Internet of Things in Bioelectronics E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Sustainable Computing and Optimization
- Sprache: Englisch
This book provides a comprehensive exploration of the exciting intersection between technology and biology and delves into the principles, applications, and future directions of IoT in the realm of bioelectronics; it serves as both an introduction for those new to the field and as a detailed reference for experienced professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge.
The rapid convergence of technology and biology heralds a new era of evolution in the Internet of Things (IoT), a transformative force enabling interconnected devices to communicate and operate with unparalleled synergy. This is particularly true in the groundbreaking field of bioelectronics, where the fusion of biological systems with electronic devices and IoT is reshaping the landscape of bioelectronics, promising to open up new frontiers in healthcare, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.
This timely book explores the numerous ways in which IoT-enabled bioelectronic devices are used to monitor and enhance human health, from wearable sensors that track vital signs to implantable devices that can communicate with healthcare providers in real time. One central theme of this book is the transformative impact of IoT on healthcare. By enabling continuous, remote monitoring of patients, IoT technologies are not only improving the accuracy of diagnostics but also making healthcare more accessible and personalized. The book also addresses the critical issues of securing health records on the internet, which are of paramount importance as we increasingly rely on interconnected devices to collect and transmit sensitive health information. Additional attention is paid to the future directions of IoT in bioelectronics and the integration of innovative areas, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, in driving the development of ever more sophisticated and capable bioelectronic systems.
Audience
The target audience includes professionals, researchers, academics, and students involved in various fields related to bioelectronics, IoT, healthcare, biotechnology, engineering, and related disciplines.
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Seitenzahl: 478
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgement
1 IoT-Based Implant Devices in Humans/Animals for Therapeutic Reasons
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Application of IoT in Implantable Insulin Pumps
1.3 Application of IoT in Implantable Heart Monitors
1.4 Application of IoT in Implantable Nerve Stimulators
1.5 Application of IoT in Implantable Drug Delivery Systems
1.6 Application of IoT in Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces
1.7 Application of IoT in Implantable Biosensors
1.8 IoT Revolutionizing Healthcare Devices: A Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Implants vs. Conventional Medical Devices
1.9 Challenges in Therapeutic Implant Devices for Humans and Animals
1.10 Future Prospects
References
2 IoT and Nano-Bioelectronics for Target Drug Delivery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Study
2.3 Principles of Targeted Drug Delivery
2.4 Methodology
2.5 Smart Portable Intensive Care Unit
2.6 Applications of Targeted Drug Delivery
2.7 Applications of IoT and Nanobioelectronics
2.8 Use of IoT to Improve Drug Delivery System
2.9 Challenges
2.10 Conclusion
References
3 Healthcare and Hygiene Monitoring Using Internet of Things (IoT) Enabled Technology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 IoT in Healthcare Applications
3.3 IoT Accelerating the Integration of Healthcare and Hygiene for Medical Applications
3.4 Challenges in IoT Enabled Healthcare
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Self-Powered, Flexible, and Wearable Piezoelectric Nanocomposite Tactile Sensors with IoT for Physical Activity Monitoring
4.1 Introduction
4.2 PVDF-Based Nanocomposites for Tactile Sensing
4.3 Internet of Things (IoT) for Health Care: System Architecture
4.4 Experiments
4.5 Results and Discussion
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Securing Electronic Health Records (EHRS) in Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Cloud Networking Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with ECIES Algorithm
5.1 Introduction
5.2 E-Records in Healthcare
5.3 Why Do We Need EHR? And Why Now?
5.4 Securing EHR in IoT-Based Cloud Networking
5.5 Role of IoT in Electronic Health Records
5.6 EHR Encryption at Different Levels
5.7 Elliptic Curve Cryptography
5.8 Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES)
5.9 Conclusion
References
6 2D Photonic Crystal Nano Biosensor with IoT Intelligence
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Photonic Crystal Biosensor
6.3 Inference and Future Enhancements
Conclusion
References
7 Portable IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare and Remote Health Monitoring
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Related Works
7.3 Proposed Framework Design
7.4 Implementation of Hardware Module
7.5 Implementation of Prototype
7.6 Results and Discussion
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Pioneering Implantable IoT: A New Era of Precision Medicine for Humans and Animals Unveiling the Future of Medicine Through Implantable Technology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 IoT Implanted Devices
8.3 Monitoring and Tracking Implants
8.4 Therapeutic Implants
8.5 Communication Protocols
8.6 Power and Energy Harvesting
8.7 Data Security
8.8 Future Scope and Challenges
8.9 Biomaterials
8.10 Conclusion
References
9 Enhancing Patient Safety and Efficiency in Intravenous Therapy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Smart Infusion Monitoring Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Smart Intravenous Therapy: Enhancing Patient Safety
9.3 Related Works
9.4 Observations and Results
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Portable IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare and Remote Health Monitoring – Abnormality Detection through Personalized Vital Health Signs Using Smart Bio Devices
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Survey
10.3 Role of Portable Smart Wearable Devices in Remote Health Monitoring
10.4 Case Study
10.5 Research Challenges and Future Scope
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Diagnosis for Bioelectronic Systems in IoT
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fuzzy Logic Theory for Fault Diagnosis
11.3 A Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach to Fault Diagnosis
11.4 Case Studies and Examples
11.5 Advantages and Limitations
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Portable and Automated Healthcare Platform Integrated with IoT Technology
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Applications of IoT
12.3 Further Scope and Implementation
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Portable IoT Devices in Healthcare for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare
13.3 Need for Portable IoT Smart Devices
13.4 Introduction to Portable Labs
13.5 Prospects for Portable Labs Globally in the Future
13.6 Future Scope
13.7 Conclusion
References
14 IoT-Enabled Analysis of COVID Data: Unveiling Insights from Temperature, Pulse Rate, and Oxygen Measurements
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Literature
14.3 Methodology
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.5 Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Literature review table describing the IoT and nano bioelectronics r...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 List of developments in IoT enabled healthcare solutions.
