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Discover the latest edition of the cornerstone reference on periodontology and implant dentistry that combines scholarship and science with practical clinical instruction The Seventh Edition of Lindhe's Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry brings together a distinguished team of periodontal specialists and academics who deliver another must-have resource for students, researchers, and practitioners specializing in periodontal care and implant dentistry. Seamlessly integrating the foundational science behind periodontology with practical clinical protocols in two comprehensive volumes, the chapters cover anatomy, microbiology, occlusion trauma, pathology, tissue regeneration, treatment planning protocols, infection control, reconstructive therapy, occlusal and prosthetic therapy, and more. The Seventh Edition of Lindhe's Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry: * Provides an introduction to anatomy, including periodontal tissues, the edentulous ridge, the mucosa at teeth and implants, and osseointegration * Discusses the epidemiology of periodontal and peri-implant diseases * Explores the microbiology, including dental biofilms and calculus, periodontal infections, peri-implant infections, the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis, and the genetic susceptibility to periodontal disease * Includes the latest perio- and peri-implant disease classifications * Contains updated evidence-based preventive and treatment modalities for the treatment of periodontal and peri-implant diseases * Features the latest evidence-based therapeutic alternatives on the use of dental implants to rehabilitate the lost dentition Perfect for postgraduate dental students, researchers, and practitioners specializing in periodontal care and implant dentistry, Lindhe's Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry continues to be the cornerstone reference work on periodontology.
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Seitenzahl: 4169
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
Cover
Volume 1: BASIC CONCEPTS
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contributors
Preface
Part 1: Anatomy
Chapter 1: Anatomy and Histology of Periodontal Tissues
Introduction
Gingiva
Periodontal ligament
Root cementum
Bone of the alveolar process
Blood supply of the periodontium
Lymphatic system of the periodontium
Nerves of the periodontium
Acknowledgment
References and further reading
Chapter 2: Bone as a Living Organ
Introduction
Development
Structure
Function
Skeletal homeostasis
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: The Edentulous Ridge
Clinical considerations
Topography of the alveolar process
From an alveolar process to an edentulous ridge
Topography of the edentulous ridge: summary
References
Chapter 4: The Mucosa at Teeth and Implants
Gingiva
Peri-implant mucosa
Probing gingiva and peri-implant mucosa
Dimensions of the buccal soft tissue at implants
Dimensions of the papilla between teeth and implants
Dimensions of the “papilla” between adjacent implants
References
Chapter 5: Osseointegration
Introduction
Implant installation
Process of osseointegration
Morphogenesis of osseointegration
References
Part 2: Epidemiology
Chapter 6: Epidemiology of Periodontitis
Introduction
Methodological issues
Prevalence of periodontitis
Risk factors for periodontitis
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 7: Epidemiology of Peri-Implant Diseases
Introduction
Disease definition
Case definition
Examination methods
Prevalence of peri-implant diseases
Etiology of peri-implant diseases
Risk factors for peri-implant diseases
Concluding remarks
References
Part 3: Microbiology
Chapter 8: Dental Biofilms and Calculus
Introduction
The human microbiome
The oral microbiome
The mouth as a microbial habitat
Methods to determine the composition and function of the oral microbiome
The development and composition of the oral microbiome
Dental biofilm formation
The significance of a biofilm and community lifestyle for microorganisms
Benefits to the host of a resident oral microbiota.
Biofilms on implant surfaces
Dental calculus
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Periodontal and Peri-Implant Infections
Periodontal infections
Peri-implant infections
Acknowledgment
References
Part 4: Host–Parasite Interactions
Chapter 10: Pathogenesis of Gingivitis and Periodontitis
Introduction
Gingivitis
Factors influencing the pathogenesis of gingivitis
Periodontitis
Conversion of gingivitis to periodontitis
Control of the Th1/Th2 balance
Autoimmunity
Connective tissue matrix destruction
Bone loss
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Systemic and Environmental Modifying Factors
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus
Tobacco smoking
Obesity and nutrition
Osteoporosis
Stress
References
Chapter 12: Genetic Susceptibility to Periodontal Disease
Introduction
Evidence for the role of genetics in periodontitis
Heritability
Gene mutation of major effect on human disease and its association with periodontitis
Identification of genetic risk factors of periodontitis
Epigenetic signatures
From genetic disease susceptibility to improved oral care
References
Part 5: Trauma from Occlusion
Chapter 13: Effect of Load on Periodontal and Peri-Implant Tissues
INTRODUCTION
PART I: PERIODONTAL TISSUES
Definition and terminology
Occlusal trauma and plaque-associated periodontal disease
Conclusion
PART II: PERI-IMPLANT TISSUES
Orthodontic loading and alveolar bone
Bone reactions to functional loading
Excessive occlusal load on implants
Static and cyclic loads on implants
Load and loss of osseointegration
Masticatory occlusal forces on implants
Tooth–implant supported reconstructions
References
Part 6: Periodontal Pathology
Chapter 14: Non-Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases
Introduction
Genetic/developmental disorders
Specific infections
Inflammatory and immune conditions
Reactive processes
Neoplasms
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases
Traumatic lesions
Gingival pigmentation
References
Chapter 15: Plaque-Induced Gingivitis
Clinical features of plaque-induced gingivitis
Diagnostic criteria to assess a gingivitis lesion
Diagnostic criteria to define and grade a gingivitis case
Epidemiology of gingivitis
Impact of gingivitis on patient-reported quality of life
Impact of gingivitis on systemic inflammation
Prognostic value of gingivitis
Potential modifying factors of plaque-induced gingivitis
Prevention and management of plaque-induced gingivitis
References
Chapter 16: Current Classification of Periodontitis
Introduction
A brief historical perspective: recently used periodontitis classification systems
Need for the new classification
Key concepts and ground rules of the new classification of periodontitis
Implementation of the current classification: clinical examples
Interpretational challenges and “gray zones”
The value of the 2018 periodontitis classification
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 17: Effect of Periodontal Diseases on General Health: Periodontal Medicine
Introduction
Atherosclerotic vascular disease
Diabetes mellitus
Adverse pregnancy outcomes
Chronic renal disease
Cognitive decline/dementia
Cancer
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases (Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes): Biological Perspectives for Oral/Periodontal Implications
Introduction
Plausibility of periodontal disease as a risk factor for diseases at distant tissues
Biological plausibility of a link between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases
Biological plausibility of a link between periodontal diseases and diabetes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Abscesses, Necrotizing Lesions of the Periodontium, and Endo-Periodontal Lesions
Introduction
Abscesses in the periodontium
Necrotizing periodontal diseases
Endo-periodontal lesions
Summary
References
Part 7: Peri-implant Pathology
Chapter 20: Peri-Implant Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis
Introduction
Healthy peri-implant mucosa
Peri-implant mucositis
Peri-implantitis
Conclusion
References
Part 8: Tissue Regeneration
Chapter 21: Periodontal Wound Healing and Regeneration
Introduction
Wound healing: Outcomes and definitions
Wound healing biology
Periodontal wound healing
Advanced regenerative approaches to periodontal tissue reconstruction
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Volume 2: CLINICAL CONCEPTS
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contributors
Part 9: Examination Protocols
Chapter 22: Examination of Patients
Patient’s history
Genetic testing before periodontal and implant therapy
Signs and symptoms of periodontal diseases and their assessment
Diagnosis and classification of periodontitis
Oral hygiene status
Additional dental examinations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Diagnostic Imaging of the Periodontal and Implant Patient
Introduction
Basic principles of diagnostic imaging in dental medicine
Diagnostic imaging in periodontology
Diagnostic imaging in oral implantology
Conclusions and future outlook
References
Chapter 24: Patient-Specific Risk Assessment for Implant Therapy
Introduction
Systemic factors
Untreated periodontitis and oral hygiene habits
History of treated periodontitis
Compliance with supportive therapy
Tobacco use history
Genetic susceptibility traits
Conclusion
References
Part 10: Treatment Planning Protocols
Chapter 25: Treatment Planning of Patients with Periodontal Diseases
Introduction
Treatment goals
Screening for periodontal disease
Diagnosis
Treatment planning
Case presentations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Systemic Phase of Therapy
Introduction
Protection of the dental team and their patients against infectious diseases
Protection of the patient’s health
Prevention of complications
Systemic diseases, disorders, or conditions influencing pathogenesis and healing potential
Specific medications: bisphosphonates as a threat to implant therapy
Control of anxiety and pain
Conclusion
References
Part 11: Initial Periodontal Therapy (Infection Control)
