Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1675

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

A comprehensive, up-to-date reference to the clinical applications of lasers in veterinary practice

Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: Photobiomodulation, Second Edition is a fully revised and expanded text focusing on therapeutic lasers in veterinary practice. Emphasizing clinical applications for therapeutic lasers, the book is a comprehensive resource for all aspects of laser therapy in dogs, cats, horses, food animals, and exotics. The Second Edition has been updated throughout to reflect advances and new information, with expanded coverage on dosing and new information on the use of photobiomodulation in oncology and urinary conditions.

The book begins with introductory chapters on the history, theory, science, and safe use of laser therapy, with the majority of the book devoted to practical applications. The Second Edition:

• Offers a comprehensive reference to all aspects of using therapeutic lasers in veterinary practice
• Emphasizes the clinical applications of laser therapy, with procedures and strategies for the clinical setting
• Covers laser use in dogs, cats, horses, food animals, and exotic species
• Fully updated throughout to reflect advances in the field, with new information on digital thermal imaging, uses in oncology, and dosing revisions
• Features clinical photographs, radiographs, line drawings, and graphs to support the text

Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine is an essential resource for veterinary practitioners, specialists, and students interested in using therapeutic lasers to treat veterinary patients.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication and Acknowledgments

Biography

Contributing Author List

Foreword

Preface

Disclaimer

Part I: The History of Laser Therapy

1 A Brief History of Laser Therapy

Treatment with Light

A Closer Look

A Momentous Device

An Innovative Therapy

A New Name

A Better Tomorrow

References

Part II: The Theory and Science of Laser Therapy

2 Laser Physics in Veterinary Medicine

Introduction

Why Use Light?

Flavors of Light

Interactions

Units of Which You Have (Hopefully) Heard

Deciding Dose

More than Just Dose

Heat (Finally)

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

3 Basic Principles of Photobiomodulation and Its Effects at the Cellular, Tissue, and System Levels

Photobiomodulation: Nomenclature History

Making Sense of Commonly Used Device and Treatment Parameter Terminology

PBM Device and Treatment Parameters Based on Location of Target Tissue

Photoacceptors

Cellular Signaling Molecules

PBMT Effects at the Molecular, Organelle, Cellular, and System Level

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Part III: Practical Applications of Laser Therapy

4 General Principles of Laser Therapy

Introduction

Therapeutic Dosing

Application Frequency

Multimodal Management vs. Laser Therapy Alone

Preparation for Laser Therapy

Laser Therapy Treatment Procedure

Laser Therapy Application Techniques

Training and Expertise

Laser Therapy Treatment Plans

Conclusion

References

5 Therapy Laser Safety

Introduction

Function of the American National Standards Institute and the Laser Institute of America

Laser Hazard Classification

Administrative Controls

Laser Use Environment

Laser Beam‐Related Hazards and Hazard Prevention

Nonbeam Hazards

Beam Hazards and Contraindications

Special Considerations

Precautions

False Contraindications

Conclusion

References

Part IV: Clinical Applications of Laser Therapy in Companion Animals

6 Laser Therapy and Pain Management

Introduction

Mechanism of Action

Osteoarthritis

Neuropathic Pain

Intervertebral Disc Disease

Myofascial Pain

Postsurgical Pain

Other Pain Conditions

References

7 Intra‐ and Postoperative Laser Therapy

Introduction

Overview

Intraoperative Laser Therapy

Postoperative Laser Therapy

Clinical Examples of Intra‐ and Postoperative Laser Therapy Application

Conclusion

References

8 Wounds

Introduction

Wound Healing

Effects of Photobiomodulation on Wound Healing

Optimal Parameters for Photobiomodulation

Fluorescence Biomodulation

Basic Principles of Laser Wound Therapy

Wound Classification and Treatment

Conclusion

References

9 Dermatological and Non‐musculoskeletal Soft‐Tissue Conditions

Introduction

Acral Lick Dermatitis

Moist Dermatitis, Hot Spots, and Pyotraumatic Dermatitis

Anal Sacculitis and Anal Sac Abscess

Aural Hematoma

Bacterial Folliculitis

Canine Noninflammatory Alopecia

Deep‐Tissue Infections, Abscesses, and Cellulitis

Elbow Hygroma

Otitis Externa

Pemphigus

Perianal Fistulas

Pododermatitis

Conclusion

References

10 Snakebites

Introduction

Literature Review

Treatment

Conclusion

References

11 Musculoskeletal Disorders and Osteoarthritis

Introduction

Physiological Effects of PBMT

Searching for Evidence and Understanding the Literature

Importance of Proper Examination and Diagnostics

Patient Preparation and Treatment Techniques

Use of PBMT with Metal Implants and Sutures

Dosimetry for Musculoskeletal Conditions

Treatment Session Frequency

Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Myopathies and Myositis

Tendinopathies

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Injuries

Fractures and Bone Healing

Osteomyelitis

Neck and Back Pain

Common Reasons for Perceived Treatment Failure or Inconsistent Results

References

12 Upper and Lower Respiratory Conditions

Introduction

Upper Respiratory Conditions

Lower Respiratory and Thoracic Conditions

Conclusion

References

13 Oral Conditions

Introduction

Oral Inflammatory Conditions

Oral Wounds

Other Oral Conditions

Conclusion

References

14 Abdominal Conditions

Introduction

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Urinary Disorders

Case Studies

Conclusion

References

15 Laser Therapy for Urinary Conditions

Use of Photobiomodulation in Lower Urinary Tract Disease

Treating the Veterinary Patient with Lower Urinary Tract Disease

Treating the Veterinary Patient with Kidney Disease

Conclusion

References

16 Neurological Conditions

Introduction

Peripheral Nerve Injury

Neuropathic Pain

Spinal Cord Injury

Transcranial PBM

Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome

Neurodegenerative Diseases and Degenerative Myelopathy

Conclusions

References

17 Laser Therapy for the Geriatric Patient

Introduction

Important PBM Effects in Geriatric Patient Management

Utilization of Laser Therapy in Geriatric Patients

Case Studies

Final Considerations

References

18 Laser Therapy for Feline‐Specific Conditions

Introduction

Anal Sac Diseases, Non‐Neoplastic

Abscess, Cat‐Bite

Allergic Dermatitis

Arthritis

Asthma and Allergic Pulmonary Disease

Myocardial Disease

Constipation and Obstipation

Dental Extractions, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Disease

Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex

Feline Acne

Fracture Healing

Hyperesthesia Syndrome

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Chronic Renal Disease

Hepatic Lipidosis

Musculoskeletal Acute Injury

Otitis Externa

Pancreatitis

Feline Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Surgery, Treating Incisions Postoperatively