Table 3.2 Commercially available hygiene supporting healthcare applications.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Tensile properties of packaging PDMS layer.
Table 4.2 DSC analysis results of PVDF composite film.
Table 4.3 Comparison of our work with earlier reported piezoelectric wearable ...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Comparison of RSA, ECC, and ECIES.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Heart rate readings (reference) and proposed system (measured).
Table 7.2 SPO
2
readings (reference) and proposed system (measured).
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 The principal sensing device, microcontroller and communication med...
Table 9.2 A summary of the research works referred in the text.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Literature summary of various abnormality detection using portable ...
Table 10.2 Confusion matrix of the activities.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Health record collected by a doctor from the pacemaker of the patie...
Table 11.2 Data collected from the pacemaker of the patient with reference to ...
Table 11.3 The glucose measurements (in mg/ dL) and the number of days since t...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 IoT smart devices in different countries.
Table 13.2 Portable IoT smart devices in various countries.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Correlation between oxygen levels and pulse rate.
Table 14.2 Descriptive statistics for oxygen and pulse rate.
Table 14.3 Partial correlation output table for oxygen, pulse rate, and temper...
Table 14.4 One-sample t-test results for oxygen.
Table 14.5 Descriptive statistics for oxygen and pulse rate.
Table 14.6 Chi-square test results.
Table 14.7 Chi-square test results for the cross-tabulation between oxygen and...
Table 14.8 One way ANOVA test.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Technical framework of IoT-based implant devices in humans for ther...
Figure 1.2 Implantable heart monitors.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Illustration of IoT model for target drug delivery.
Figure 2.2 Illustrates the need for targeted drug delivery over conventional d...
Figure 2.3 Representation of generation of drug delivery systems.
Figure 2.4 Integration of internet, device integration, sensing, data acquisit...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Benefits of IoT in healthcare system.
Figure 3.2 Functionality of healthcare based IoT technology.
Figure 3.3 Architecture of IoT in healthcare system.
Figure 3.4 Framework of hygiene monitoring system.
Figure 3.5 Challenges in IoT-based healthcare solutions.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Schematic of wearable sensors at (a) hand (b) limb for physical act...
Figure 4.2 Block schematic of piezoelectric tactile sensor-based physical acti...
Figure 4.3 Schematic of nanocomposite solution preparation for sensor film fab...
Figure 4.4 Wearable sensor fabrication steps and packaging using PDMS layer (a...
Figure 4.5 SEM and Integrated EDS mapping images of sensor films. (a) Neat PVD...
Figure 4.6 (a) ATR-IR spectra showing the piezoelectric improvement with the n...
Figure 4.7 DC-EFM (a) amplitude plot showing the butterfly loop (b) phase plot...
Figure 4.8 Characterization of the sensor for (a) tapping force from 1N to 10 ...
Figure 4.9 (a) Fabricated sensor (b) sensor attached to the body for movement ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 ECC encryption/decryption flowchart.
Figure 5.2 ECIES encryption flowchart for EHR.
Figure 5.3 RSA vs ECC key length.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 (a) A 3D view of 2D PC slab on a square lattice (b) 2D view of slab...
Figure 6.2 (a) A 3D view of 2D PC slab on a Hexagonal lattice consisting of ho...
Figure 6.3 Different domain of 2D Photonic sensor.
Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of PC based biosensor.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 The framework of an IoT-based healthcare tracking system.
Figure 7.2 Architecture of portable health monitoring system.
Figure 7.3 The layout of remote health monitoring system.
Figure 7.4 (a) ESP8266 NodeMCU Wi-Fi Devkit.
Figure 7.4 (b) MAX30102 sensor’s upper view.
Figure 7.4 (c) MAX30102 board after cabling.
Figure 7.4 (d) AD8232 sensor.
Figure 7.4 (e) The DHT22 sensor.
Figure 7.4 (f) DS18b20 sensor.
Figure 7.4 (g) Perspective of the OLED.
Figure 7.5 The system’s prototype.
Figure 7.6 Heart beat sweat and temperature measurements from prototype.
Figure 7.7 Data Stored in the database in the Firebase Cloud Platform.
Figure 7.8 Heart rate level comparison between the reference and measured valu...
Figure 7.9 Oxygen saturation (SpO2) level comparison between the reference and...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 A schematic representation of implantable technology in human and a...
Figure 8.2 A schematic representation of RFID technology. Adapted with permiss...
Figure 8.3 A schematic representation of data security and privacy. Adapted wi...
Figure 8.4 A schematic representation of IoMT integration with other technolog...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Graphical abstract of a smart intravenous infusion system.
Figure 9.2 A graphical representation of the frequency of usage of sensors.
Figure 9.3 The frequency of usage of various communication media.
Figure 9.4 Stationary systems vs mobile systems.
Figure 9.5 Frequency of usage of various microcontroller boards.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Wearable IoT devices.
Figure 10.2 Sensors used in medical field.
Figure 10.3 Activity and vital data collection.
Figure 10.4 GA convergence of the vital parameters.
Figure 10.5 ROC curve of abnormality detection model.
Figure 10.6 Challenges of implementing portable cum wearable sensor devices in...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Fuzzy logic mimics human thought.
Figure 11.2 Individuals with possibilities between YES and NO.
Figure 11.3 Steps to involve fuzzy logic-based fault diagnostic systems.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Applications of IoT.