Chapter 27: Oral Hygiene Motivation
Health behavior change counseling in periodontal care
Evidence for health behavior change counseling
Understanding health behavior change counseling
The patient activation fabric
Case examples
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Mechanical Supragingival Plaque Control
Importance of supragingival plaque removal
Self-performed plaque control
Toothbrushing
Interdental cleaning
Dentifrices
Side effects
Importance of instruction and motivation in mechanical plaque control
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 29: Chemical Dental Biofilm Control
Rationale for supragingival biofilm control
Oral hygiene products
Mechanical biofilm control
Limitations of mechanical biofilm control
Chemical biofilm control
Mechanism of action
Evaluation of activity of agents for chemical biofilm control
Active agents
Delivery formats
Clinical indications for chemical plaque control: selection of agents
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30: Non-Surgical Therapy
Introduction
Goal of non-surgical pocket/root instrumentation
Debridement, scaling, and root planing
Instruments used for non-surgical pocket/root debridement
Approaches to subgingival debridement
Clinical outcomes following various approaches to pocket/root instrumentation
Microbiologic outcomes following various approaches to pocket/root instrumentation
Considerations in relation to selection of instruments and treatment approach
Re-evaluation following initial non-surgical periodontal treatment
Efficacy of repeated non-surgical pocket/root instrumentation
References
Chapter 31: Treatment of Acute Periodontal and Endo-Periodontal Lesions
Introduction
Treatment of periodontal abscesses
Treatment of necrotizing periodontal diseases
Treatment of endo-periodontal lesions
References
Part 12: Additional Therapy
Chapter 32: Periodontal Surgery
Introduction
Techniques in periodontal surgery (historical perspective)
Techniques in periodontal surgery (current perspective)
Specific surgical interventions for papilla management
Outcomes of surgical periodontal therapy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 33: Treatment of Furcation-Involved Teeth
Anatomy
Diagnosis of furcation involvement
Furcations and risk of tooth loss
Treatment options
Long-term maintenance of teeth with furcation involvement
References
Chapter 34: Non-Surgical Therapy of Peri-Implant Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis
Introduction
Non-surgical therapy of peri-implant mucositis
Non-surgical therapy of peri-implantitis
References
Chapter 35: Surgical Treatment of Peri-Implantitis
Introduction and goals of surgical therapy
Implant surface decontamination
Pocket elimination/reduction procedures
Reconstructive procedures
Conclusion
References
Chapter 36: Systemic Antibiotics in Periodontal Therapy
Introduction
Microbiological basis for periodontal treatment
Rationale for the use of adjunctive systemic antibiotics in periodontal treatment
Systemic antibiotics in periodontal therapy
Which antimicrobial(s) would provide the most predictable results? A historical perspective
Use of systemic antimicrobials: associated risks
Emergence of resistant strains/global increase in antibiotic resistance
Concluding remarks and recommendations for clinical practice
References
Chapter 37: Local Antimicrobial Delivery for the Treatment of Periodontitis and Peri-Implant Diseases
General principles of local drug delivery
Local antimicrobial delivery for the treatment of periodontitis
Local antimicrobial delivery for the treatment of peri-implant diseases
References
Part 13: Reconstructive Therapy
Chapter 38: Regenerative Periodontal Therapy
Introduction
Classification and diagnosis of periodontal osseous defects
Clinical indications
Long-term effects and benefits of regeneration
Evidence for clinical efficacy and effectiveness
Patient, defect, and tooth prognostic factors
Factors affecting the clinical outcomes in furcations
Relevance of the surgical approach
Surgical approach to intrabony defects
Barrier materials for regenerative surgery
Bone replacement grafts
Biologically active regenerative materials
Combination therapy
Clinical potential and limits for regeneration
Clinical strategies
Clinical flowcharts
Conclusion
References
Chapter 39: Mucogingival Therapy: Periodontal Plastic Surgery
Introduction
Mucogingival conditions
Mucogingival condition without gingival recession
Mucogingival condition with gingival recessions
Root coverage procedures
Interdental papilla reconstruction
Crown-lengthening procedures
References
Part 14: Surgery for Implant Installation
Chapter 40: Timing of Implant Placement
Introduction
Type 1 placement as part of the same surgical procedure as and immediately following tooth extraction
Type 2 placement: completed soft tissue coverage of the tooth socket
Type 3 placement: substantial bone fill has occurred in the extraction socket
Type 4 placement: alveolar process is healed following tooth loss
Clinical concepts
Conclusion
References
Part 15: Reconstructive Ridge Therapy
Chapter 41: Ridge Augmentation Procedures
Introduction: principles of alveolar bone regeneration
Treatment objectives
Diagnosis and treatment planning
Biologic principles of guided bone regeneration
Regenerative materials
Evidence‐based results for ridge augmentation procedures
Emerging technologies
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 42: Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation
The maxillary sinus
Options for the rehabilitation of the posterior edentulous maxilla
Maxillary sinus floor augmentation techniques
Summary
References
Part 16: Occlusal and Prosthetic Therapy
Chapter 43: Tooth-Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses
Clinical symptoms of trauma from occlusion
Treatment of increased tooth mobility
References
Chapter 44: Implant-Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses
Introduction
Indications for implants in the posterior dentition
Diagnostics
General considerations and decision-making for implants in the posterior dentition
Applied clinical concepts
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 45: Implants in the Zone of Esthetic Priority
Introduction
Patient safety first: how to protect patients from avoidable harm?
Preoperative diagnostics
Preoperative risk assessment
Provisional restorations and timing of the treatment sequences
Surgical considerations when dealing with implants in the zone of esthetic priority
Clinical concepts for replacement of a single missing tooth
Clinical concepts for replacement of multiple missing teeth
Prosthetic reconstruction in the zone of esthetic priority
Adverse esthetic outcomes
Concluding remarks and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 46: Technical Complications in Implant Dentistry
Introduction
Implant fractures
Implant complications
Abutment and abutment screw complications
Residual cement as a technical problem
Prosthesis attrition and fracture
Prevention of technical complications
Conclusion
References
Part 17: Orthodontics and Periodontics
Chapter 47: Tooth Movement in the Periodontally Compromised Patient
Introduction: biologic principles of orthodontic tooth movement
Periodontal and orthodontic diagnosis
Treatment planning
Orthodontic treatment
Specific orthodontic tooth movements
Orthodontic tooth movements and periodontal regeneration
Pathologic tooth migration
Multidisciplinary treatment of esthetic problems
References
Part 18: Supportive Care
Chapter 48: Supportive Periodontal Therapy
Introduction
Definition
Basic paradigms for the prevention of periodontal disease
Patients at risk for periodontitis without regular supportive periodontal therapy
Supportive periodontal therapy for patients with gingivitis
Supportive periodontal therapy for patients with periodontitis
Continuous multilevel risk assessment
Objectives for supportive periodontal therapy
Supportive periodontal therapy in daily practice
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Chapter 3
Table 3-1 Average amount of resorption of tooth extraction in different tooth ar...
Chapter 6
Table 6-1 Selected population-representative studies of periodontitis prevale...
Table 6-2 Selected prevalence studies of periodontitis in elderly subjects. (...
Table 6-3 Selected prevalence studies of periodontitis in adolescents and you...
Table 6-4 Genes mapping to single nucleotide polymorphisms reported to have a...
Table 6-5 Genes mapping to single nucleotide polymorphisms reported to have a...
Chapter 7
Table 7-1 Case definitions of peri-implant diseases suggested by the 2017 Wor...
Table 7-2 Selection of studies on the prevalence of peri-implant diseases and...
Table 7-3 Selection of studies on potential risk factors for peri-implant muc...
Table 7-4 Selection of studies on potential risk factors for peri-implantitis...
Table 7-5 Selection of studies on potential risk factors for peri-implantitis...
Chapter 11
Table 11-1 Potential modifiers of periodontal health.
Chapter 12
Table 12-1 Concordance rates for early-onset periodontitis in twins.
Table 12-2 Heritability estimates for clinical parameters of periodontitis.
Table 12-3 Number of identified risk gene variants for a selection of inflamm...
Chapter 13
Table 13-1 Buccal and lingual percentages of the level of osseointegration (b...
Table 13-2 Buccal and lingual percentages of alveolar bone height in relation...
Chapter 15
Table 15-1 Common clinical changes from gingival health to gingivitis.
Table 15-2 Gingival indices.
Table 15-3 Diagnostic look-up table for gingival health or plaque-induced gin...
Table 15-4 Prevalence of gingivitis as derived from national, large-scale epi...
Chapter 16
Table 16-1 Evolution of the classification systems of periodontal diseases ov...
Table 16-2 Classification of periodontitis based on Stages defined by Severit...
Table 16-3 Classification of periodontitis based on Grades that reflect biolo...
Chapter 17
Table 17-1 Selected epidemiologic studies with sample size >1000, associating...
Table 17-2 Selected epidemiologic studies with sample size >1000, associating...
Table 17-3 Selected epidemiologic studies with sample size >1000, associating...