Urethral Obstruction

Vestibular Disease, Peripheral

Wound Healing

Case Studies

References

19 Laser Therapy in the Oncology Patient

Challenges in the Geriatric Oncology Patient

Introduction to the Use of PBM in the Oncology Patient

Cancer Stimulation

In Vivo

Evidence for PBM Mitigation of Cancer Treatment Side Effects in Humans

Anti‐cancer Applications of PBM

Conditions for Consideration in Veterinary Oncology

PBM Cases in an Oncology Clinical Practice

Deciding to Treat an Oncology Patient with PBM

References

20 Laser Therapy in Critical Care Patients

Introduction

Physiologic Changes Associated with Chronic Disease

Challenges in an ICU Setting

Rehabilitation Therapy for Chronic Disease

Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Thermal Burn Injuries

Case Examples

References

Part V: Clinical Applications of Laser Therapy in Canine Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine

21 Laser Therapy for the Canine Athlete: Performance Maintenance and Discipline‐Specific Applications

Introduction

Types of Canine Sports

General Principles of PBMT in Canine Sports Medicine

Athletic Injuries in the Canine Athlete

Overview of Sports‐Injury Rehabilitation

Photobiomodulation Application in Musculoskeletal Injuries

Application Techniques

Dosages

Clinical Applications

Conclusion

References

22 Laser Therapy for the Working Dog

Introduction

Musculoskeletal Conditions

Gastrointestinal Conditions

Oral Health

Other Conditions and Future Applications

Conclusion

References

23 Laser Therapy in Postoperative and Injury Rehabilitation

Introduction

Wound Healing

How and Why Does Laser Therapy Work?

Evidence for Laser Therapy in Rehabilitation

Role of Laser Therapy in Rehabilitation

Case Studies

Conclusion

References

Part VI: Clinical Applications of Laser Therapy in Exotic Animals

24 Photobiomodulation in Exotic Small Mammals

Introduction

Precautions

Clinical Indications

Summary

References

25 Laser Therapy for Birds

Introduction

Precautions and Contraindications

Clinical Indications

Miscellaneous

Conclusion

References

26 Laser Therapy in Reptiles

Introduction

Precautions and Contraindications

Clinical Indications

Conclusion

References

27 Laser Therapy for Aquatic Species

Introduction

Laser Safety

General Approach to Treatment and Dosing

Dose Calculation and Treatment Considerations

Cases, Case Reports, and Publications

Research with Information Translatable into Clinical Practice

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

28 Zoological Applications of Laser Therapy

Introduction

Background

Evaluating Treatment Efficacy

Wound Management

Neurologic Injuries

Musculoskeletal Injuries

Orofacial Diseases

Chronic Degenerative Diseases

Assisted Reproduction

Laser Acupuncture

Future Role for Thermography‐Assisted Laser Therapy

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Part VII: Clinical Applications of Laser Therapy in Large Animal Practice

29 Fundamentals of Equine Laser Therapy

Introduction

Patient Preparation

Therapeutic Dosage Considerations

General Treatment Techniques

Case Example: A Wholistic Approach to the Treatment of Cunean Tendonitis/Bursitis (Distal Tarsitis Syndrome)

Conclusion

References

30 Administering Laser Therapy to the Equine Patient

Introduction

The Head

The Throat

The Cervical Spine and Soft Tissues of the Neck

The Shoulder Region

Case Study

The Upper Arm and Forearm

The Carpus

The Metacarpus

The Fetlock and Pastern

The Hoof

The Back (Thoracolumbar Spine)

The Hip, Pelvis, and Upper Hind Limb

The Stifle

Case Studies

The Hock (Tarsus) and Metatarsus

Conclusion

References

31 Laserpuncture for the Equine Patient

Introduction

Anatomical Location of Equine Acupuncture Points Using Western Nomenclature

References

32 Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Equine Wounds

Introduction

The Scientific Evidence of PBMT on Wound Healing

Phases of Wound Healing

Equine PBMT Treatment Techniques

General Wound Management

Types of Wounds

Conclusion

References

33 Laser Therapy in Equine Rehabilitation

Introduction

PBM in Equine Literature

Dosimetry

Conclusion

References

34 Laser Therapy in Food‐Animal Practice

Introduction

General Applications of PBMT in Food‐Animal Medicine

Application Techniques Unique to Food‐Animal Species

Dosing

Conditions Responsive to PBMT in Food Animals

Conclusion

References

Part VIII: Laser Therapy and Alternative and Regenerative Therapies

35 Laser Acupuncture

Introduction

Background of Acupuncture

Mechanisms of Action

Clinical Evidence

Clinical Indications

Clinical Applications

Safety Concerns

Summary

References

36 Laser Therapy in Veterinary Regenerative Medicine

Laser Therapy in Veterinary Regenerative Medicine

Platelet‐Rich Plasma Therapy

Stem‐Cell Therapy

Rehabilitation Therapy Following Regenerative Medicine Therapy

Regenerative Medicine and Photobiomodulation

In Vitro

Laser Therapy and Stem Cells

In Vivo

Laser Therapy and Stem Cells

Laser Therapy and PRP

Conclusion

References

Part IX: Integrating Laser Therapy into Veterinary Medicine and Complementary Technologies

37 Successful Implementation and Marketing of Laser Therapy

Introduction

Pricing

Internet, Website, and Social Media Marketing

Daily Communication Opportunities

Appointment Process Touch Points

Developing a Medical Infrastructure

Communication Tools

Targeting Elite Markets

Integration Conclusion

Return on Investment (ROI)

ROI RECAP

References

38 The Role of the Veterinary Technician in Photobiomodulation Therapy

Introduction: Veterinary Technicians, the Primary Drivers of PBMT

Aids and Avenues

The Technician's Role in PBMT Training

Front and Center: The Technician Leads the Way in Client Communication and Preparation

Setting the Clock: Laser Therapy Scheduling

Providing the Laser “Spa Day” Zen Experience

Going the Distance: Short‐Term Versus Chronic Treatment in Phases

Due Diligence: Treatment Documentation by the Technician

Gold Nuggets: Technician Treatment Tips and Techniques

Conclusion: Reaching New Horizons of Laser Therapy

References

39 Infrared Thermal Imaging and Laser Therapy

Introduction

Introduction to Veterinary Infrared Thermal Imaging

Important Veterinary Medical Thermography Parameters

Interpretation of Infrared Thermal Images Is Intuitive

Utilizing Infrared Thermal Imaging in Practice

Photobiomodulation Therapy

The Synergy Between PBMT and IRTI

Objectively Monitoring PBMT

Case Examples

Conclusion

References

Appendix A Glossary

Appendix B Certifying and Academic Laser Organizations

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Tissue scattering – modeled parameters/tissue layer properties.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Summary of terms commonly used to report device and treatment par...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Examples of procedures in which intraoperative or postoperative t...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 The recommended range of power (W) settings for treating musculo...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 PBMT protocol for treating a 17‐year‐old Jack Russell terrier wi...