Figure 12.2 Working principle of IoT and AI enabled glucose sensor.
Figure 12.3 Working principle of AI enabled blood pressure sensor.
Figure 12.4 Imitation of the working strategy of face recognition in healthcar...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Interconnection of entities.
Figure 13.2 Block diagram of telemedicine system.
Figure 13.3 US market for remote patient monitoring [7].
Figure 13.4 Remote patient monitoring system market [7].
Figure 13.5 Market segmentation [7].
Figure 13.6 IoT enabled healthcare benefits [10].
Figure 13.7 (i) IoT-based devices in various sectors.
Figure 13.7 (ii) Usage of Portable smart IoT devices.
Figure 13.8 Number of IoT connected devices worldwide 2019-2023, with forecast...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Relationship between temperature and the patient count using bar g...
Figure 14.2 This graph illustrates the correlation between temperature and COV...
Figure 14.3 This scatter plot graph visually represents the correlation betwee...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgement
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Internet of Things in Bioelectronics
Emerging Technologies and Applications
Edited by
Hari Murthy
Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
Marta Zurek-Mortka
Dept. of Control Systems, Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Radom, Poland
Vinay Jha Pillai
Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
and
Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar
Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
This edition first published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-394-24187-3
Front cover image provided by Wikimedia CommonsCover design by Russell Richardson
Preface
The rapid convergence of technology and biology heralds a new era of evolution in the Internet of Things (IoT), a transformative force enabling interconnected devices to communicate and operate with unparalleled synergy. This is particularly true in the groundbreaking field of bioelectronics, where the fusion of biological systems with electronic devices and IoT is reshaping the landscape of bioelectronics, promising to open up new frontiers in healthcare, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.
This book aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of this exciting intersection. It delves into the principles, applications, and future directions of IoT in the realm of bioelectronics, and it is designed to serve as both an introduction for those new to the field and as a detailed reference for experienced professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge.
This timely resource explores the numerous ways in which IoT-enabled bioelectronic devices are used to monitor and enhance human health, from wearable sensors that track vital signs to implantable devices that can communicate with healthcare providers in real-time. One central theme of this book is the transformative impact of IoT on healthcare. By enabling continuous, remote monitoring of patients, IoT technologies are not only improving the accuracy of diagnostics but also making healthcare more accessible and personalized. The book also addresses the critical issues of securing health records on the internet, which are of paramount importance as we increasingly rely on interconnected devices to collect and transmit sensitive health information. Additional attention is paid to the future directions of IoT in bioelectronics and the integration of innovative areas, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, in driving the development of ever more sophisticated and capable bioelectronic systems.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to all those who have contributed to this book, including our collaborators, reviewers, and the many experts whose work has informed our understanding of this field. We also thank our readers, whose curiosity and passion for innovation drive the ongoing exploration and development of these transformative technologies. Finally, I am most grateful to Martin Scrivener of Scrivener Publishing for his help and for making this book possible.
The Editors
Acknowledgement
The editors would like to thank the management at CHRIST University for providing the necessary resources and the motivation to complete the proposed title. Rev. Dr. Fr. Jose CC, Vice Chancellor, CHRIST University and Dr. Anil Pinto, Registrar, CHRIST University for their unwavering support. Rev. Dr. Fr. Sony J Chundattu, Director, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST University and Dr. Iven Jose, Dean, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST University for ensuring that the resources required for the book are available at all times. Dr. Inbanila K, Head of Department, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST University and Dr. Mary Anita, Associate Dean, Head of Department, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST University for encouraging us to go ahead with the interdisciplinary topic and providing all the support to ensure that the book comes out in due time. Last and not the least, we would like to thank our family who has been the greatest source of inspiration and who have put up with our antics.
1IoT-Based Implant Devices in Humans/Animals for Therapeutic Reasons
Chetankumar Kalaskar
Department of CSE, Poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
Abstract
IoT-based implant devices have revolutionized therapeutic applications in both humans and animals. These cutting-edge implants enable real-time remote monitoring and personalized treatment adjustments, reducing the need for frequent physical visits to healthcare providers. With the power of continuous data streams and real-time analysis, these implants enhance patient engagement and adherence to treatment plans. The ability to detect anomalies and device malfunctions early through data-driven insights ensures timely interventions, improving patient outcomes. Despite their transformative potential, challenges related to power management, data security, and regulatory compliance must be addressed for seamless integration. Overall, IoT-based implants hold the promise to reshape healthcare delivery and elevate patient care to new levels.
Keywords: Implantable medical devices, IoT healthcare, remote patient monitoring, continuous health monitoring
1.1 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term used to describe the concept of connecting physical objects to the internet and enabling them to communicate with other devices and systems [1]. It refers to the network of devices, vehicles, appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity which enables them to connect and exchange data with other devices over the internet. The ultimate goal of IoT is to make everyday objects smarter and more connected, improving the way we live and work.
IoT technology has revolutionized the way we interact with our surroundings and has enabled us to collect and process data in ways that were previously impossible. With the help of IoT, devices can communicate with each other, share data, and take action based on that data. This technology has far-reaching implications across various industries such as healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and manufacturing. It has the potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of various systems and processes, leading to increased productivity and reduced costs [2].
IoT-based implant devices are a rapidly growing field in healthcare, with the potential to revolutionize the way medical treatment is delivered. These devices, which are implanted inside the body, use IoT technology to collect and transmit data on a patient’s vital signs and other healthrelated information. This information can then be used by healthcare providers to monitor the patient’s health, detect potential issues, and provide timely interventions. The use of IoT-based implant devices in animals and humans for therapeutic reasons has the potential to greatly improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and increase access to healthcare services. These devices can be used for a variety of purposes, such as monitoring vital signs, delivering medication, and providing electrical stimulation for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease.