Table 17-4 Summary of the evidence on the effect of periodontal therapy on su...
Chapter 18
Table 18-1 Studies reporting reduced diversity in the periodontal microbiome ...
Chapter 19
Table 19-1 Classification of periodontal abscesses, based on the etiological ...
Table 19-2 Microbiological features of periodontal abscesses: frequency of de...
Table 19-3 Differential diagnosis of periodontal abscesses, as shown in diffe...
Table 19-4 Systemic complications of periodontal abscesses.
Table 19-5 Classification of necrotizing periodontal diseases, based on the p...
Table 19-6 Differential diagnosis of necrotizing periodontal diseases in case...
Table 19-7 Endo-periodontal lesions classification. (Source: Herrera
et al
. 20...
Table 19-8 Main characteristics of the endo-periodontal lesions, stratified b...
Table 19-9 Risk factors reported in clinical studies that evaluated endo-peri...
Table 19-10 Studies that evaluated the microbiota of endo-periodontal lesions...
Chapter 21
Table 21-1 Healing patterns in the periodontal tissues.
Table 21-2 Outcomes of periodontal wound healing.
Table 21-3 Applications of cell therapies for periodontal tissue engineering.
Chapter 22
Table 22-1 Periodontitis stages I–IV according to Tonetti
et al
. (2018).
Table 22-2 Periodontitis grades A to C according to Tonetti
et al
. (2018).
Chapter 26
Table 26-1 Absolute risk following dental interventions. (Source: Adapted fro...
Table 26-2 Consensus of The American Heart Association, the European Society ...
Table 26-3 The use of antibacterial prophylaxis in high-risk cases should be ...
Chapter 28
Table 28-1 Interdental cleaning methods recommended for particular situations...
Chapter 29
Table 29-1 Summary of meta-analyses of 6-month, home-use, randomized clinical...
Table 29-2 Summary of meta-analyses of 6-month home-use randomized clinical t...
Chapter 30
Table 30-1 Predicted probability of pocket closure (probing pocket depth ≤4 m...
Chapter 31
Table 31-1 Treatment protocols for endo-periodontal lesions reported in publi...
Chapter 33
Table 33-1 Recommended classification of furcation involvement (Sources: Hamp
Table 33-2 Furcation closure/conversion (class II to class I) after 12 months...
Chapter 34
Table 34-1 Studies reporting disease resolution (absence of bleeding on probi...
Table 34-2 Studies reporting disease resolution following non-surgical treatm...
Chapter 35
Table 35-1 Clinical studies evaluating surgical therapy of peri-implantitis: ...
Table 35-2 Clinical studies evaluating surgical therapy of peri-implantitis: ...
Chapter 37
Table 37-1 Randomized clinical trials of at least 6-month duration, evaluatin...
Table 37-2 Brand names and product description of the tested products, in alp...
Chapter 38
Table 38-1 Survival analysis of regenerated periodontal attachment over a 16-...
Table 38-2 Outcomes of regression analyses performed to explain variability i...
Table 38-3 Comparison between clinical studies of conventional versus those o...
Table 38-4 Clinical outcomes of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) treatment of...
Table 38-5 Controlled clinical trials comparing clinical outcomes of guided t...
Table 38-6 Clinical outcomes and weighted mean of guided tissue regeneration ...
Table 38-7 Controlled clinical trials comparing clinical outcomes of guided t...
Table 38-8 Controlled clinical trials comparing clinical outcomes of guided t...
Table 38-9 Controlled clinical trials evaluating the combined effects of deca...
Chapter 39
Table 39-1 Mucogingival deformities and conditions around teeth. (Source: Cor...
Table 39-2 Diagnostic table for treatment support of gingival recessions.
Chapter 40
Table 40-1 Classification of types 1–4 implant placements, and advantages and...
Chapter 41
Table 41-1 Clinical studies of growth factors for periodontal, peri-implant a...
Chapter 44
Table 44.1 Implant loading protocols. (Sources: Gallucci
et al
. 2018; Morton
e
...
Chapter 45
Table 45-1 Therapeutic modalities for tooth replacement in the zone of esthet...
Table 45-2 Risk factors for implant placement in the zone of esthetic importa...
Chapter 48
Table 48-1 Percentage of sites showing various changes in probing attachment ...
Table 48-2 Percentage of various probing depths in supportive periodontal thera...
Table 48-3 Results from multilevel logistic regression models for the associa...
Chapter 1
Fig. 1-1 A tooth and its periodontal tissues consisting of gingiva (G), peri...
Fig. 1-2 Light micrograph of a tooth germ at the cap stage with the dental o...
Fig. 1-3 Light micrograph illustrating the edge of a developing tooth root w...
Fig. 1-4 Transmission electron micrograph illustrating the attachment of the...
Fig. 1-5 Frontal view of the masticatory and lining mucosa. The arrows indic...
Fig. 1-6 Masticatory mucosa lining the hard palate. There is no mucogingival...
Fig. 1-7 Three parts of the gingiva can be identified: the free gingiva (FG)...
Fig. 1-8 A periodontal probe has been inserted into a clinically healthy too...
Fig. 1-9 Frontal view showing the shape of the interdental papillae in the a...
Fig. 1-10 (a) Premolar/molar regions of the dentition exhibit an approximal ...
Fig. 1-11 Clinical view on the mucosal tissues. The mucogingival junction (a...
Fig. 1-12 Widths of the vestibular maxillary and mandibular gingivae (a) as ...
Fig. 1-13 Minimal width of the vestibular gingiva in the premolar region of ...
Fig. 1-14 Width of attached gingiva in two age cohorts of 20–30 years and 40...
Fig. 1-15 (a) The dentogingival unit. The gingiva consists of three epitheli...
Fig. 1-16 Wax model illustrating the surface of the oral gingival epithelium...
Fig. 1-17 Wax model of the connective tissue subjacent to the oral gingival ...
Fig. 1-18 (a) Conspicuous stippling of the masticatory mucosa of the gingiva...
Fig. 1-19 The four layers of the oral gingival epithelium: (1) stratum basal...
Fig. 1-20 “Clear cells” (arrows) located in or near the stratum basale of th...
Fig. 1-21 The cells in the basal layer of the oral gingival epithelium are a...
Fig. 1-22 Cell proliferation in the basal layer of the oral gingival epithel...
Fig. 1-23 A basement membrane (arrows), positive for periodic acid-Schiff (P...
Fig. 1-24 Transmission electron micrograph (magnification ×70 000) illustrat...
Fig. 1-25 Light micrograph depicting an area of the stratum spinosum in the ...
Fig. 1-26 Transmission electron micrograph of stratum spinosum highlighting ...
Fig. 1-27 The composition of a desmosome. AP, attachment plaque; GM, granula...
Fig. 1-28 Transmission electron micrograph illustrating a melanocyte (MC) su...
Fig. 1-29 The frontal view of the gingiva and alveolar mucosa. Distinct pigm...
Fig. 1-30 A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. From the basal layer...
Fig. 1-31 Photomicrograph of the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum (SC)...
Fig. 1-32 Photomicrograph illustrating a portion of the epithelium of the al...
Fig. 1-33 The development of the dentogingival junction during tooth eruptio...
Fig. 1-34 Histologic section through the border area between the tooth and t...
Fig. 1-35 Histologic section showing the junctional epithelium (JE) at the b...
Fig. 1-36 Light (a) and transmission electron (b-d) micrographs illustrating...
Fig. 1-37 The most apically positioned cell in the junctional epithelium. Th...
Fig. 1-38 A fibroblast (F) residing in a network of connective tissue fibril...
Fig. 1-39 Transmission electron micrograph illustrating a part of a fibrobla...
Fig. 1-40 Transmission electron micrograph showing a mast cell. The cytoplas...
Fig. 1-41 Transmission electron micrograph demonstrating a macrophage. E, ro...
Fig. 1-42 Transmission electron micrographs showing a polymorphonuclear leuk...
Fig. 1-43 Transmission electron micrograph demonstrating cross-sections and ...
Fig. 1-44 Some important features of the synthesis and composition of collag...
Fig. 1-45 Light micrograph showing reticulin fibers adjacent to the basement...
Fig. 1-46 Light micrograph demonstrating oxytalan fibers (arrows) in the per...
Fig. 1-47 Light micrograph illustrating elastic fibers (arrows) in the lamin...
Fig. 1-48 The arrangement of collagen fiber bundles in the gingiva in a bucc...
Fig. 1-49 Histologic section illustrating the orientation of the trans-septa...
Fig. 1-50 A buccal site in a monkey where the gingiva (G) and the alveolar m...
Fig. 1-51 The same area as seen in Fig. 1-50, but 4 months later. The transp...
Fig. 1-52 Histologic section through the transplanted gingiva (G) seen in Fi...
