environment [14]. The problem of burgeoning population and urbanization could be effectively dealt with the smart city residence planning [15]. Aspects of a residential building’s quality of life, such as convenience, illumination, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) have to be considered and discussed in great detail to fully optimize smart city residences. It covers anything that has to do with the degree of satisfaction that residents experience while residing in a smart city home.

1.5.5 Smart Grids

It is an interconnected network of microgrids. They are integrated into the current power system to increase the current capacity and efficiency and are a primary source for the charging stations for electric vehicles [16]. They also contribute to exchanging of information with administrations which ultimately help in regulating and optimizing energy flows. Regulating costs in the smart grid systems could include swapping out the inefficient lighting systems with the new generation of LED lights. Also, automating the street lights to adjust their intensity would save a lot of resources. In a smart city, electricity networks would have to account for the behavior of all linked users to provide reliable, cost-effective, and stable electricity. Smart grids should be able to self-heal and withstand device failures. Automated grids use ICT to transport electricity and allow knowledge sharing about usage between utilities and consumers, to lower prices and improve energy supply system efficiency and accountability.

1.5.6 Smart Governance

It increases the citizens’ engagement and it is the intelligent and efficient use of information and communication technologies in the decision-making process of the state through collaboration, information sharing, transparency as well as openness [5]. With the advent of machine learning technologies and the numerous applications for which they can be used, it is important now to collect meaningful data. All devices in an urban area network should be linked and used to transmit data, with appropriate permissions, to a collective database for the city i.e., Big Data. This data could help not only in optimizing city resources later but also help in developing applications and academic research for smart cities. Smart cities need to be data-driven. From [13], we highlight the key tools in smart governance implementation.

Digital democracy means how governmental processes can be impacted by information technologies like social media. This helps in clear communication and transparency between the public and the authorities.

Open governance is a term used to describe accessibility for the public to look into the government’s decisions and processes. The main objective here is to make urban administrative authorities responsible to the public and its needs which, therefore, builds trust.

Citizen empowerment is to make citizens conscious of their actions and help by participating in major decisions taken up by authorities. Here, the opportunities given to the citizen to participate is crucial. This opens up the responsibility of maintaining and developing the city not only in the hands of the concerned governmental bodies but also the citizens.

To covert cities into smart cities, such measures must be carried out in a systematic and coordinated manner while making use of the infrastructures already and being developed and promoting solution interoperability and scalability.

1.6 Intelligent Green Technologies

Buildings have a huge impact on the environment. Urban areas use up to two-thirds of the world’s energy and are responsible for more than 70% of the greenhouse gas emissions emitted by us. With the growing shortage of freshwater, 96% of the urban world has to employ improved methods in other to obtain drinking water. According to the Paris Agreement, the collective goal of all the 197 countries that signed it is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. For us to achieve this target, drastic measures would have to be taken. Our buildings and city infrastructure has to start being aligned with our environmental goals. Seeing how buildings cause extreme levels of environmental strain, they provide the starting point for applying intelligent green technologies

In 2010, Taiwan highlighted the importance of promoting intelligent green buildings. Combined with the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructures, these intelligent green buildings can help tackle many environmental problems that plague our generation. They also create economic, cultural and social growth in a community. They can reduce carbon emissions, save energy and help in the overall aesthetic appeal of any city. Kuo et al. [17] came up with standards and norms for green buildings after probing cases from 1988 to 2014. The Taiwanese government highlighted a hierarchy of promoting different policies concerned with green building materials, green intelligent buildings, an ecological community comprising of the green intelligent buildings linked together and lastly, an intelligent green city. The same is shown in Figure 1.5.

Similarly, in an article published by Everett [18], the author attempted to define the concept of green buildings and examine their performance. They pointed out that green buildings provide excellent learning environments for college students as it sensitizes the students towards sustainability. “Intelligent” buildings, according to them, simply is a building that can reduce capital cost by minimizing wasteful infrastructure duplication while decreasing the carbon footprint. For example, in the earlier days, the wiring in buildings used to be excessive. Every system (CCTV, ventilation, data, phones) had an isolated set of wires whereas all of that could later be integrated into a single Internet Protocol (IP). This reduced the carbon footprint and also minimized the cost.

Figure 1.5 The hierarchy of steps for building an intelligent green city.

There has been a plentitude of definitions but they all encompass a set of common words such as sustainable, responsive, dynamic, healthy, flexible, adaptable and technologically aware. Automation provides the key to implement the expected behaviors of an “intelligent green” building. It automates energy dispersion and optimizes all the resources available to it. It also makes the building flexible to the needs of its occupants.