Another benefit of IoT-based implant devices is their ability to deliver medication directly to the site of the problem. For example, an implantable device could be used to deliver insulin to a patient with diabetes, or to deliver medication to a patient with a chronic pain condition. This can greatly improve the effectiveness of the medication and reduce the need for frequent injections or oral medications. While IoT-based implant devices have the potential to greatly improve patient outcomes, there are also several challenges that need to be addressed.
The Technology behind IoT-based implants rely on a combination of hardware and software technologies. The hardware components include small sensors, microprocessors, wireless communication devices, and power sources such as batteries. These components are carefully designed to fit within the constraints of the implantable device and to withstand the harsh environment inside the body.
The software components include the algorithms that process the data collected by the sensors, and the communication protocols that enable the device to transmit data to external devices. These algorithms must be optimized for low power consumption and high efficiency, as the devices are often powered by small batteries that must last for years. In addition, the software must be highly secure to prevent unauthorized access to the device and the sensitive data it collects shows the evidence of Technical framework of IoT-based implant devices in humans for therapeutic reasons. Advances in microelectronics, wireless communication, and biomedical engineering have made it possible to develop increasingly sophisticated IoT-based implantable devices. These devices have the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling real-time monitoring of vital signs, drug delivery, and other critical parameters. The technology behind IoT-based implants is constantly evolving, driven by the need for smaller, more powerful, and more reliable devices that can provide accurate and timely information to healthcare professionals.
Figure 1.1 Technical framework of IoT-based implant devices in humans for therapeutic reasons.
Some of IoT-based implant devices that are currently being developed or used for therapeutic purposes in humans.
This chapter outlines the significance of IoT-based implant devices for therapeutic purposes in both humans and animals. It covers various aspects related to these devices, including current developments, potential improvements, and future directions.
1.2 Application of IoT in Implantable Insulin Pumps
An insulin pump is a medical device that is used to deliver insulin to individuals with diabetes. This device replaces the need for multiple daily injections of insulin by delivering a continuous flow of insulin into the body. In recent years, implantable insulin pumps have gained popularity due to their ability to provide insulin therapy without the need for external tubing or devices. IoT technology is revolutionizing the field of healthcare, particularly in devices like implantable insulin pumps. These pumps, surgically implanted under the skin, continuously deliver insulin to manage diabetes IoT components enhance their functionality in the following ways:
Remote Monitoring and Adjustment: IoT-enabled insulin pumps allow healthcare professionals to remotely monitor patients’ glucose levels and adjust insulin dosages in real-time. This remote connectivity reduces the need for frequent clinic visits and enables timely interventions.
Wireless Connectivity: The integration of wireless communication modules like Bluetooth or cellular connectivity facilitates seamless data transmission from the pump to external devices or cloud platforms. This connectivity ensures that patients and healthcare providers have access to critical health data.
Data Analytics and Insights: IoT-enabled pumps collect a wealth of data, including insulin delivery rates and glucose levels. Advanced analytics algorithms process this data to generate insights, enabling healthcare providers to make informed decisions about treatment adjustments.
1.3 Application of IoT in Implantable Heart Monitors
As shown in Figure 1.2, an implantable heart monitor device that is inserted beneath the skin of a patient’s chest. The device is small and compact, roughly the size of a pacemaker, and is connected to leads that are implanted into the heart. The leads monitor the electrical activity of the heart and send this information to the device. An implantable heart monitor is a small device that is placed inside a patient’s chest to continuously monitor their heart rhythm and detect any abnormalities. These devices are typically used in patients who have a history of heart disease or other cardiovascular issues, as they provide continuous monitoring of the heart’s electrical activity and can help detect potential issues early on. Implantable heart monitors, also known as cardiac implants or pacemakers, are lifesaving devices used to monitor and regulate heart rhythms [4].
Figure 1.2 Implantable heart monitors.
The application of IoT in these devices brings several benefits:
Remote Monitoring and Alerts: IoT-enabled heart monitors can transmit real-time heart rhythm data to healthcare providers. This remote monitoring allows for early detection of irregularities, enabling prompt medical intervention.
Alerts and Notifications: When abnormal heart rhythms are detected, IoT-enabled monitors can automatically send alerts to both patients and healthcare providers. This rapid communication ensures timely responses to critical situations.
Data-driven Insights: IoT components collect data on heart rhythm patterns over time. Analyzing this data helps healthcare professionals identify trends, triggers, and potential risk factors, leading to more personalized treatment plans.
1.4 Application of IoT in Implantable Nerve Stimulators
Implantable nerve stimulators are devices that use electrical impulses to stimulate the nerves in the body. These devices are typically used to treat chronic pain or other conditions that are resistant to traditional treatments. IoT integration offers the following advantages:
Remote Control and Adjustment: IoT-enabled nerve stimulators allow patients to adjust stimulation settings within prescribed limits. This remote control enhances patient comfort and minimizes the need for in-person adjustments.
Data-driven Optimization: The continuous collection of stimulation data enables healthcare providers to optimize therapy settings for individual patients. This data-driven approach enhances treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.
1.5 Application of IoT in Implantable Drug Delivery Systems
Implantable drug delivery systems are a type of medical device that are designed to deliver medication directly into the body over an extended period of time. These devices have revolutionized the way we treat many chronic conditions, providing a more targeted and consistent drug delivery than traditional methods such as pills or injections. Implantable drug delivery systems have a wide range of applications, from treating chronic pain to managing diabetes, cancer, and other diseases. Incorporating IoT components enhances their effectiveness:
Dosing Personalization: IoT-enabled drug delivery systems can adapt dosing regimens based on real-time physiological data. This personalized approach ensures optimal drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes.