Fig. 1-53 Histologic section through the coronal portion of the area of tran...
Fig. 1-54 The development of the new, narrow zone of keratinized gingiva see...
Fig. 1-55 A portion of gingival connective tissue (G) and alveolar mucosal c...
Fig. 1-56 The transplanted gingival connective tissue (G) after re-epithelia...
Fig. 1-57 Two histologic sections through the area of the transplanted gingi...
Fig. 1-58 Radiograph of a mandibular premolar region. Two types of alveolar ...
Fig. 1-59 This schematic drawing illustrates how the periodontal ligament is...
Fig. 1-60 The various stages in the organization of the periodontal ligament...
Fig. 1-61 The development of the principal periodontal ligament fibers. (a) ...
Fig. 1-62 Histologic sections viewed under transmitted (a) and polarized (b)...
Fig. 1-63 (a) Light micrograph showing three clusters of epithelial cells, c...
Fig. 1-64 Transmission electron micrograph illustrating epithelial cell rest...
Fig. 1-65 Photomicrograph of a periodontal ligament removed from an extracte...
Fig. 1-66 Photomicrographs illustrating the tooth attachment apparatus. (a) ...
Fig. 1-67 Light (a) and transmission electron (b) micrographs illustrating t...
Fig. 1-68 These photomicrographs illustrate the developmental stages of the ...
Fig. 1-69 Scanning (a) and transmission (b) electron micrographs illustratin...
Fig. 1-70 Transmission electron micrographs of acellular extrinsic fiber cem...
Fig. 1-71 Ground sections viewed under polarized light illustrating (a) cell...
Fig. 1-72 Transmission electron micrographs illustrating (a) the surface of ...
Fig. 1-73 Cross-section through the alveolar process (pars alveolaris) of th...
Fig. 1-74 Cross-sections through the mandibular alveolar process at levels c...
Fig. 1-75 Buccal aspect of the jaws. The bone coverage of the roots is occas...
Fig. 1-76 Vertical sections through various regions of the mandibular dentit...
Fig. 1-77 Histologic section illustrating the bone of the interproximal sept...
Fig. 1-78 Histologic section showing the bone tissue within the furcation ar...
Fig. 1-79 Histologic section through the furcation area showing the alveolar...
Fig. 1-80 The composition of the hard tissue of the furcation area in Fig. 1...
Fig. 1-81 Histologic section showing a portion of lamellar bone that contain...
Fig. 1-82 Micrograph showing the borderline between the alveolar bone proper...
Fig. 1-83 Histologic sections showing numerous osteocytes (OC) that reside i...
Fig. 1-84 How osteocytes (OC), present in lacunae in the mineralized bone ma...
Fig. 1-85 Transmission electron micrograph showing an osteocyte residing in ...
Fig. 1-86 How neighboring osteocytes (OC) communicate with each other via th...
Fig. 1-87 Histologic section illustrating bone. Osteoblasts (arrows) are san...
Fig. 1-88 Micrograph of a horizontal section illustrating the tooth attachme...
Fig. 1-89 Micrograph illustrating three resorption sites lined with osteocla...
Fig. 1-90 Histologic section of compact bone illustrating a bone multicellul...
Fig. 1-91 Histologic sections illustrating the sequence of bone remodeling w...
Fig. 1-92 Micrograph illustrating the insertion of periodontal ligament (PDL...
Fig. 1-93 The blood supply to the teeth and the periodontal tissues. a.a.i.,...
Fig. 1-94 The blood supply to the gingivae. a.ap., posterior superior dental...
Fig. 1-95 The course of the greater palatine artery (a.p.) in a monkey speci...
Fig. 1-96 An anastomosis (arrow) between the facial artery (a.f.) and the bl...
Fig. 1-97 Illustration of a vestibular segment of the maxilla and mandible f...
Fig. 1-98 Blood vessels (arrows) originating from vessels in the periodontal...
Fig. 1-99 Blood vessels in the gingiva in a specimen from a monkey perfused ...
Fig. 1-100 Higher magnification of a cleared specimen illustrating how the s...
Fig. 1-101 Higher magnification of a cleared specimen illustrating the dento...
Fig. 1-102 The blood supply to the free gingiva. The main blood supply to th...
Fig. 1-103 Cleared specimen through a tooth (T) with its periodontium. Blood...
Fig. 1-104 Cleared specimen illustrating the blood vessels in the periodonta...
Fig. 1-105 The blood supply of the periodontium. The blood vessels in the pe...
Fig. 1-106 The so-called extravascular circulation (small arrows) through wh...
Fig. 1-107 The lymph system in the periodontium. cp, deep cervical lymph nod...
Fig. 1-108 The various regions of the gingiva that are innervated by end bra...
Fig. 1-109 Photomicrograph showing small nerves (arrows) that have emerged f...
Chapter 2
Fig. 2-1 Bone as an organ. The bone organ encompasses a number of complex ti...
Fig. 2-2 Bone development. There are two types of process involved in bone d...
Fig. 2-3 Osseous matrix. The extracellular matrix in bone is particularly ab...
Fig. 2-4 Osteoblast. Osteoblasts are derived from bone marrow osteoprogenito...
Fig. 2-5 Osteocytes. The osteocyte can be defined as the orchestrator of the...
Fig. 2-6 Osteocytes: lacunocanalicular system in disease. (a) In healthy bon...
Fig. 2-7 Osteoclasts. (a) Histologically, osteoclasts can be depicted morpho...
Fig. 2-8 Bone formation/resorption coupling. Bone formation and resorption p...
Fig. 2-9 Bone remodeling. The bone remodeling cycle involves a complex serie...
Fig. 2-10 Calcium and bone metabolism. Calcium homeostasis is of major impor...
Fig. 2-11 Bone multicellular units (BMU). Bone remodeling occurs in local gr...
Fig. 2-12 Alveolar socket healing sites over time. (a) Rodent extraction mod...
Fig. 2-13 Gene expression pattern of tooth extraction healing sites. Laser c...
Fig. 2-14 Osteoporosis. In osteoporosis, there is decreased cortical thickne...
Fig. 2-15 Bone mineral density (BMD). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA...
Fig. 2-16 Osteopetrosis. Increased density and deposits of mineralized bone ...
Fig. 2-17 Osteomalacia. (a, c) Normal matrix mineralization and maturation. ...
Chapter 3
Fig. 3-1 Buccal aspect of adult skull preparations illustrating a dentate ma...
Fig. 3-2 Buccolingual histologic section of the alveolar process. (a) Tooth ...
Fig. 3-3 (a) Clinical view of a partially edentulous maxilla. Note that the ...
Fig. 3-4 Buccal aspect of a skull preparation illustrating a fully edentulou...
Fig. 3-5 Profile of the mandibular bone following tooth extraction at 2 days...
Fig. 3-6 Clinical view of an edentulous ridge in the maxillary premolar regi...
Fig. 3-7 Radiographic (subtraction radiography) images of an extraction site...
Fig. 3-8 Histologic sections of an edentulous site obtained from the maxilla...
Fig. 3-9 (a) A classification of residual jaw shape and (b) jaw bone quality...
Fig. 3-10 (a) Cone-beam tomogram of the premolar region of the maxilla. The ...
Fig. 3-11 (a) A mandibular premolar site (from a dog model) from which the d...
Fig. 3-12 Histologic section showing the mesiodistal aspect of a fresh extra...
Fig. 3-13 (a–h) Overall pattern of bone formation in an extraction socket. F...
Fig. 3-14 Histologic section (mesiodistal aspect) representing 1 day of heal...
Fig. 3-15 (a) Histologic section (mesiodistal aspect) representing 3 days of...
Fig. 3-16 (a) Histologic section (mesiodistal aspect) representing 7 days of...
Fig. 3-17 (a) Histologic section (mesiodistal aspect) representing 14 days o...
Fig. 3-18 (a) Histologic section (mesiodistal aspect) representing 30 days o...
Fig. 3-19 (a) Histologic section (mesiodistal aspect) representing 60 days o...
Fig. 3-20 Woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone. Woven bone with primary o...
Fig. 3-21 Histologic sections (mesiodistal aspect) describing the hard tissu...
Fig. 3-22 (a) Histologic section (buccolingual aspect) of the socket after 1...
Fig. 3-23 (a) Histologic section (buccolingual aspect) of the socket after 2...
Fig. 3-24 Histologic section (buccolingual aspect) of the socket after 4 wee...
Fig. 3-25 Histologic section (buccolingual aspect) of the socket after 8 wee...
Fig. 3-26 Histologic sections (buccolingual aspects) showing the profile of ...
Fig. 3-27 Cone-beam computed tomograms that illustrate edentulous incisor si...
Fig. 3-28 Cone-beam computed tomograms illustrating edentulous regions of th...