Table 14.2 PBMT protocol for treating a 15.5‐year‐old longhaired Dachshund ...

Table 14.3 PBM protocol for Feline CKD case.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Laser therapy dose recommendations for birds.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Laser therapy dose recommendations for reptiles.

Chapter 28

Table 28.1 As species‐specific optimal dosing of photobiomodulation therapy...

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Calming and sedation acupuncture points.

Table 29.2 Equine dosage guidelines.

Table 29.3 Complementary trigger points and acupuncture points for the trea...

Chapter 30

Table 30.1 Acupuncture points for the temporomandibular joint.

Table 30.2 Acupuncture points for cervical pain.

Table 30.3 Acupuncture points for shoulder pain.

Table 30.4 Corresponding acupuncture points for the carpus.

Table 30.5 Corresponding acupuncture points for the metacarpus.

Table 30.6 Corresponding acupuncture points for the fetlock.

Table 30.7 Corresponding acupuncture points for the foot.

Table 30.8 Corresponding acupuncture points for back pain.

Table 30.9 Corresponding acupuncture points for hip pain.

Table 30.10 Stifle pain.

Table 30.11 Acupuncture points for hock pain.

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Recommended dosages for equine wounds.

Chapter 34

Table 34.1 Dosages for PBMT of food animals, by species.

Chapter 35

Table 35.1 Clinical indications for laser acupuncture (Xie & Preast, 2007, ...

Table 35.2 Commonly used acupoints for various clinical conditions in small...

Table 35.3 Commonly used acupoints for various clinical conditions in horse...

Table 35.4 Guidelines for laser acupuncture parameters.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Electromagnetic structure and spectrum. The electric and magnetic...

Figure 2.2 Attenuation mechanisms. Absorption is an exponential decay in int...

Figure 2.3 Comparison of penetration between lasers of different power outpu...

Figure 2.4 A 3‐D irradiance (a, b, and c) and temperature (d, e, and f) prof...

Figure 2.5 Maximum temperature over time along the central axis of the beam ...

Figure 2.6 Pulse structure and its effect on average power. Pulse width (t

on

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Tissue reaction to light, related to the parameters used. “High‐l...

Figure 3.2 Oxidized (a) and reduced (b) CCO absorption spectra (converted to...

Figure 3.3 Subunit components of CCO and the wavelength maxima that correlat...

Figure 3.4 Photomicrographs of normal human progenitor cells (208×)....

Figure 3.5 Bar graph showing the ratio of target to glyceraldehyde 3‐phospha...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Laser therapy‐appropriate room with appropriate bedding. Client, ...

Figure 4.2 (a) Initial digital thermal image of a 9‐year‐old MN Scottish ter...

Figure 4.3 Use of a window in a cast to allow for laser therapy treatment.

Figure 4.4 Proper positioning for treatment with a handpiece designed for de...

Figure 4.5 Treatment with a handpiece designed for noncontact treatment of s...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Laser safety temporary warning/danger sign with laser classificat...

Figure 5.2 Laser‐protective glasses.

Figure 5.3 Specification of wavelength and OD on the lens (top) and frame (b...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Hip OA dorsal approach. It is important to cover not only the reg...

Figure 6.2 Hip OA ventral approach. In order to get complete coverage of the...

Figure 6.3 PBMT and otitis. Many dogs will not tolerate ear cleaning and ins...

Figure 6.4 PBMT and anal sacculitis. The pain and inflammation of anal saccu...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Intraoperative application of a therapy laser, maintaining asepti...

Figure 7.2 Intraoperative photobiomodulation therapy during a stifle surgery...

Figure 7.3 Left: Marked swelling of the hock 2 days after TTA, with patient ...

Figure 7.4 Laser therapy treatment of a coeliotomy incision immediately afte...

Figure 7.5 Intraoperative treatment of an enterotomy wound. The surgeon is p...

Figure 7.6 (a) Necrotic wound at initial presentation. (b) Necrotic wound af...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Postoperative ovariohysterectomy incisions. The patient on the le...

Figure 8.2 Chronic granulomatous lesion on the front paw of a leopard at a r...

Figure 8.3 Soft‐tissue wound prior to laser therapy (top), and 1 day (middle...

Figure 8.4 Initial tissue changes from fight wounds (left) and substantial s...

Figure 8.5 Progression of healing of the wound in Figure 8.4 at days 28 (lef...

Figure 8.6 Degloving injury to the medial aspect of the distal foreleg at pr...

Figure 8.7 A traumatic wound that stripped the skin from the cannon bone (le...

Figure 8.8 The same traumatic wound 6 weeks and 8 laser treatments later (le...

Figure 8.9 Traumatic wound that has been closed and dehisced (left). Traditi...

Figure 8.10 Acute pyotraumatic dermatitis lesion on presentation (left) and ...

Figure 8.11 Photosensitivity reaction postexposure to stinging nettles, befo...

Figure 8.12 The same horse with photosensitivity reaction 6 days (left) and ...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1

(

a) Acute moist dermatitis after clipping and rinsing with sterile...

Figure 9.2

(

a) Anal sac abscess on initial presentation. In addition to tradi...

Figure 9.3

(

a) Juvenile cellulitis, a candidate for the immune‐modulating eff...

Figure 9.4

(

a) Pemphigus foliaceous lesions on the face and pinna prior to la...

Figure 9.5

(

a) Perianal fistula with dorsally draining tract prior to therapy...

Figure 9.6 Pododermatitis. This may affect multiple tissues, including inter...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Severe swelling, edema, and ecchymosis in a mastiff puppy that s...