Adherence Monitoring: IoT technology allows healthcare providers to monitor patients’ medication adherence. This ensures that patients receive the prescribed medications on time, leading to improved treatment effectiveness.
1.6 Application of IoT in Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces
Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are devices that enable direct communication between the human brain and a computer. They are designed to help people who have lost motor function due to neurological injuries or disorders, such as injuries in spinal cord, stroke, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Implantable brain-computer interfaces establish direct communication pathways between the brain and external devices. The incorporation of IoT technology expands their capabilities:
Real-time Feedback: IoT-enabled brain-computer interfaces can provide real-time feedback to users based on brain activity. This feedback can be used to control external devices, enhancing user interaction and quality of life.
1.7 Application of IoT in Implantable Biosensors
Implantable Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) are small devices that combine mechanical, electrical, and computational components to enable a wide range of biomedical applications. MEMS devices are typically smaller than a few millimeters and are implanted into the body to monitor or modulate various physiological processes. They are made up of microfabricated components that can sense, measure, and respond to physical and chemical stimuli.
Implantable biosensors are used to continuously monitor various physiological parameters within the body. Integrating IoT components enhances their functionality:
Continuous Monitoring: IoT-enabled biosensors can transmit real-time data on parameters like glucose levels, oxygen saturation, or pH. This continuous monitoring provides healthcare professionals with timely insights for treatment adjustments [6].
In conclusion, IoT technology is revolutionizing the healthcare landscape by enhancing the capabilities of implantable medical devices. From remote monitoring and personalized treatment to real-time insights and improved patient outcomes, the application of IoT is transforming the way these devices function and contribute to patient care.
1.8 IoT Revolutionizing Healthcare Devices: A Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Implants vs. Conventional Medical Devices
The advent of IoT technology has introduced a new dimension to medical implants, revolutionizing the way we perceive healthcare devices. A compelling comparison between IoT-based implanted devices and conventional non-IoT devices highlights the transformative impact of IoT on medical implants [7].
Connectivity and Remote Monitoring:IoT-Implanted Devices: IoT-based implants enable seamless wireless connectivity, allowing real-time data transmission to remote platforms. This enables healthcare providers to monitor patients’ conditions and device functionality from a distance.
Conventional Devices: Non-IoT medical implants lack remote monitoring capabilities. Monitoring often requires in-person visits to healthcare facilities, limiting timely intervention and patient convenience.
Data Analysis and Insights:IoT-Implanted Devices: Data collected by IoT implants can be analyzed for trends, patterns, and anomalies. These insights aid in personalized treatment plans and proactive healthcare management.
Conventional Devices: Conventional implants lack the ability to provide data-driven insights, often resulting in delayed reactions to medical conditions.
Real-time Alerts and Notifications:IoT-Implanted Devices: IoT implants can generate real-time alerts and notifications to both patients and healthcare providers in case of critical events, ensuring timely medical attention.
Conventional Devices: Without IoT connectivity, conventional implants cannot provide immediate alerts, potentially leading to missed opportunities for urgent medical care.
Personalized Treatment:IoT-Implanted Devices: IoT-enabled implants allow for personalized adjustments in treatment plans based on real-time data, optimizing patient outcomes.
Conventional Devices: Conventional implants rely on fixed settings, lacking the flexibility to adapt to changing patient needs.
User Engagement and Empowerment:IoT-Implanted Devices: IoT devices engage patients by offering them access to their health data through mobile apps, fostering better understanding and active participation in their treatment journey.
Conventional Devices: Non-IoT implants may not provide patients with insights into their health data, limiting their involvement in healthcare decisions.
Predictive Maintenance:IoT-Implanted Devices: IoT technology facilitates predictive maintenance of implants, identifying potential malfunctions and minimizing device failure risks.
Conventional Devices: Conventional implants may fail without warning, leading to unexpected complications for patients.
Timely Healthcare Interventions:IoT-Implanted Devices: IoT implants enable early detection of anomalies, allowing healthcare providers to intervene promptly and prevent worsening conditions.
Conventional Devices: Conventional implants may not provide early indicators of problems, resulting in delayed medical interventions.
Long-term Monitoring and Historical Data:IoT-Implanted Devices: IoT technology enables long-term data storage and analysis, offering a comprehensive view of patients’ health history and trends.
Conventional Devices: Non-IoT implants lack the ability to provide a holistic view of patient health over time.
While IoT-based implanted devices offer unprecedented benefits, challenges such as power consumption, data security, and regulatory compliance must be carefully addressed. The comparison underscores the transformative potential of IoT in reshaping healthcare through continuous monitoring, real-time data analysis, and improved patient engagement. IoT components used in implantable devices for humans, along with examples and their working principles [8]:
Wireless Communication Module:Example: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Cellular Modem
Working: The wireless communication module enables the implantable device to establish a connection with external devices or networks. It can transmit data to remote servers, healthcare providers, or the patient’s smartphone. This real-time communication allows for continuous monitoring and remote adjustments.
Sensors:Example: Accelerometers, Temperature SensorsWorking: Sensors embedded in the implantable device collect various physiological data. For instance, accelerometers can measure movement or activity levels, while temperature sensors can monitor body temperature. These sensors convert physical data into digital information that can be processed and transmitted for analysis.
Microcontroller or Processor:Example: ARM Cortex-M series microcontrollerWorking: The microcontroller acts as the brain of the implantable device. It processes data from sensors, manages power usage, and controls data transmission. It can execute algorithms for signal processing, data compression, or encryption, depending on the device’s purpose.