Fig. 3-29 Histologic section representing an edentulous maxilla. The biopsy ...
Chapter 4
Fig. 4-1 Histological section describing the dimensions of the various compo...
Fig. 4-2 A subject who belongs to the “pronounced scalloped” gingival phenot...
Fig. 4-3 A subject who belongs to the “flat” gingival phenotype. The crowns ...
Fig. 4-4 Tarnow
et al
. (1992) measured the distance between the contact poin...
Fig. 4-5 Mesiodistal section of the interproximal area between the two centr...
Fig. 4-6 Three titanium implants (Brånemark System®) were installed.
Fig. 4-7 At the end of the study, the gingiva (a) and the peri-implant mucos...
Fig. 4-8 Radiograph of the premolars in the left side of the mandible.
Fig. 4-9 Radiograph of the implants in the right side of the mandible.
Fig. 4-10 Microphotograph of a cross-section of the buccal and coronal part ...
Fig. 4-11 Higher magnification of the supracrestal connective tissue portion...
Fig. 4-12 Microphotographs of buccolingual sections of the peri-implant muco...
Fig. 4-13 Higher magnification of the apical portion of the junctional epith...
Fig. 4-14 Implants with abutments made of titanium (Ti), zirconium dioxide (...
Fig. 4-15 Microphotographs illustrating bucco-lingual sections of the peri-i...
Fig. 4-16 The mucosa at the test site was reduced to about 2 mm.
Fig. 4-17 The peri-implant mucosa at both control and test sites contained a...
Fig. 4-18 Microphotograph illustrating a buccolingual section of the peri-im...
Fig. 4-19 Microphotograph illustrating a buccolingual ground section of the ...
Fig. 4-20 Microphotograph illustrating a section of a human peri-implant muc...
Fig. 4-21 Microphotograph of the implant–connective tissue interface of the ...
Fig. 4-22 Electron micrograph of the implant–connective tissue interface. El...
Fig. 4-23 Buccolingual cleared section of the marginal portion of a tooth. T...
Fig. 4-24 (a) Buccolingual cleared section of the marginal portion of peri-i...
Fig. 4-25 Acrylic strip with a blue zone located 2 mm from the strip margin ...
Fig. 4-26 Buccolingual ground section from a tooth site illustrating the pro...
Fig. 4-27 Buccolingual ground section from an implant site illustrating the ...
Fig. 4-28 (a) An implant-supported single-tooth replacement in position 12 a...
Fig. 4-29 Comparison of mucosa thickness and probing depth at the facial asp...
Fig. 4-30 Soft tissue height adjacent to single-tooth dental implants in rel...
Fig. 4-31 Comparison of papilla height and papilla fill adjacent to single-i...
Fig. 4-32 Single implant in a mandibular premolar region. (a) Papilla fill b...
Fig. 4-33 See text for details. Arrows indicate the position of the soft tis...
Fig. 4-34 See text for details.
Chapter 5
Fig. 5-1 Ground section of a “non-cutting” implant and surrounding tissues o...
Fig. 5-2 Detail from the apical region of the implant described in Fig. 5-1....
Fig. 5-3 (a) Ground section showing a “non-cutting” implant and surrounding ...
Fig. 5-4 (a) Ground section of a self-tapping implant site from a biopsy sam...
Fig. 5-5 Ground section of an implant site with a self-tapping implant from ...
Fig. 5-6 Ground section of a self-tapping implant representing 16 months of ...
Fig. 5-7 Device used in the dog experiment. The implant is a modification of...
Fig. 5-8 The dimensions of the “wound chamber” in the implant device.
Fig. 5-9 Ground section showing the implant and adjacent tissues immediately...
Fig. 5-10 Detail of Fig. 5-9. The wound chamber was filled with blood and a ...
Fig. 5-11 Wound chamber 2 hours after implant installation. Decalcified sect...
Fig. 5-12 Wound chamber after 4 days of healing. Decalcified section. (a) Mo...
Fig. 5-13 (a) Ground section representing 1 week of healing. Note the presen...
Fig. 5-14 Ground sections showing, in various magnifications, the tissues in...
Fig. 5-15 Ground section representing 4 weeks of healing. (a) Newly formed b...
Fig. 5-16 Ground section representing 12 weeks of healing. The woven bone is...
Fig. 5-17 The percentages of new bone, old bone, bone debris, and soft tissu...
Fig. 5-18 Longitudinal ground section through a biopsy including a solid scr...
Fig. 5-19 Compact bone in direct contact with the implant surface in the cor...
Fig. 5-20 Initial stage of bone apposition onto the surface of old bone occu...
Fig. 5-21 After 1 week of healing, a considerable amount of bone debris (BD)...
Fig. 5-22 After a healing period of 1 week, old bone (OB) is still in contac...
Fig. 5-23 Area of compact old bone in contact with the most coronal portion ...
Fig. 5-24 Site characterized by active tissue modeling, in other words woven...
Fig. 5-25 Micrograph showing the implant–tissue interface of an implant site...
Fig. 5-26 Micrograph showing the implant–tissue interface and the peri-impla...
Fig. 5-27 Micrograph showing the implant–tissue interface after 6 weeks of h...
Chapter 6
Fig. 6-1 Attachment loss in a group of Japanese subjects aged 50–59 years. T...
Fig. 6-2 Cumulative distribution of individuals aged ≥50 years according to ...
Fig. 6-3 Contingency tables describing the association between a particular ...
Fig. 6-4 Hypothetical sufficient component causal model for the development ...
Fig. 6-5 Hypothetical sufficient component causal model for the development ...
Fig. 6-6 Frequency distribution of subjects with healthy periodontal conditi...
Fig. 6-7 Mean number of teeth present (range in parenthesis) in subjects wit...
Chapter 7
Fig. 7-1 (a) Bleeding on probing at an implant installed 11 years earlier. (...
Chapter 8
Fig. 8-1 Host factors that influence the microbial composition, activity and...
Fig. 8-2 Predominant groups of bacteria found at, and the key features of, d...
Fig. 8-3 The different stages in the formation of dental biofilms. (a) A con...
Fig. 8-4 Semi-thin section of a supragingival biofilm on enamel (E) which ha...
Fig. 8-5 “Corn-cob” formations seen at the biofilm surface in Fig. 8-4. Magn...
Fig. 8-6 Beneficial functions of the resident oral microbiota.
Fig. 8-7
In vitro
biofilm system consisting of a bio-generator, gas pumps, a...
Fig. 8-8 (a) SEM image depicting biofilm deposition on the implant surface. ...
Fig. 8.9 (a) SEM images depicting biofilm deposition on the implant surface ...
Fig. 8-10 (a) Supragingival calculus adhering to enamel and the root surface...
Fig. 8-11 Abundance of supragingival calculus deposits. (a) Gross deposits a...
Fig. 8-12 Subgingival calculus may be visible (arrows) on radiographs if abu...
Fig. 8-13 (a) Subgingival calculus presents as a black–brownish hard mass if...
Fig. 8-14 Biofilm- and calculus-free zone coronal to the epithelial attachme...
Fig. 8-15 Seven-day-old calcified biofilm. Observe the isolated calcificatio...
Fig. 8-16 Thin section of old biofilm. A degenerating organism is surrounded...
Fig. 8-17 Thin section of old mineralizing biofilm. The intermicrobial matri...
Fig. 8-18 Immunolabeling of calculus on a human tooth root with an antibody ...
Fig. 8-19 Thin section of enamel surface (E) with overlying calculus. The en...
Fig. 8-20 Thin section of cementum surface (C) with overlying calculus. The ...
Fig. 8-21 Thin section of dentin (D) surface with overlying calculus. The in...
Fig. 8-22 Calculus deposit on an oral implant in a patient without regular m...
Fig. 8-23 Excess cement at the abutment–crown interface provides an ideal su...
Fig. 8-24 Hemidesmosomal attachment of junctional epithelium on dental calcu...
Chapter 9
Fig. 9-1 The relative abundances of the six dominant bacterial phyla in each...
Fig. 9-2 Technological advances linked to increased understanding of the ora...
Fig. 9-3 The vertical lanes are the plaque samples numbered 11–47 and two la...
Fig. 9-4 The association among subgingival species. The different colors in ...
Fig. 9-5 The mean percentage DNA probe count of microbial groups in supragin...
Fig. 9-6 Bacterial profiles of 461 bacterial taxa (representing approximatel...
Fig. 9-7 Correspondence analysis of subgingival plaque bacterial communities...
Fig. 9-8 TM7x represents the first Candidate Phylum Radiation (CPR) bacteria...
Fig. 9-9 Health-associated, periodontitis-associated, and core species of th...
Fig. 9-10 Essential components of the parasite life cycle. Successful coloni...
Fig. 9-11 Intracellular bacteria in buccal epithelial cells. A three-dimensi...