Figure 10.2 (a) Cat snakebite envenomation of the left antebrachium before P...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Laser therapist and patient seated comfortably on a raised laser...

Figure 11.2 Laser therapist treating the medial aspect of the elbow on the “...

Figure 11.3 Patient and laser therapist wearing laser‐safe eyewear.

Figure 11.4 Assistant covering the patient's eyes with a dark cloth in lieu ...

Figure 11.5 Laser therapist keeping the treatment head perpendicular to the ...

Figure 11.6 Laser therapist treating the cranial aspect of the patient's sti...

Figure 11.7 Laser therapist treating the caudal aspect of the patient's stif...

Figure 11.8 Laser therapist treating the ventral, medial aspect of the patie...

Figure 11.9 Laser therapist treating the TMJ.

Figure 11.10 Treating the iliopsoas.

Figure 11.11 Laser therapist treating the spine.

Figure 11.12 Laser therapist treating the caudal cervical area.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Treating the nasal cavity from a dorsal direction. Exposure of d...

Figure 12.2 Treating the nasal cavity from a lateral direction. Treatment is...

Figure 12.3 A small, noncontact handpiece should be used at power setting of...

Figure 12.4 Laser therapy treatment of the larynx is indicated for laryngiti...

Figure 12.5 In any respiratory condition, if the trachea is involved, the ne...

Figure 12.6 The laser handpiece should be maintained in contact with the ski...

Figure 12.7 Once the handpiece has reached the ventral edge of the thoracic ...

Figure 12.8 In patients of sufficient size, transthoracic treatment should b...

Figure 12.9 In addition, the upper trachea should be targeted by treating th...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Treating periodontal disease with the mouth open.

Figure 13.2 Use of a collimated beam to treat periodontal disease with the m...

Figure 13.3 Treating periodontal disease with the mouth closed.

Figure 13.4 (a) Treatment through the intermandibular space with the mouth c...

Figure 13.5 Lifting the patient's lips without opening the jaws. This techni...

Figure 13.6 Treatment of an individual surgical site. Use of a handpiece wit...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Intravenous laser therapy. The fiberoptic cable is attached to a...

Figure 14.2 An 810 nm 500 mW × 4 multiprobe applied over the pancreas...

Figure 14.3 A canine patient with CKD being treated over the right kidney wi...

Figure 14.4 Canine prostatitis being treated post‐castration with a 660 nm 1...

Figure 14.5 Ultrasound images showing the progression of transitional cell c...

Figure 14.6 Measures of creatinine and weight over time for feline with CKD ...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 (a) and (b) Treating the urinary bladder in feline patients with...

Figure 15.2 Treating the kidney in a canine patient.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Treating the thoracic spine in a canine patient.

Figure 16.2 Treating the thoracic spine in a feline patient.

Figure 16.3 Treating the caudal cervical area.

Figure 16.4 Treating the caudal cervical area.

Figure 16.5 Canine patient receiving transcranial PBMT.

Figure 16.6 Feline patient with CDS receiving transcranial PBMT with a 500 m...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Ensure that patients are in a comfortable position during treatm...

Figure 17.2 Always offer patients a comfortable surface during treatments. C...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Protective eyewear goggles (rated for laser therapy wavelengths)...

Figure 18.2 (a) Ultrasound image showing the urinary bladder of a cat with s...

Figure 18.3 Curled nail appearance and the resulting paw‐pad wound.

Figure 18.4 (a) Patient with head tilt from acute vestibular disease. (b) Re...

Figure 18.5 (a) Patient with feline acne lesions on presentation. (b) Laser ...

Figure 18.6 (a) Self‐inflicted excoriation and dermal lesions due to allergi...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Radiographs of patient mandible prior to surgery.

Figure 19.2 Patient receiving PBM treatment for post‐op pain.

Figure 19.3 Patient receiving PBM treatment for diarrhea.

Figure 19.4 Close up photo showing left forelimb edematous with draining tra...

Figure 19.5 Day 7 tissue sloughing and granulation bed following 3 PBM treat...

Figure 19.6 Day 9 wound contracture following 4 PBM treatments.

Figure 19.7 Patient receiving PBM treatment for sterile hemorrhagic cystitis...

Figure 19.8 Initial bladder ultrasound (left) showing thickened ventral blad...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 (a) Digital thermal image of a patient before PBMT. Increased th...

Figure 21.2 Explosion of a guard dog on to the sleeve of a decoy. The hip an...

Figure 21.3 After apprehension of a target, a guard dog requires a significa...

Figure 21.4 PBMT being administered to the hip extensor muscles, utilizing o...

Figure 21.5 Administration of PBMT to the biceps femoris regions. To maximiz...

Figure 21.6 On‐contact application of PBMT the right shoulder and shoulder e...

Figure 21.7 Administration of PBMT to the right triceps region. Access to th...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Example of two distinct tasks performed by working dogs – patrol...

Figure 22.2 Even when performing the same task, a working dog can be called ...

Figure 22.3 Photobiomodulation for the management of osteoarthritis is one o...

Figure 22.4 Good oral health is paramount for a working dog, from playing (a...

Figure 22.5 Photobiomodulation for the management of gingivitis following de...

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Laser therapy should be incorporated as one part of a complete r...

Figure 23.2 Laser therapy treatment of the shoulder for biceps tendonitis.

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 (a) Cuturebra infestation in a rabbit kept outdoors. This rabbit...

Figure 24.2 Cellulitis of the front paw of a ferret after surgical removal o...

Figure 24.3 (a) Skin tear in the axilla of a hedgehog. (b) Photobiomodulatio...

Figure 24.4 (a) Pododermatitis in a guinea pig, which presented with swellin...

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 (a) Chronic self‐mutilation of an impacted uropygial gland in a ...

Figure 25.2 (a) African gray parrots are known for keel trauma from falling ...

Figure 25.3 (a) Chronic feather plucking in a Goffins cockatoo. Self‐induced...

Figure 25.4 (a) Open‐wing fracture in a budgerigar, caused by getting its wi...

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 (a) Rat bite wounds on tail of boa constrictor caused by leaving...

Figure 26.2 (a) Thermal burns on ventral aspect of ball python caused by con...

Figure 26.3 (a) Sprained leg in box turtle exhibiting lameness of unknown or...

Figure 26.4 Calculation of the therapeutic laser dosage for a general coelom...

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 A plastic tote used to the protect the laser from being splashed...

Figure 27.2 Laser handpiece with a small off‐contact treatment head protecte...