Memory:Example: Flash memoryWorking: Memory storage is crucial for storing collected data, device settings, and firmware updates. It ensures that data is retained even if there is a temporary loss of communication. Healthcare providers can retrieve historical data for analysis.
Power Management System:Example: Lithium-ion battery, Energy HarvestingWorking: The power management system is responsible for providing a stable and long-lasting power source. Implantable devices may use rechargeable batteries or energy harvesting techniques to harness energy from the body’s movements or other sources, extending the device’s lifespan.
Encryption and Security Features:Example: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Secure BootWorking: Security features are crucial to protect patient data and the device itself. Encryption methods like AES secure data during transmission, while secure boot processes ensure that only trusted software runs on the device, preventing unauthorized access.
External Communication Interface:Example: USB, Proprietary Docking StationWorking: In some cases, external communication interfaces facilitate interactions between the implantable device and external devices or healthcare providers during check-ups or for device configuration, data retrieval, or firmware updates.
Biocompatible Materials:Example: Titanium, Medical-grade PolymersWorking: Implantable devices are constructed using biocompatible materials to minimize the risk of tissue rejection or adverse reactions. These materials ensure the device can function safely within the human body.
Together, these IoT components enable implantable devices to collect, process, and transmit vital health data, allowing for remote monitoring, timely interventions, and improved patient care. They are pivotal in advancing the field of medical technology and enhancing the quality of life for individuals with various medical conditions.
1.9 Challenges in Therapeutic Implant Devices for Humans and Animals
Let us explore the typical challenges present in implant devices in animals/humans for therapeutic.
IoT-based implant devices in animals/humans for therapeutic reasons present unique security challenges, as they are designed to be implanted in the body and can potentially be accessed remotely by unauthorized individuals. Here are some of the main security challenges associated with these devices [3]:
Device hacking: IoT-based implant devices are vulnerable to hacking, which could lead to unauthorized access to patient data, manipulation of device settings, or even physical harm to the patient. Hackers could exploit vulnerabilities in the device’s firmware or software to gain access to the device.
Data privacy: IoT-based implant devices collect and transmit sensitive patient data, such as medical history, biometric data, and other personal information. If this data falls into the wrong hands, it could be used for identity theft, fraud, or other malicious purposes.
Physical security: Implantable devices are physically attached to the body and can be difficult to access or replace if they are compromised. Patients must be vigilant about protecting their devices from theft or tampering.
Regulatory compliance: IoT-based implant devices must comply with various regulations and standards, such as HIPAA and FDA regulations. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in legal and financial penalties.
To address these security challenges, device manufacturers, healthcare providers, and regulatory bodies must work together to implement appropriate security measures. These measures may include:
• Strong authentication and encryption mechanisms to secure device communications and prevent unauthorized access.
• Regular software updates and security patches to address vulnerabilities and improve device security.
• Physical security measures, such as tamper-evident seals and anti-theft mechanisms, to protect the device from physical tampering.
• Patient education and training to raise awareness of device security risks and best practices for device management.
• Compliance with relevant regulations and standards to ensure that devices meet minimum security requirements.
Ensuring data security and cryptography for implanted materials is a rapidly evolving area, with several recent trends emerging to address the unique security challenges of these devices [5].
Here are some of the key trends:
Block chain technology: Block chain technology provides a secure and decentralized way to store and manage patient data. By using a block chain-based system, data can be securely stored, verified, and accessed by authorized parties without the need for a central authority.
Advanced cryptography: Advanced encryption techniques such as homomorphic encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, and multi-party computation are being developed and applied to implanted materials. These techniques allow for secure computation and data sharing without compromising patient privacy.
Cybersecurity regulations: Governments and regulatory bodies are increasingly implementing regulations and standards to ensure the cybersecurity of implanted materials. For example, the U.S. FDA has issued guidelines for medical device manufacturers to help ensure the security of medical devices, including implanted materials.
Machine learning and AI: Machine learning and AI can be used to detect and prevent cyber-attacks on implanted materials. By analyzing huge amounts of dataset, these technologies ML and AI can identify patterns which are irregular and unnatural that may indicate a security breach.
Physical security measures: In addition to digital security measures, physical security measures are also being developed to protect implanted materials. For example, researchers are developing nanoscale structures that can be embedded in materials to provide physical security and prevent tampering.
Overall, ensuring data security and cryptography for implanted materials is a complex and rapidly evolving field, with many promising technologies and strategies being developed to address the unique security challenges of these devices. By staying up-to-date with the latest trends and developments, researchers and practitioners can help ensure the safety and security of these devices for patients.
IoT-based implant devices in animals/humans for therapeutic reasons pose unique security challenges that must be addressed through a combination of technical, organizational, and regulatory measures. By implementing appropriate security measures, we can ensure that these devices are safe and effective for patients.
IoT-based implant devices in animals are increasingly being used for a variety of applications, including healthcare, research, and monitoring. These devices typically consist of small, implantable sensors or microchips that can communicate wirelessly with external devices or networks. Here are some examples of IoT-based implant devices in animals:
Implantable health monitors: Implantable health monitors can be used to monitor the health of animals in real-time. These devices can track vital signs such as heart rate, respiration, and temperature, as well as detect abnormalities or changes in behavior.
GPS tracking implants: GPS tracking implants can be used to monitor the location and movements of animals. These devices are commonly used in wildlife conservation efforts to track animal migrations and populations.
Smart collars: Smart collars are another type of IoT-based implant device that can be used to monitor the health and behavior of animals. These collars can track activity levels, monitor sleep patterns, and even detect changes in vocalizations or body language.
Implantable microchips: Implantable microchips are commonly used in pets for identification purposes. These devices can store information such as the owner’s contact information and the pet’s medical history.