Fig. 9-12 The bidirectional relationship between the subgingival microbiome ...
Fig. 9-13 Clinical appearance of a peri-implant infection. (a) Bleeding and ...
Fig. 9-14 Simplified schematic representation of the microbial succession th...
Fig. 9-15 Scanning electron micrograph depicting the characteristic biofilm ...
Fig. 9-16 (a, b) Biofilms on a minimal-roughness implant surface. Spindle-sh...
Fig. 9-17 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images depicting biofilm format...
Fig. 9-18 Supramucosal peri-implant biofilm accumulation and associated peri...
Fig. 9-19 (a) An implant-supported prosthesis where there is inadequate acce...
Fig. 9-20 Mean counts (×10
5
) of 40 species in samples from 48 implants and 4...
Fig. 9-21 Mean counts (×10
5
) of 40 species at 2, 4, and 26 weeks after impla...
Fig. 9-22 Stacked bar charts of the frequency of detection of
Porphyromonas
...
Fig. 9-23 (a) Scanning electron micrograph showing biofilm on an implant sur...
Fig. 9-24 The mean percentage of different morphotypes in the microbiota of ...
Fig. 9-25 The mean percentage DNA probe count of subgingival microbial compl...
Fig. 9-26 The mean percentage DNA probe count of microbial complexes (Socran...
Fig. 9-27 (a) Inverted light microscopy of a subgingival biofilm obtained fr...
Chapter 10
Fig. 10-1 Experimentally induced gingivitis lesion (Trombelli
et al
. 2004). ...
Fig. 10-2 Descriptive statistics (box and whisker plot) for (a) plaque index...
Fig. 10-3 Individuality of disease expression is due to the interaction of t...
Fig. 10-4 Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration with destruction o...
Fig. 10-5 Perivascular lymphocyte/macrophage infiltrate seen in a 21-day exp...
Fig. 10-6 21-Day experimental gingivitis lesion showing the predominance of ...
Fig. 10-7 21-Day experimental gingivitis lesion showing a (a) CD4 to (b) CD8...
Fig. 10-8 21-Day experimental gingivitis lesion showing HLA-DR-positive acti...
Fig. 10-9 21-Day experimental gingivitis lesion showing (a) increased CD1a-p...
Fig. 10-10 Chronic gingivitis lesion showing (a) increased CD1a-positive Lan...
Fig. 10-11 Markov chain analysis of the effect of smoking on the initiation ...
Fig. 10-12 Distribution of cells in periodontitis lesions.
Fig. 10-13 Autopsy specimen showing a human periodontitis lesion. Calculus a...
Fig. 10-14 Detail of Fig. 10.13. Note the ulcerated pocket epithelium with r...
Fig. 10-15 A band of non-infiltrated connective tissue is interposed between...
Fig. 10-16 Autopsy specimen showing a human periodontitis lesion. The overt ...
Fig. 10-17 Detail of Fig. 10.16. Pocket epithelium walling off calculus and ...
Fig. 10-18 Detail of Fig. 10.16. Note the non-infiltrated fibrous band betwe...
Fig. 10-19 Immunoglobulin-bearing B cells in a periodontitis lesion.
Fig. 10-20 Representation of the CD68-positive macrophage distribution in gi...
Fig. 10-21 CD83-positive endothelial cells (arrow) in periodontitis.
Fig. 10-22 Double labeling immunofluorescence for (a) CD4/Foxp3 and (b) CD8/...
Fig. 10-23 Double labeling immunohistochemistry for Foxp3-positive (DAB-brow...
Fig. 10-24 Double labeling immunofluorescence for CD4/IL-17 showing IL-17-po...
Fig. 10-25 Double labeling immunofluorescence for CD8/IL-17 showing IL-17-po...
Fig. 10-26 Double labeling immunofluorescence for IL-17/tryptase showing IL-...
Fig. 10-27 T cell plasticity where the cellular microenvironment and the pre...
Chapter 11
Fig. 11-1 Potential mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated pe...
Fig. 11-2 (a–c) Clinical and (d) radiographic presentation of a 38-year-old ...
Fig. 11-3 Clinical presentation of a 50-year-old male patient with type 2 di...
Fig. 11-4 Periapical radiographs of the patient shown in Fig. 11-3 reveal ar...
Fig. 11-5 (a–c) Clinical and (d) radiographic presentation of a 41-year-old ...
Fig. 11-6 Same patient as in Fig. 11-5. Posterior periapical radiographs at ...
Fig. 11-7 Panoramic radiographs of a female patient with type 1 diabetes (a)...
Fig. 11-8 Clinical appearance of a 53-year-old male patient who reports smok...
Fig. 11-9 Same patient as in Fig. 11-8. (a, b) Maxillary left buccal and pal...
Chapter 12
Fig. 12-1 Variations in the antimicrobial response of the host may be import...
Fig 12-2 Structure of a gene. This gene has four exons (yellow bands), but i...
Fig 12-3 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a randomly selected segme...
Fig 12-4 Case–control studies compare the frequency of single nucleotide pol...
Fig 12-5 Statistical power in relation to the sample size, allele frequency,...
Fig 12-6 It is hypothesized that common variants influence the expression an...
Fig 12-7 (a, b) Relationship between the heritability, genetic complexity, a...
Chapter 13
Fig. 13-1 (a) If the crown of a tooth is exposed to excessive, horizontally ...
Fig. 13-2 When a tooth is exposed to forces which produce “bodily tooth move...
Fig. 13-3 Two mandibular premolars with normal periodontal tissues (a) are e...
Fig. 13-4 (a) Two mandibular premolars are surrounded by a healthy periodont...
Fig. 13-5 (a) A composite photomicrograph illustrating the interdental space...
Fig. 13-6 (a) Two mandibular premolars with supra- and subgingival plaque, a...
Fig. 13-7 Radiographic appearance of one test tooth (T) and one control toot...
Fig. 13-8 Microphotographs from one control (C) and one test (T) tooth after...
Fig. 13-9 (a) A tooth where subgingival plaque has mediated the development ...
Fig. 13-10 Nickel–titanium coil springs applied for a continuous loading thr...
Fig. 13-11 Horizontal section of the implant with the projected grid used fo...
Fig. 13-12 Horizontal section of the implant onto which a grid with 32 radia...
Fig. 13-13 The fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) supported by maxillary canines ...
Fig. 13-14 Fixed dental prostheses fabricated of gold and installed on impla...
Fig. 13-15 Radiographs obtained from implants on the left and right side imm...
Fig. 13-16 (a) Non-loaded control implant (AstraTech®) after 10 months (whit...
Fig. 13-17 (a) Four implants at the time of placement in one side of the man...
Fig. 13-18 (a) Histologic and (b) schematic representation of the histomorph...
Fig. 13-19 Osseointegrated implants (a) not in occlusal contact and (b) in o...
Fig. 13-20 Histological micrograph representing SC (single crown, normally o...
Fig. 13-21 (a) Osseointegrated implant with plaque accumulation. The margina...
Fig. 13-22 (a) Eight strain gauge transducers placed into a maxillary comple...
Fig. 13-23 Chewing force patterns in implant-supported fixed dental prosthes...
Fig. 13-24 Reconstruction of function in the left side of the mandible using...
Fig. 13-25 Ten-year randomized controlled clinical trial of three-unit fixed...
Chapter 14
Fig. 14-1 Hereditary gingival fibromatosis. Facial aspect with partial cover...
Fig. 14-2 Same patient as shown in Fig. 14-1. The maxillary gingival fibroma...
Fig. 14-3 Hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Gingival lesions (a) are rare but com...
Fig. 14-4 Herpetic gingivostomatitis in a 3-year-old child. Erythematous swe...
Fig. 14-5 Herpetic gingivostomatitis affecting palatal gingivae. Numerous ve...
Fig. 14-6 Herpetic gingivostomatitis in a 38-year-old woman. Widespread ulce...
Fig. 14-7 Recurrent intraoral herpes infection. Ruptured vesicles of right p...
Fig. 14-8 Herpes zoster of left palatal gingiva and mucosa. Irregular fibrin...
Fig. 14-9 Squamous cell papilloma of palatal gingiva.
Fig. 14-10 Gingival condyloma acuminatum.
Fig. 14-11 Pseudomembranous candidosis of maxillary gingiva and mucosa in an...
Fig. 14-12 Erythematous candidosis of attached mandibular gingiva in an HIV-...
Fig. 14-13 Chronic erythematous candidosis of maxillary attached gingiva of ...
Fig. 14-14 Candidal infection of maxillary gingiva, sometimes denoted linear...
Fig. 14-15 Gingival histoplasmosis with loss of periodontal tissue around th...
Fig. 14-16 Same patient as shown in Fig. 14-15. Lingual aspect with ulcerati...