Figure 27.3 Chronic, nonhealing wound in a stingray. Clockwise from upper le...

Figure 27.4 HLLE lesions in a purple tang before and after multiple laser tr...

Figure 27.5 Adult

Plecostomus

with a chronic ulcerative lesion on the head:

Figure 27.6 An Aubry's flapshell turtle (

Cycloderma aubryi

) with penetrating...

Figure 27.7 A green sea turtle in rehabilitation being treated with PBMT for...

Figure 27.8 Administration of laser therapy to a penguin.

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Chronic pododermatitis lesions in an American flamingo were mana...

Figure 28.2 Pododermatitis in a domestic rabbit was treated with PBMT and re...

Figure 28.3 Thermal burns in a domestic ferret managed with laser therapy. T...

Figure 28.4 Fly strike dermatitis in an okapi was managed with daily cleanin...

Figure 28.5 Laser therapy helped with wound healing and analgesia in an elep...

Figure 28.6 Laser therapy treatment of dermal wounds in marine toads (

Rhinel

...

Figure 28.7 Photobiomodulation therapy to help manage neurologic injuries. (...

Figure 28.8 Shell fractures in box turtles at a rehabilitation center healed...

Figure 28.9 Photobiomodulation therapy can help manage osteoarthritis pain. ...

Figure 28.10 Photobiomodulation therapy for large and potentially dangerous ...

Figure 28.11 A geriatric giraffe with acute onset severe right front limb la...

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Acupuncture/laserpuncture points for calming and sedation.

Figure 29.2 Dorsal infrared thermal image. There is an asymmetrical bilatera...

Figure 29.3 APLMO of distal forelimbs dorsal infrared thermal image. Asymmet...

Figure 29.4 APLMO left stifle. (a) There are diffuse areas of increased circ...

Figure 29.5 Administer PBMT circumferentially and at right angles on‐contact...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Acupuncture points for the temporomandibular joint.

Figure 30.2 Application of PBMT to the throat: bilaterally and on‐contact fr...

Figure 30.3 Acupuncture points for cervical pain.

Figure 30.4 Application of PBMT for carpal pain. ~30% of the dose should be ...

Figure 30.5 Acupuncture points for carpal pain.

Figure 30.6 Posterior to anterior infrared thermograph image of both carpi. ...

Figures 30.7 (a) and (b). There are increased thermal gradients, which direc...

Figure 30.8 Acupuncture points and the recommended treatment area for painfu...

Figure 30.9 Recommended area and treatment technique for fetlock disorders....

Figure 30.10 Acupuncture points for fetlock pain.

Figure 30.11 Application of PBMT to the hoof.

Figure 30.12 Application of PBMT to the heel.

Figure 30.13 Application of PBMT throughout the coronary band.

Figure 30.14 Ting points of the forefoot.

Figure 30.15 Ting points of the hindfoot.

Figure 30.16 Application of PBMT to relieve foot pain.

Figure 30.17 Application of PBMT to relieve laminitis pain.

Figure 30.18 Application of PBMT to relieve pain in podotrochleosis.

Figure 30.19 Infrared thermal image indicating areas of increased circulatio...

Figure 30.20 Acupuncture points and the recommended treatment area for the p...

Figure 30.21 Acupuncture points and the recommended area of treatment for th...

Figure 30.22 Oblique view of left stifle before the application of PBMT. Inc...

Figure 30.23 Acupuncture points and recommended area of treatment for the pa...

Figure 30.24 The same stifle 24 hours post PBMT treatment. The objective pro...

Figure 30.25 Infrared thermal image of the right tarsus. In this APMLO view,...

Figure 30.26 Infrared thermal image of the dorsal view of the right tarsus a...

Figure 30.27 Acupuncture points and the recommended area of treatment for th...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Initial presentation of a laceration of the left rear leg of a 1...

Figure 32.2 Day 8. Picture taken before the first application of PBMT.

Figure 32.3 Day 12. The picture was taken after the first two laser therapy ...

Figure 32.4 Day 18. Appearance of the wound 18 days after the injury and aft...

Figure 32.5 Day 26. Progress after eight laser therapy sessions. Note the la...

Figure 32.6 Day 32. Progress after 10 laser therapy sessions. Note the degre...

Figure 32.7 Day 44. Progress after 13 laser therapy sessions. Note the conti...

Figure 32.8 Day 46. Continued rapid healing of the wound. At this time, the ...

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Class 1M laser

Figure 33.2 Class 3B laser

Figure 33.3 Class 4 laser

Figure 33.4 Class 4 laser being used to treat superficial digital flexor ten...

Figure 33.5 Class 1M laser being used to treat longissimus muscle pain

Figure 33.6 Class 3B laser being used to treat wound over flexor tendons. No...

Chapter 36

Figure 36.1 Initial ultrasound scans, (a) distal and (b) proximal, of a grad...

Figure 36.2 (a) Initial ultrasound scan, cross‐section, of a supraspinatus t...

Chapter 37

Figure 37.1 Appointment process touch points.

Figure 37.2 A performance dog competing in Schutzhund.

Chapter 38

Figure 38.1 A relaxed patient being provided positive distraction by a thera...

Figure 38.2 A patient and laser operator prior to a laser session.

Figure 38.3 On‐contact treatment technique.

Figure 38.4 Sample laser treatment form.

Figure 38.5 Left lateral (a) and right lateral (b) digital thermal imaging s...

Chapter 39

Figure 39.1 Thermal energy radiates from the patient, passes through the len...

Figure 39.2 Digital radiography, CE scanning, MRIs, and ultrasound images al...

Figure 39.3 Normal patients are thermally symmetrical. Normal blood flow res...

Figure 39.4 Unhealthy patients become thermally asymmetrical, resulting from...

Figure 39.5 The interpretation of serial images requires the images to be fr...

Figure 39.6 The qualitative analysis of this lateral (Region of Interest [RO...

Figure 39.7 The quantitative analysis of this lateral image contains an ROI ...

Figure 39.8 Asymmetrical bilateral hyperthermia from the level of ~T

9–10

...

Figure 39.9 There is generalized hypothermia throughout the proximal portion...

Figure 39.10 When photonic energy is absorbed by the photoreceptors within t...

Figure 39.11 Presentation: Unable to place neck through PROM in any directio...

Figure 39.12 Without the IRTI screening, PBMT would have been applied to tho...

Figure 39.13 This dorsal image was taken before any administration of PBMT. ...