Smart feeders: Smart feeders are IoT-based implant devices that can be used to regulate the feeding of animals. These devices can dispense food in controlled portions and can be programmed to provide meals at specific times.
IoT-based implant devices in animals offer a range of benefits for both animals and their owners, including improved healthcare, monitoring, and tracking capabilities. As these technologies continue to grow, it is likely that we will see even increase in innovative applications of IoT-based implant devices in animals in the future.
One of the key highlights of IoT-based implants for therapeutic reasons include:
Real-time monitoring: IoT-based implant devices can provide real-time monitoring of a patient’s condition, allowing for early detection of potential problems or complications.
Improved accuracy: These devices can provide highly accurate measurements and data, improving the precision and effectiveness of medical treatment.
Personalized treatment: IoT-based implants can be customized to meet the unique needs of each patient, providing more targeted and personalized treatment options.
Enhanced patient comfort: Many IoT-based implant devices are designed to be minimally invasive and highly comfortable for the patient, reducing discomfort and improving overall satisfaction with medical treatment.
Reduced healthcare costs: By providing more targeted and effective treatment options, IoT-based implant devices can help to reduce healthcare costs over the long-term.
Improved patient outcomes: By providing early detection and targeted treatment options, IoT-based implant devices can help to improve outcomes of the patient and increase overall quality of life.
IoT-based implants for therapeutic reasons hold immense promise for the field of healthcare, providing clinicians and patients with highly targeted and personalized treatment options that can improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. The development of IoT-based implant devices has been driven by advances in technology such as miniaturization, wireless connectivity, and data analytics, enabling highly accurate and real-time monitoring of a patient’s condition [9].
By leveraging IoT technology, implant devices can collect vast amounts of patient data and transmit it to healthcare providers in real-time, allowing for early stage detection of potential problems and complications. This can help to improve outcomes of the patient, reduce the need for hospitalization, and ultimately, reduce healthcare costs.
Moreover, IoT-based implants can be customized to meet the unique needs of each patient, providing more targeted and personalized treatment options. This can be especially valuable for patients with complex or chronic medical conditions, where a one-size-fits-all approach may not be effective.
Overall, the relevance of IoT-based implants for therapeutic reasons lies in their potential to transform the way we approach healthcare, providing clinicians with highly accurate and personalized treatment options that can improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. As these technologies continue to advance, it is likely that we will see even more innovative and impactful applications of IoT-based implants in the future.
1.10 Future Prospects
The future prospects for IoT-based implant devices in healthcare are vast and exciting. Advancements in miniaturization, sensor technology, wireless communication, and data analytics will further enhance the capabilities and functionalities of these devices. Future developments may include the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to enable real-time data analysis and predictive analytics for personalized treatment plans. Moreover, advancements in power management and energy harvesting technologies will lead to longer-lasting and more sustainable implantable devices [10].
Additionally, the focus on security and privacy will continue to be crucial to ensure the protection of patient data and the prevention of unauthorized access to implantable devices. Collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals, engineers, researchers, and policymakers will be essential in addressing these challenges and fostering the adoption of IoT-based implant devices on a larger scale.
Overall, IoT-based implant devices have opened up new possibilities in healthcare, revolutionizing patient care, remote monitoring, and treatment options. With ongoing advancements and research, the future holds great promise for the continued innovation and widespread adoption of these devices, ultimately leading to improved healthcare outcomes and enhanced quality of life for patients.
However, some statistics on the use of medical implants in general:
According to a report by Grand View Research, the global medical implant market size was valued at USD 85.6 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% from 2021 to 2028.
The report also notes that the cardiovascular segment is the largest revenue-generating segment, accounting for over 30% of the total market share.
Another report by Research and Markets estimates that the global implantable medical devices market will reach USD 54.1 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 5.6% from 2021 to 2026.
In terms of specific implantable devices, the global market for implantable neurostimulation devices was valued at USD 4.2 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 8.4 billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 9.4% from 2021 to 2027 (source: Data Bridge Market Research).
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Note
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2IoT and Nano-Bioelectronics for Target Drug Delivery
Ambikesh Soni1, Pratiksha Singh2, Gagan Kant Tripathi2* and Priyanka Dixit3
1Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Laboratory (RMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2School of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
3Computer Science and Engineering, University Institute of Technology, RGPV, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
With the global expansion of several cancerous variants nowadays new drugs and treatments are desperately needed. The Internet of Things (IoT) has played a significant role in recent advancements in healthcare technologies. The research objectives in the field of nano-biotechnologies for drug delivery encompass several key goals. These include enhancing the precision and efficiency of drug targeting and delivery, minimizing toxicity levels while retaining therapeutic efficacy, ensuring optimal safety and biocompatibility, and accelerating the development process of new and secure medications. The healthcare field has undergone progressive change due to ubiquitous computing. By deploying such IoT-based devices, health professionals can better serve society. The study will introduce a model of a “Smart Portable Intensive Care Unit” based on the Internet of Things for remote drug distribution and real-time patient monitoring. The suggested paradigm allows medical staff and the patient’s family to remotely monitor the patient’s physiological data.