Fig. 14-17 Drug-induced erythema multiforme sometimes involves the gingiva. ...
Fig. 14-18 Lichenoid contact lesion of the left buccal mucosa due to type IV...
Fig. 14-19 Diffuse gingivitis and cheilitis due to contact allergy to a flav...
Fig. 14-20 Plasma cell gingivitis.
Fig. 14-21 Erythema multiforme with crust formation of the vermilion border ...
Fig. 14-22 Erythema multiforme with ulceration covered by heavy fibrin exuda...
Fig. 14-23 Erythema multiforme. Skin lesion with characteristic iris appeara...
Fig. 14-24 Pemphigus vulgaris. Initial lesion resembling recurrent aphthous ...
Fig. 14-25 Pemphigus vulgaris. Erosions of soft palatal mucosa. The erosive ...
Fig. 14-26 Mucous membrane pemphigoid affecting the attached gingiva of both...
Fig. 14-27 Mucous membrane pemphigoid with intact and ruptured gingival bull...
Fig. 14-28 Mucous membrane pemphigoid with hemorrhagic gingival bulla. The p...
Fig. 14-29 Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Eye lesion with scar formation due to...
Fig. 14-30 Skin lesions of lichen planus. Papules with delicate white striat...
Fig. 14-31 Oral lichen planus. Papular lesion of right buccal mucosa.
Fig. 14-32 Oral lichen planus. Reticular lesion of lower lip mucosa. The whi...
Fig. 14-33 Oral lichen planus. Reticular lesions of gingivae in the lower le...
Fig. 14-34 Oral lichen planus. Plaque-type lesion of maxillary gingivae.
Fig. 14-35 Oral lichen planus. Erythematous lesions of facial maxillary and ...
Fig. 14-36 Oral lichen planus. Erythematous and ulcerative lesion of the max...
Fig. 14-37 Oral lichen planus. Erythematous and reticular lesion of maxillar...
Fig. 14-38 Oral lichen planus. Erythematous and reticular lesion of the lowe...
Fig. 14-39 Oral lichen planus. Erythematous and reticular lesion of right ma...
Fig. 14-40 Same patient as shown in Fig. 14-39 after modified toothbrushing ...
Fig. 14-41 Oral lichen planus. Erythematous and ulcerative/reticular lesions...
Fig. 14-42 Same patient as shown in Fig. 14-41 after periodontal treatment a...
Fig. 14-43 Oral lichen planus. Bullous/reticular lesion of the left palatal ...
Fig. 14-44 Gingival discoid lupus erythematosus lesion. A central erythemato...
Fig. 14-45 Gingival plaque-type discoid lupus erythematosus lesion resemblin...
Fig. 14-46 Antimalarial drugs may result in brownish gingival discoloration....
Fig. 14-47 A frequent oral finding in patients with Crohn´s disease is mucos...
Fig. 14-48 Gingival lesion in a Crohn’s patient. Cobblestoning may be seen i...
Fig. 14-49 Gingival lesion in a Crohn’s patient. Erythema and swelling with ...
Fig. 14-50 Granulomatous gingival hyperplasia may be due to sarcoidosis, whi...
Fig. 14-51 Fibrous epulis.
Fig. 14-52 Calcifying fibroblastic granuloma of the lower right premolar reg...
Fig. 14-53 Pyogenic granuloma of upper incisor region before (a) and after t...
Fig. 14-54 Large pyogenic granuloma of the maxillary premolar/molar region....
Fig. 14-55 Peripheral giant cell granuloma of the mandibular canine/premolar...
Fig. 14-56 Homogenous leukoplakia of the sublingual area.
Fig. 14-57 (a) The combined red and white areas is characteristic of this no...
Fig. 14-58 Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia with exophytic growth and inv...
Fig. 14-59 Gingival erythroplakia of the lower left premolar/molar region.
Fig. 14-60 Gingival cancer characterized by a persisting ulcer.
Fig. 14-61 Early squamous cell carcinomas clinically demonstrating small nod...
Fig. 14-62 Gingival cancer characterized by proliferating small nodules on t...
Fig. 14-63 Verrucous carcinoma of the mandibular lingual gingivae.
Fig. 14-64 Acute myelogenous leukemia with extensive swelling of the gingiva...
Fig. 14-65 Acute lymphocytic leukemia with gingival ulceration in a child.
Fig. 14-66 Acute myelogenous leukemia with petechiae and swelling of the gin...
Fig. 14-67 Gingival non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the mandibular molar region.
Fig. 14-68 Frictional keratosis due to an aggressive tooth brushing habit. N...
Fig. 14-69 Gingival wounding due to improper toothbrushing. Note the charact...
Fig. 14-70 Gingival wounding due to improper toothbrushing. Note the charact...
Fig. 14-71 Severe gingival recession and wounding due to improper toothbrush...
Fig. 14-72 Healing of the lesion shown in Fig. 14-71. The damage to the peri...
Fig. 14-73 Lesions after dental flossing are common and sometimes result in ...
Fig. 14-74 (a) Self-inflicted gingival recession with an ulcerated margin in...
Fig. 14-75 Chlorhexidine-induced mucosal desquamation. This is a reversible ...
Fig. 14-76 Thermal burn with slight erosion and petechiae of palatal gingiva...
Fig. 14-77 Pigmentation in left buccal mucosa in a patient with Peutz-Jegher...
Fig. 14-78 Smoker’s melanosis of mandibular anterior gingiva.
Fig. 14-79 Amalgam tattoo of the attached gingiva.
Chapter 15
Fig. 15-1 Site-specific changes in gingival color and contour associated wit...
Fig. 15-2 Two subpopulations of individuals presenting a substantially diffe...
Fig. 15-3 Gingival inflammatory response to similar plaque deposits as measu...
Fig. 15-4 Gingival inflammatory response to plaque in periodontally healthy ...
Fig. 15-5 Plaque-induced gingivitis on an intact periodontium. Clinical atta...
Fig. 15-6 Plaque-induced gingivitis on a reduced periodontium in a patient w...
Fig. 15-7 Periodontal health in an intact periodontium. Clinical attachment ...
Chapter 16
Fig. 16-1 The initial assessment of Stage distinguishes between Stage I or I...
Fig. 16-2 Case 1. (a–d) Clinical and (e–g) radiographic images of a case dia...
Fig. 16-3 Case 2. (a–d) Clinical and (e, f) radiographic images of a case di...
Fig. 16-4 Case 3. (a–d) Clinical and radiographic images of a case diagnosed...
Fig. 16-5 Case 4. (a, b) Clinical (c, d) radiographic images of a case diagn...
Fig. 16-6 Case 5. (a, b) Clinical and (c) radiographic images of a case diag...
Fig. 16-7 Case 6. (a) Clinical and (b) radiographic images of a case diagnos...
Chapter 17
Fig. 17-1 An overview of “landmark studies” in periodontal medicine publishe...
Fig. 17-2 Oro-systemic inflammatory link. Several systemic diseases associat...
Fig. 17-3 Scatter plot with error horizonal lines of reported adjusted relat...
Fig. 17-4 Scatter plot with error horizonal lines of reported adjusted weigh...
Fig. 17-5 Scatter plot with error horizonal lines of reported adjusted relat...
Chapter 18
Fig. 18-1 Plausibility of the biological link between periodontal diseases a...
Fig. 18-2 The impact of experimental periodontitis in a rabbit model and how...
Fig. 18-3 The phases of atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, and cardiovascula...
Fig. 18-4 Plausibility of the biological link through which diabetes impacts...
Fig. 18-5 Plausibility of the biological link through which periodontal dise...
Fig. 18-6 Diabetic control and the severity of periodontitis. CRP, C-reactiv...
Fig. 18-7 Stage III generalized periodontitis in a patient with type 2 diabe...
Fig. 18-8 Stage IV generalized periodontitis in a patient with type 2 diabet...
Fig. 18-9 Stage IV generalized periodontitis in a patient with type 2 diabet...
Fig. 18-10 Plausibility of the link between periodontal and systemic disease...
Chapter 19
Fig. 19-1 Histopathology of a periodontal abscess.
Fig. 19-2 Periodontal abscess associated with a lower right first molar. Not...
Fig. 19-3 Periodontal abscess associated with a mandibular second molar. Not...
Fig. 19-4 Periodontal abscess associated with a lower right first molar. Not...
Fig. 19-5 Periodontal abscess associated with an upper right third molar. No...
Fig. 19-6 (a) Periodontal abscess associated with a lower left canine. Note ...
Fig. 19-7 Necrotizing gingivitis in a 22-year-old woman: bleeding, necrosis,...
Fig. 19-8 Necrotizing periodontitis: presence of necrosis/ulcer of the inter...