Figure 39.14 PBMT was administered on‐contact within the three elongated ell...

Figure 39.15 This dorsal image was taken 72 hours after the last PBMT sessio...

Figure 39.16 The IRTI on the left was taken before the administration of PBM...

Figure 39.17 This oblique view of the distal forelimbs revealed focal and di...

Figure 39.18 (Oct 21, 2019) Asymmetrical thermographic findings of hyperther...

Figure 39.19 (Dec 6, 2019) The asymmetrical hypothermic and hyperthermic the...

Figure 39.20 Average temperature data from each anatomical region compared t...

Figure 39.21 An oblique infrared thermal image of the spine of an 8‐year‐old...

Figure 39.22 DTI of the same 8‐year‐old Gran Prix Warmblood detailing the fo...

Figure 39.23 Dorsal oblique DTI of the same 8‐year‐old Gran Prix Warmblood f...

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

Biography

Contributing Author List

Foreword

Preface

Disclaimer

Begin Reading

Appendix A Glossary

Appendix B Certifying and Academic Laser Organizations

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine

Photobiomodulation

Second Edition

Edited by Christopher J. Winkler and Lisa A. Miller

Copyright © 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data:Names: Winkler, Christopher J., 1973– editor. | Miller, Lisa A. DVM, editor.Title: Laser therapy in veterinary medicine : photobiomodulation / edited by Christopher J. Winkler and Lisa A. Miller.Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley-Blackwell, [2025] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2024031882 (print) | LCCN 2024031883 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394205325 (hardback) | ISBN 9781394205332 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394205349 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Laser Therapy--veterinary | Low-Level Light Therapy–veterinaryClassification: LCC SF745 (print) | LCC SF745 (ebook) | NLM SF 745 | DDC 636.089/7058--dc23/eng/20240909LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024031882LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024031883

Cover image: Courtesy of Kaitlan HovisCover design: Wiley

Dedication and Acknowledgments

This book is dedicated with deep appreciation to Ronald J. Riegel and John C. Godbold Jr. for all their previous hard work and efforts, the groundwork they have laid, their contributions to this work and to the field of veterinary medicine, and especially for the inspiration they so willingly and freely share with others.

We would like to thank the extraordinary efforts of our authors, experts, and their staffs for their distinct contributions to the subject of veterinary photobiomodulation. This past year has been a wonderfully illuminating education in each of your fields, and we are very proud and grateful for the privilege of presenting your brilliant work to our readers. It has been the greatest of pleasures collaborating with you. A heartfelt Thank You to you all.

To our editors, Vallikkannu Narayanan, Erica Judish, and Susan Engelken, for all your advice and assistance.

To my co‐editor, Lisa Miller. I could not have done this without you. Words cannot express how much I admire your talent, your dedication, or my great appreciation for how synergistically we were able to complete this work together. May it not be our last.To my family, friends, and colleagues for their support, especially to my parents, Nancy and Joseph, who taught me the value of a well‐written word, and taught compassion and love by example. To my children, John and Kevin, who will forever remain my greatest endeavor, and to Nicole, my beloved wife and companion in this our adventure together. I love you all very much.

For Jack.—Christopher

To my family, friends, and colleagues, thank you for your support and understanding for all the weekends of turned‐down plans and late nights of working on this book. To my co‐editor, Chris Winkler who is one of the most knowledgeable and kindest human beings I have met, and who kept the train on the tracks. To Dr. Juanita Anders, for being a pioneer and queen in the photobiomodulation world and for mentoring and guiding many of us. Lastly, to my colleagues who continue to inspire me daily with their innovation, passion, and dedication to the field of veterinary medicine; I thank you all.

Ad Astra Per Aspera.—Lisa

Biography

Christopher J. Winkler, DVM graduated from Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine in 2001, and worked on Long Island, New York, as an emergency room veterinarian and associate general practitioner before purchasing Suffolk Veterinary Group in 2006. Incorporating surgical and therapy lasers into his practice in 2010, he began formal training a short time later, earning certifications in Veterinary Laser Medicine and Surgery from the American Board of Laser Surgery (ABLS) in 2015, and Veterinary Medical Laser Safety Officer from the American Institute of Medical Laser Applications (AIMLA) in 2016.

Dr. Winkler has spoken on laser surgery and laser therapy and served as an associate laser surgery wet‐lab instructor for a number of national veterinary conferences, including the NAVC, AVMA, the WVC, the Great Smokies Veterinary Conference, and the Colonial Veterinary Conference. He has also conducted webinars on laser therapy and laser safety for veterinary technicians and Ross University students, and published articles on laser surgery for Veterinary Practice News. He is a member of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery (ASLMS), and is a Fellow and Faculty member of both the American Laser Medicine College and Board (ALMCB) and the American Laser Study Club (ALSC), for which he also sits on the editorial board of its journal. Dr. Winkler is editor and co‐author of the textbook Laser Surgery in Veterinary Medicine (Wiley‐Blackwell, 2019), and he is the recipient of the 2021 Kumar C. Patel prize for outstanding contributions to veterinary laser surgery education. He receives referrals from and trains veterinarians locally and nationally on laser surgery and laser therapy procedures, continues to advise educating bodies on veterinary laser curricula, and offers his services as a laser consultant to veterinarians and equipment manufacturers.

Dr. Lisa A. Miller is the vice president of Clinical Veterinary Medicine for Companion Animal Health and is a graduate of the University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine. After graduation, Dr. Miller completed an internship in internal medicine and then became certified in canine rehabilitation therapy. Working in a large referral hospital, she practiced rehabilitation, sports medicine, and acupuncture for several years before returning to general practice and later, joining the animal health industry.

Dr. Miller has been working with laser therapy/photobiomodulation (PBM) since 2006. She has lectured worldwide and led workshops on laser therapy and rehabilitation‐related topics, including lectures at Western Veterinary Conference, VMX, the London Vet Show, Southern European Veterinary Conference, American Society of Laser Medicine & Surgery Conference, and Laser Florence. She has authored numerous research papers, articles, and chapters on PBM in veterinary practice. Her publications have appeared in Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery, Journal of Nanotechnology Research, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Clinician’s Brief, Integrative Veterinary Care, Today’s Veterinary Practice, and the first edition of the textbook Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. In her current role, she coordinates all veterinary and advanced PBM research involving Companion Animal Health technologies and is a consultant and reviewer for PBM research worldwide. Dr. Miller is a member of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), the American Association of Rehabilitation Veterinarians (AARV), the American Society of Laser Medicine & Surgery (ASLMS), and the World Association of Laser Therapy (WALT).