Keywords: Targeted drug delivery, IoT, nano-bioelectronics, nanofabrication, nano printing, gene therapy, nanoprobes, health care
2.1 Introduction
Drug delivery (DD) encompasses a range of approaches, formulations, technologies, and procedures employed to transport pharmaceutical substances within the body with the aim of achieving the desired therapeutic outcome. Its scope extends to the administration of medicinal compounds in both humans and animals, ultimately striving to attain optimal therapeutic effectiveness [1]. In recent times, significant advancements have been made in the field of drug delivery systems (DDSs), with a notable emphasis on smart drug delivery. This approach aims to administer drugs with utmost precision in terms of timing, dosage, and targeted location, ensuring optimal safety and efficacy. Targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) play a key role in this endeavor, enabling the delivery of drugs to specific locations within the body rather than distributing them throughout the entire organ or system. The advancement of targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) is the result of combining insights from a range of scientific fields. These include pharmacology, polymer science, molecular biology, and bioconjugate chemistry. The successful integration of these disciplines plays a crucial role in attaining enhanced outcomes in drug delivery [2]. The objective of targeted drug delivery (TDD) is to effectively manage and regulate various aspects of therapeutic agents, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, specific toxicity, immunogenicity, and biorecognition. By doing so, the ultimate aim is to enhance the effectiveness of treatments while minimizing undesirable side effects. What sets targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) apart from conventional DDSs is their ability to achieve site-specific drug release from a particular dosage form, as opposed to relying on drug absorption through biological membranes as seen in the latter [3]. The chapter discusses about the core concepts of internet of things, nano bioelectronics, targeted drug delivery, its principles including relevance of work, and methodology.
2.2 Literature Study
2.2.1 Internet of Things
The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized communication between various objects within a network. IoT facilitates seamless connectivity and communication between objects as well as between objects and computers. In the context of targeted drug delivery, IoT plays a significant role by enabling the precise delivery of drugs to specific diseased sites within the human body. Figure 2.1 provides a visual representation of how IoT is involved in this process. Through IoT, sensors, devices, and objects present in the network can autonomously communicate and interact with one another, ensuring efficient and accurate drug delivery to the intended targets [3]. The combination of the body sensor area network (BSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) technology enables the real-time transmission of a patient’s physiological data [4]. This allows doctors or the patient’s relatives to monitor the patient’s condition from any location and at any time. In this chapter, we delve into the investigation of an IoT-based model called the “Smart Portable Intensive Care Unit (SPICU),” which serves as a remote diagnostic unit. SPICU assists medical personnel in accessing and reviewing the patient’s vital parameters, thereby aiding in making informed diagnostic decisions. This innovative model enhances patient care by providing convenient and timely access to critical health information [5]. A wirelessly reconfigurable micro pumping device based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology is being developed, specifically designed for personalized cancer therapy. This innovative device is aimed at being implanted directly into tumor tissue and features miniature size for optimal compatibility. The device incorporates refillable reservoirs that store anticancer drugs. By utilizing a wireless system, the device allows for real-time data analysis, enabling precise control and reconfiguration of the drug administration regimen.
Figure 2.1 Illustration of IoT model for target drug delivery.
2.2.2 Nanobioelectronics
Nanofabrication refers to the process of crafting functional structures with customized patterns, typically featuring dimensions smaller than 100 nm in at least two directions. Recent literature reviews showcase the latest advancements in this field. Creating nanostructured bioelectronic devices comes with its own set of challenges. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of developing synthetic biomaterials that possess a similar softness to the surrounding tissue when seamlessly integrated [6]. Moreover, there is a growing interest in fabricating nanostructures that closely mimic the characteristics of the extracellular matrix. Additionally, these devices can be engineered to incorporate systems capable of controlled release of anti-inflammatory agents or growth factors. In the future, it will be vital to integrate chemo-attractants into these devices to promote targeted interactions with specific types of cells [7]. The fabrication process of such devices involves creating structures at different scales, ranging from macro to micro to nano. It’s unlikely that a single fabrication approach can meet all these requirements simultaneously. In this discussion, we specifically focus on fabricating nano-scale components. For more than thirty years, microelectrode arrays measuring 100 mm in diameter have been employed to monitor neuronal cell activity in laboratory settings. Nevertheless, the primary objective is to establish a direct interface between the electrodes and individual cells, with cell bodies measuring less than 30 mm in diameter, or even individual axons with a cross-section below 500 nm. Achieving such a high degree of miniaturization brings about new challenges in different aspects. To begin with, when choosing materials, one must consider how relevant properties transform with the reduction in electrode size. For instance, in the scaling down of gold or platinum electrodes, the constrained charge injection capacity of these noble metals starts to act as a restricting element [8].
2.2.2.1 Scanning Beam Lithography
Scanning beam lithography (SBL) is an advanced direct-write technique that employs a tightly focused beam to create intricate patterns through selective removal of materials or deposition of species. Although SBL operates at a slower pace, requiring approximately 24 hours per square centimeter for achieving 20 nm scale features, its exceptional resolution and unwavering pattern fidelity render it an indispensable technology in manufacturing photolithography masks. Moreover, SBL has found valuable applications in specialized research fields such as bioelectronics, where it serves unique purposes [9].
2.2.2.2 Jet Printing
Inkjet Printing is a micro-scale fabrication method primarily characterized by its ability to work with droplets as small as pico-liters, enabling resolutions in the range of approximately 10 micrometers. Information provided in Table 2.1 Literature review table describing the IoT and nano bioelectronics related title, authors, journal, year, summary, and references. A closely related technique called electrohydrodynamic jet printing (e-JP) has been recently developed, allowing for even smaller droplets in the femto-liter and atto-liter range, with diameters around 200 nanometers. The resolution achievable through e-JP depends on factors such as liquid properties, substrate wettability, and the size of the jet nozzle. While e-JP shows promise, it does have a limitation in that it requires the use of a conductive substrate [10].
Table 2.1 Literature review table describing the IoT and nano bioelectronics related title, authors, journal, year, summary, and references.
Title
Authors
Journal
Year
Summary
References
“A digital nervous system aiming toward personalized IoT healthcare”
Armgarth, A.
et al
.
Scientific Reports
2021