The main factors that measure the success of a green building technology are cost minimization, optimization of resources, effects on the environment and its acceptance. Intelligent Building Automation Systems (IBASs) have been having a great impact in improving the energy profile of a building. In the recent past, multiuse components, such as cross-func-tional sensors and control systems, have been integrated with a unified system architecture to further enhance cost savings.

An interesting concept of urban heat island (UHI) comes into play when we talk about southeastern cities like Singapore, Hong Kong and Kuala Lumpur. UHI is a side effect of rapid urban developments in megacities wherein the city is significantly warmer than its surroundings due to human activities. This creates a vicious cycle where inhabitants use more energy to operate air conditioners and refrigerators which contributes to more greenhouse gas emissions, making the city even warmer. This effect would need to be dealt with in a smart city as this exacerbates the problem of global warming. Heat mitigation is thus an important aspect of smart city development in southeastern places. Aflaki et al. [19] reviewed the strategies for combating UHI like urban vegetation. They outlined multiple approaches to studying UHI and its impacts as well as the emerging trends in this subject. Singapore has been known to provide cooling to dozens of its buildings through a common underground district cooling system. This system pumps cold water from the main center through all the interconnected buildings in the area (which includes the iconic Marina Bay Sands hotel complex). This has led to a reduction of costs in electricity by up to 40% when compared to utilizing traditional air conditioning systems and emission savings for the same is equivalent to removing 10,000 cars off the road. Some heat mitigation methods include vegetation, urban geometry, water bodies and features and materials and surfaces. Planning transport routes and roads along with lining facades with solar panels also helps in reducing the effects of UHI. Security is also a part of a smart building. Supervised access with biometrics and radio frequency identification (RFID) access cards is essential and should be integrated with all buildings.

Another aspect of utilizing such green technologies is intracity transportation. WHO had pointed out that road traffic crashes killed about 85,000 people in the WHO European Region in 2013. It remains one of the leading causes of death for people aged 5 to 29. Transportation also contributes to enormous amounts of pollution which cause up to 500,000 premature deaths per year in Europe. Noise pollution is also a cause of worry in major cities, where people residing near public transport hubs or construction sites are exposed to noise levels well above 65 dB daily. All these factors add up and demand a change in how we treat transportation in a city.

Smart cities would need to combat such problems efficiently. So, in 2020, Ladha et al. [20] proposed an IoT-based framework for an intelligent green public transport system (IIGPTS). They realized that public transports were environmentally draining, dangerous and overall unappealing to the public because of the congestion and pollution. It was clear that the toxic emissions and load management had to be analyzed and balanced. Their system thus collected data through sensors. Passenger density, fuel consumption, emissions and routing paths were measured. Then, simulations were run and it was seen that IIGPTS could handle the massive load with minimal delay by using dynamic routes.

On the same note, traffic handling is also an essential aspect of a smart city. With 1.2 billion vehicles on the road and the number reaching 2 billion within the next 15 years, the cities of tomorrow need to be able to make road travels time efficient. Joseph et al. [21] in 2020, outlined the various deep learning methodologies in green and intelligent transport management. They pointed out that with the prodigious amount of data through CCTVs, GPS and on-road sensors, machine learning models were failing to build a consistent and robust model for predicting the traffic dynamics. An overall view of the intelligent transportation system covered by [21] is shown in Figure 1.6.

Figure 1.6 Block diagram representation for an intelligent transportation system.

1.7 Global and National Acceptance Scenarios

Smart city development requires planning, clear intention and massive financial investments and support. All of this is only possible if there is acceptance and longing for such infrastructure. For the past several decades, the concept of smart cities has been taken up in a nonspecific and universal manner with little to no regard for social, cultural, and regulative dynamics. As outlined by Sepasgozar et al. [22], certain tasks are needed to be done for smart city development. The first task is selecting the appropriate technologies. With the advent of new technologies and innovative data analyzing techniques, there are many to choose from. The second task is adapting the chosen technology and the third relates to managing the acceptance of the technology chosen.

Kshetri et al. [23] looked into the role of formal and informal institutions, as both inhibitors and facilitators, in the development of South Korea’s new Songdo smart city. Ubiquitous cities are now emerging in Singapore, Japan, and some European countries. These cities use ubiquitous computing to integrate social and information systems to use them for the good of the city. These digitally integrated cities pose as a key foundation toward smart city development. For the analysis of the institutional support for Songdo, Kshetri et al. [23] divided them into three categories, namely regulative, normative, and cognitive. Regulative institutions relate to formal constraints, such as laws and rules by the constitution. Normative represents the moral implications and cognitive means recognition or individual nature of reality.