Contributing Author List

Steve Adair, MS, DVM, DACVS, DACVSMRDepartment of Large Animal Clinical ScienceUniversity of TennesseeCollege of Veterinary MedicineKnoxville, TN, USA

João C. Alves, DVM, PhD, DECVSMRClinica Veterinária de Cães, Guarda Nacional RepublicanaLisbon, Portugal

Juanita J. Anders, PhDEdward Hebert School of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesda, MD, USA

David S. Bradley, DVM, FASLMSVeterinary Medical DirectorSummus Medical LaserFranklin, TN, USA

Micah C. Brodsky, VMDPono ScientificKaneohe, Hawaii, USA

Matthew W. Brunke, DVM, DACVSMR, CCAT, Fellow IAVRPTVeterinary Referral Associates (VRAVet.com)Gaithersburg, MD, USA

Liza Dadone, VMDGiraffe Veterinary ServicesColorado Springs, CO, USA

Richard L. Godine, DVMNorth American Association for Light TherapyRuckersville Animal Hospital and Veterinary Laser Therapy CenterRuckersville, VA, USA

Tara Harrison, DVM, MPVM, DACZM, DACVPM, DECZM (Zoo Health Management), CVANorth Carolina State College of Veterinary MedicineRaleigh, NC, USA

Renaud “Ren” Houyoux, CVT, LVT, CVDT, VNA, VMLSOHeartland Veterinary PartnersChicago, IL, USA

Michael H. Jaffe, DVM, MS, CCRP, DACVSDepartment of Small Animal SurgeryMississippi State UniversityCollege of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State, MS, USA

Ann K. Ketz, PhD, RNRecovery Sciences, EnovisLewisville, TX, USA

Ronald B. Koh, DVM, MS, DACVSMR, CVA, CCRV, CCRP, CVMMP, CVCH, CVFTSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, CA, USA

David Levine, PT, PhD, DPT, MPH, CCRP, FAPTADepartment of Physical TherapyThe University of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanooga, TN, USA

Jörg Mayer, DVM, MS, DABVP (ECM), DECZM (Small Mammal)Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA

Diane J. Miller, MBAThe Animal AthleteNewark, DE, USA

Lisa A. Miller, DVM, CCRT, CVACompanion Animal HealthNew Castle, DE, USA

Robert D. Ness, DVMNess Exotic Wellness CenterLilse, IL, USA

Erin O'Leary, DVMHEAL Mobile Laser TherapyCary, NC, USA

Michael C. Petty, DVMDogtor ConsultingPlymouth, MI, USA

Ronald J. Riegel, DVMAmerican Institute of Medical Laser ApplicationsMarysville, OH, USA

Julie Gard Schnuelle, DVM, PhD, DACT, BSProfessor EmeritusAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn, AL, USA

Bryan J. Stephens, PhDMulti Radiance MedicalThompsons Station, TN, USA

Ashton B. Thompson, DVM, CCRP, cVMACompanion Animal HealthNew Castle, DE, USA

Deborah Gross Torraca, DPT, MSPT, DABPTS, CCRP, Fellow IAVRPTWizard of Paws Rehabilitation for AnimalsColchester, CT, USA

Chelsea Tripp, DVM, MS, DACVIM (O)Bridge Animal Referral CenterEdmonds, WA, USA

Christopher J. Winkler, DVM, DABLS, VMLSO, FALSC, FASLMSSuffolk Veterinary Group Animal Wellness and Laser Surgery CenterSelden, NY, USA

Foreword

In mid‐2015, we took deep breaths and committed to coediting the pioneering textbook about the clinical use of photobiomodulation in veterinary medicine. Despite our prior experience in writing and publishing, neither of us had any idea of the scope of the task ahead. We did not realize the effort needed to gather 37 contributing authors from academia, clinical practice, and industry, nor did we anticipate the 18‐month journey of editing 43 chapters covering nearly 500 pages. Regardless, the contributions of those chapter authors became the award‐winning textbook Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: Photobiomodulation.

The chapters on the history, theory, and science of photobiomodulation helped establish the credibility of therapeutic laser use. The chapters on clinical applications made the book a practical clinical reference across the full spectrum of veterinary practice. For the first time, a reliable, comprehensive, and evidence‐based resource had been developed to provide practical insights into clinical veterinary photobiomodulation.

Even prior to the release of that first edition, we anticipated the rapid advancements in technology and the emergence of new research and clinical applications that would necessitate a second edition. Since its initial publication in 2017, the landscape of veterinary photobiomodulation therapy has evolved significantly, underscored by the publication of over 150 peer‐reviewed articles. These developments have enriched our understanding of the conditions amenable to photobiomodulation therapy and refined our approach to its delivery.

With the aim of bringing new insight, energy, and perspective to Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: Photobiomodulation, we engaged two gifted colleagues to coedit the second edition, Dr. Chris Winkler, and Dr. Lisa Miller. As coeditors, Chris and Lisa have again marshaled dozens of gifted contributing authors, authored chapters themselves, and overseen bringing veterinary medicine a new, up‐to‐date, and valuable resource for clinical photobiomodulation therapy.

Drs. Winkler and Miller have over 30 years of combined experience with therapeutic lasers. Both have general and specialty practice experience, as well as years of contributing to photobiomodulation therapy continuing education, research, and publication about the technology. Currently, Chris remains in general practice and Lisa is the vice president of Clinical Veterinary Medicine for Companion Animal Health. Their backgrounds and experiences, and their roles as leading experts on veterinary photobiomodulation, combine to bring the profession this valuable second edition.

While updating previous information in this book, Chris and Lisa continued to focus solely on photobiomodulation and the diagnostic technologies that support it. More complete and up‐to‐date information regarding dosing and treatment parameters is included. They make this edition usable by readers in a diversity of clinical settings since the information presented is not confined to specific techniques or equipment. Treatment procedures and protocols are provided in generic, noncommercially specific ways.

The editors include new chapters addressing urinary conditions, oncological applications, photobiomodulation in the critical care setting, and use for working dogs. Additionally, there is a new chapter on the use of thermal imaging to target photobiomodulation treatment areas and monitor response to therapy.

This second edition is now the definitive resource for veterinary students, general practitioners, specialists, and those involved in the continued development of new veterinary therapeutic laser devices. We thank the chapter authors, Chris and Lisa, for significantly improving our first edition. We are confident this text will prove to be an invaluable addition to readers' libraries, facilitating continued growth and excellence in the field of veterinary photobiomodulation therapy. It will be a well‐used addition to our own libraries.

John C. Godbold, Jr., D.V.M.Jackson, Tennessee

Ronald J. Riegel., D.V.M.Marysville, Ohio

Preface

The United Nations fortuitously proclaimed 2015 as the International Year of Light and Light‐Based Technologies. This seemed most apropos to me at the time, for it would also be the year I would begin to meet and work with many of the luminaries of veterinary laser medicine and surgery.

Having just finished a year of study and certification on the subject, I was then looking forward to my first conference of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery. While there, I attended lectures on laser therapy delivered by Dr. Juanita Anders and Dr. Praveen Arany. It was at these that I first heard the word “photobiomodulation,” and as I listened, I had the distinct sense of being present at an important milestone in science and medicine, the introduction of a new term and definition to our lexicon.

Another of those luminaries lecturing that week was Dr. Ron Riegel, one of several veterinarians speaking about laser applications in veterinary medicine. It was the first of many such lectures I have since heard from Dr. Riegel, and after bearing witness numerous times to his extensive expertise, his infectious exuberance, and his appreciable passion for this field, it came as absolutely no surprise to me that he would later go on with my first and most notable laser teacher, Dr. John C. Godbold Jr., to create the first edition of Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine.

The surprise came later when they both asked me to create the second edition.

Seeking assistance, I welcomed Dr. Godbold's recommendation of Dr. Lisa Miller. I had heard Dr. Miller speak at an American Institute of Medical Laser Applications function on the use of laser therapy for osteoarthritis, and from Dr. Godbold's confident description of her expertise, I knew she would be exactly what this project needed.

Our ideas for a second edition text were congruent from the beginning. We wanted to see the first edition text respected while also being updated with as much new information as possible. Indeed, the reader will note hundreds of new references, the majority of which are dated after the first edition's publication. We sought in this update to focus solely on photobiomodulation and the diagnostic technology that supports it, make it approachable and clinically usable by readers globally without specifically being beholden to singular techniques or equipment, and continue to provide more complete dose and parameter recommendations than previously available.

We wished to continue to push the envelope and offer better patient care as well as encourage both laser researchers and laser manufacturers to move forward with studies that challenge previous thoughts and technology innovations. We also wanted to add new content (particularly regarding veterinary oncology) while prompting our veterinary colleagues to continue to think outside the box, to consider treating new patients or conditions they may not have previously considered treating, and to utilize that same “veterinary ingenuity” that first interested them in this modality to begin with – something that John C. Godbold Jr. would always value and emphasize in his lectures. Colloquially (for now, anyway), while the first edition might say, “Never shine it in their eyes,” this second edition would now say, “Don't shine it in their eyes – not yet.”

The history of photobiomodulation research and clinical application is rather unfortunately marked by a plethora of underdosed and poorly or incorrectly reported parameters. It is for this reason that we further wish to encourage those desiring to perform research within the veterinary community to reach out to colleagues in the photobiomodulation world and learn more about how to optimally execute and report parameters with this exciting and effective modality, so that we can all continue to improve our knowledge base and optimize outcomes for our patients without repeating research and reporting mistakes of the past.

We certainly look forward with anticipation to exploring and discussing tomorrow's discoveries, innovations, and collaborations in future editions to come. Until then, we sincerely hope this new edition serves you well.

April 29, 2024

Christopher J. Winkler, DVMLisa A. Miller, DVM

Disclaimer

Please read the statements and the therapeutic protocols within this text carefully before utilizing any of this information. The information and recommendations are based on previously published scientific information and years of practice, clinical, and research experience by the contributing authors.

Knowledge about photobiomodulation (PBMT) is constantly changing through ongoing research, clinical trials, and day‐to‐day clinical experience. The information within this text is presented for educational purposes only and is designed to be a reference to complement formal training about laser therapy.

This text contains neither complete nor comprehensive information about any of the conditions addressed, and each condition should be evaluated on an individual basis in each patient prior to surgery. This text is not a substitute for professional advice, care, diagnosis, or treatment. It is the sole responsibility of the veterinarian, veterinary technician, veterinary assistant, and veterinary therapist to gain the knowledge and comply with all federal, national, provincial, state, and local laws regarding the use of therapeutic and surgical lasers for any condition. Dr. Christopher Winkler, Dr. Lisa Miller, all of the contributing authors of this text, and anyone involved with the publication of this text expressly disclaim any and all responsibility and legal liability for any kind of loss or risk, personal or otherwise, which is the result of the direct or indirect use or application of any of the material within this text.

Part IThe History of Laser Therapy

1A Brief History of Laser Therapy

Christopher J. Winkler

Suffolk Veterinary Group Animal Wellness and Laser Surgery Center, Selden, NY, USA

1st Edition Contributor:

Ronald J. Riegel

American Institute of Medical Laser Applications, Marysville, OH, USA

Treatment with Light

Heliotherapy. Phototherapy. Light therapy. Cultures around the world have attributed many names to this remedy as they have practiced it in various forms over the past several millennia. Healers in Egypt and India used sunlight to treat leucoderma 3500 years ago (Hönigsmann, 2013). Physicians in Ancient Greece and Rome – including renowned Greek historian Herodotus in the sixth century BCE, and Hippocrates, the father of medicine – also realized the benefits of such therapy (Ellinger, 1957). Likewise, the Inca and Assyrian cultures worshiped the sun with the belief that it would bring them health. There are records in the Buddhist literature from around 200 CE and Chinese documentation from the tenth century recording similar therapeutic effects from light.

Niels Ryberg Finsen, a Faroese physician and scientist of Icelandic descent, is widely regarded as the original proponent of phototherapy. In 1903, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the successful treatment of diseases using phototherapy, specifically lupus vulgaris, a skin infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Nobel Prize, 2014b). He also famously utilized ultraviolet light to treat smallpox lesions (Nobel Lectures, 1967).

A Closer Look

In the seventeenth century, Sir Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could disassemble or separate white light into seven different visible colors, a phenomenon he described in his book Opticks (Newton, 1704). Newton first used the word spectrum (Latin for “appearance” or “apparition”) while describing refracted light in 1671. Today we also use another word to describe these and other colors of light: wavelengths.