There were many regulative hurdles to jump through for the development of this ubiquitous city, one of them being a regulation that resulted in failing to open an international school in the city. Many families had come in hopes of sending their children to these schools but the Korean government bureaucracy failed to help the smart city attract residents. A similar incident concerning the attraction of domestic companies also hurt the economy of this smart city. The Korean government failed to provide proper incentives for attracting domestic companies whereas the same was provided for foreign companies. The foreign companies also left as there were no accounting, legal, and other such services being provided locally.

The government revised certain bills concerning the protection of personal information which posed a legal obstacle for the development of technological services in New Songdo. Other legal relaxations also helped the smart city development. Furthermore, strict recycling regulations and enforcement were made a law for the citizens.

The normative and cognitive obstacles were relatively few. The cultural environment of South Korea is very conducive to ubiquitous technology implementation. Also, owning or living in an area with high-level integrated technology is a status symbol for South Korean people. As most of the technology used in New Songdo was developed in the US, highly educated and well-travelled South Korean citizens were immediately attracted. Privacy concerns regarding movement tracking of citizens are less of a priority for Asia than the US and Europe. The Asian culture of minimizing their negative impact on the society, especially for the environment, helps in the pitch for New Songdo. Thus, we can say the cultural and social dynamics of South Korea were close to ideal for the adoption and curiosity about an upcoming smart, ubiquitous city.

While institutions have had a major impact on the acceptance of smart technologies, it is ultimately the resident’s demand that influences the first steps an administration would take for developing a smart city. To gauge the factors that determine the acceptance of smart city technologies, Habib et al. [24] in 2019 attempted to empirically determine them. The questionnaire used for the same focused on seven factors as shown in Figure 1.7. These factors were shown to majorly influence people’s opinions but two factors, namely security and privacy came out on top in terms of importance.

Figure 1.7 The factors affecting resident’s acceptance of smart city technologies.

Another point that lowers people’s demand for smart cities and smart home technologies is the gap between user expectations and functions. For example, China is a huge market for smart home technologies but yet its involvement in homes is still at a lower level than expected. Ji et al. [25] stated that the reason is for the same is that difference in expectations and end product. Similarly, Gimpel et al. [26] provided a comprehensive adoption model for smart energy technology for policymakers to implement. This provided policymakers help prepare the people for smart city technology adoption.

1.8 Conclusions

The key to the acceptance of intelligent green technologies is to not think of them as a tradeoff between comfort and sustainability, but rather a new generation of architecture, which only increases the satisfaction of all stakeholders. It also lies in the realization that intelligent green buildings are an investment that may require a high amount of capital for its construction but it balances that out with its cost-cutting and resource optimization throughout its lifetime. In the end, these buildings save resources, even if it does not seem like that initially. This high return of investment is a great incentive for authorities to look into such options.

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Note

*

Corresponding author

:

[email protected]

2Artificial Intelligence for Green Energy Technology

Shanthi Jayaraj* and Meena Chinniah

Department of Physics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore

Abstract

Artificial intelligence can mimic the output patterns of all human experiment with solar and wind energy the need of the hour. It can be used to grapple with the power challenges of the current global demand. Unpredictable situations with regard to energy crisis can be solved by ensuring complete safety measures. As people become more inventive and depend on green energy, artificial intelligence can support people with what best can be done. To improve efficiency and reliability of all equipments, artificial intelligence helps in the maintenance in splendid ways. Though artificial intelligence never talks back, is always attentive, and like Alexa or Siri, is the best perfect companion for human beings. Not everyone is Edison, who held 2,332 patents worldwide (1093 in the US alone) and hence the authors aim to address the ways in which artificial intelligence can help in green energy.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, solar energy, wind energy generation, fuel cell hydrogen vehicle, photovoltaic cell

2.1 Introduction

The artificial intelligence (AI) technology is essential for utilizing renewable energy to manage power demand. The electricity supply and demand in real-time, customer’s energy consumption are balanced by this AI. Solar and wind generation aids in compensating loss of base load generation from coal and gas turbines. Weather data from local weather locations, cloud records, satellite image, and sensor networks are all used to produce renewable energy power. Solar horizontal irradiance, wind speed is essential for maintaining grid stability. Sometimes additional power is needed during festival holiday, big events, in such case predictions with large data sets becomes remarkable. Energy traders need more accurate forecasting to maintain the output and rebalance their position. AI helps in dealing with diverse data more efficiency.