Fig. 19-9 Healing of necrotizing gingivitis lesions in the upper anterior se...
Fig. 19-10 Diagnostic tree for endo-periodontal lesions (EPL).
Chapter 20
Fig. 20-1 Healthy peri-implant mucosa, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-impl...
Fig. 20-2 Clinical symptoms of peri-implant mucositis, including varying sig...
Fig. 20-3 Diagnosis of peri-implant mucositis indicated by the clinical find...
Fig. 20-4 (a) Healthy gingiva and peri-implant mucosa. (b) Same site followi...
Fig. 20-5 Five months of undisturbed plaque formation on three different typ...
Fig. 20-6 (a–c) Photomicrographs illustrating inflammatory cell infiltrates ...
Fig. 20-7 Diagnosis of peri-implantitis indicated by the clinical finding of...
Fig. 20-8 Clinical symptoms of peri-implantitis. Note the large amounts of p...
Fig. 20-9 An implant-supported crown in the premolar position in the right s...
Fig. 20-10 Clinical (a) and radiographic (b) characteristics of three implan...
Fig. 20-11 (a) Photomicrograph showing a human peri-implantitis lesion. Note...
Fig. 20-12 Photomicrographs showing human specimens obtained from sites with...
Fig. 20-13 Radiographs showing (a) experimental peri-implantitis and (b) per...
Fig. 20-14 (a) Photomicrograph of a buccolingual ground section showing a pe...
Fig. 20-15 (a) Photomicrograph of a buccolingual ground section showing a pe...
Chapter 21
Fig. 21-1 (a) The tooth-supporting apparatus (i.e. periodontium) includes th...
Fig. 21-2 Stages of periodontal wound healing. Optimal periodontal healing r...
Fig. 21-3 Periodontal wound following flap surgery: (1) gingival epithelium;...
Fig. 21-4 (a) Regular healing process following the periodontal flap adaptat...
Fig. 21-5 Advanced approaches for regenerating tooth-supporting structures. ...
Fig. 21-6 Cell- and gene-based technologies using scaffolding matrices for p...
Fig. 21-7 (a) Concept of additive manufacturing (3D printing) of a 3D scaffo...
Fig. 21-8 (a) Severe probing pocket depth (PPD) (7 mm), mesial to tooth 43 a...
Fig. 21-9 (a) A 32-year-old male patient with severe periodontitis. Tooth 13...
Fig. 21-10 (a) A 27-year-old patient at the re-evaluation visit after the in...
Chapter 22
Fig. 22-1 (a–g) Buccal/labial and palatal/lingual views of a 59-year-old mal...
Fig. 22-2 Buccal migration of tooth 13 as a sign of severe periodontitis.
Fig. 22-3 Periapical radiographs of the patient presented in Fig. 22-1.
Fig. 22-4 Schematic drawing (a) and histologic section (b) illustrating the ...
Fig. 22-5 Pocket probing depth in conjunction with bleeding on probing. A gr...
Fig. 22-6 Chart used to identify bleeding on probing-positive sites in a dic...
Fig. 22-7 Examples of graduated periodontal probes with a standardized tip d...
Fig. 22-8 Periodontal chart indicating pocket probing depth (PPD) <4 mm in b...
Fig. 22-9 Periodontal chart indicating periodontal attachment loss has occur...
Fig. 22-10 (a) In the presence of an inflammatory cell infiltrate (ICT) in t...
Fig. 22-11 Superficial (tooth 46) and deep (tooth 16) periodontal tissue des...
Fig. 22-12 (a, b) Anatomic locations for the assessment of furcation involve...
Fig. 22-13 (a) Furcation involvement is explored using a curved periodontal ...
Fig. 22-14 The furcation involvement (FI) shown on the periodontal chart. Op...
Fig. 22-15 The use of a Rinn filmholder and a long-cone paralleling techniqu...
Fig. 22-16 The presence of bacterial biofilms is marked in the appropriate f...
Chapter 23
Fig. 23-1 Representative periapical images of the upper and lower jaws. (a) ...
Fig. 23-2 This bitewing radiograph shows an impacted third molar with resorp...
Fig. 23-3 The width of the mandibular base can be estimated on an occlusal i...
Fig. 23-4 This panoramic view shows an overview of the dental and maxillofac...
Fig. 23-5 This panoramic view exhibits image distortion and superimposition ...
Fig. 23-6 (a) Lateral and (b) posteroanterior cephalometric projections can ...
Fig. 23-7 The superior soft tissue contrast resolution of MDCT scans enables...
Fig. 23-8 Representative cross-sectional CBCT images show a dentigerous cyst...
Fig. 23-9 Metal artifacts from a titanium dental implant and corresponding r...
Fig. 23-10 Representative ultrasound image shows superficial anatomical land...
Fig. 23-11 Representative magnetic resonance images exhibiting facial soft t...
Fig. 23-12 Axial magnetic resonance image shows multiple hyperintense rings ...
Fig. 23-13 This bitewing radiograph exhibits a radiolucency in the region of...
Fig. 23-14 An example of a full-mouth intraoral X-ray examination for period...
Fig. 23-15 Representative periapical images show periodontal bone loss in di...
Fig. 23-16 The periapical image shows a reduced interradicular alveolar cres...
Fig. 23-17 Representative examples of bony defects around teeth as depicted ...
Fig. 23-18 Various stages of furcation involvement as depicted on periapical...
Fig. 23-19 A periapical image demonstrating a radiolucent triangle superimpo...
Fig. 23-20 This periapical image shows an extended radiolucency from the alv...
Fig. 23-21 The cone beam computed tomography images show the extent of the i...
Fig. 23-22 The coronal cut of a magnetic resonance image shows the outline o...
Fig. 23-23 This periapical image shows a reduced bone level at the edentulou...
Fig. 23-24 This periapical image shows a wide fracture line on the root of t...
Fig. 23-25 The panoramic view enables an overview of all edentulous regions ...
Fig. 23-26 The sagittal cone beam computed tomography plane shows the residu...
Fig. 23-27 The sagittal cone beam computed tomography view taken between tee...
Fig. 23-28 The coronal cone beam computed tomography view shows a severely a...
Fig. 23-29 (a) Slight and severe mucosal thickening can be respectively seen...
Fig. 23-30 The bony canal for the superior alveolar artery (arrow) can be se...
Fig. 23-31 Different morphologies and anatomical landmarks of the mandibular...
Fig. 23-32 The cone beam computed tomography scan (coronal view) exhibits a ...
Fig. 23-33 This cone beam computed tomography scan (coronal view) shows exte...
Fig. 23-34 The periapical image shows insertion depth and also the position ...
Fig. 23-35 This periapical image highlights an incomplete seating of the hea...
Fig. 23-36 This periapical image shows the seating of the impression posts o...
Fig. 23-37 The periapical image shows complete seating of the final abutment...
Fig. 23-38 The bitewing radiograph shows complete seating of the prosthesis ...
Fig. 23-39 The cone beam computed tomography images show a fragment of the i...
Fig. 23-40 The cross-sectional cone beam computed tomography images show per...
Fig. 23-41 The periapical radiograph exhibits bone loss at the mesial and di...
Fig. 23-42 The periapical radiograph shows a uniform radiolucent lining arou...
Fig. 23-43 Representative example of a surgical navigation technique for the...
Fig. 23-44 Cross-sectional cone beam computed tomography images demonstratin...
Chapter 24
Fig. 24-1 Standard form used to collect health history data from the patient...
Chapter 25
Fig. 25-1 Basic periodontal examination system code. (a) Code 0. (b) Code 1....
Fig. 25-2 (a–d) Clinical extra- and intraoral photographs of a 27-year-old f...
Fig. 25-3 Periodontal chart of the patient presented in Fig. 25-2.
Fig. 25-4 Radiographs of the patient presented in Fig. 25-2.
Fig. 25-5 Pretherapeutic single tooth prognosis of the patient presented in ...
Fig. 25-6 (a–c) Intraoral photographs of the patient presented in Fig. 25-2 ...
Fig. 25-7 Periodontal chart of the patient presented in Fig. 25-2 at re-eval...
Figs. 25-8 (a–c) Clinical intrasurgical views of the mandibular and maxillar...
Figs. 25-9 (a, b) Clinical lateral views of the patient presented in Fig. 25...
Fig. 25-10 Periodontal chart of the patient presented in Fig. 25-2 at re-eva...
Figs. 25-11 (a–c) Intraoral photographs of the patient presented in Fig. 25-...
Figs. 25-12 (a–c) Intraoral photographs of the patient presented in Fig. 25-...
Fig. 25-13 Periodontal chart of the patient presented in Fig. 25-2 at the re...
Fig. 25-14 Periapical radiographs of the patient presented in Fig. 25-2 at t...
Figs. 25-15 (a, b) Periapical radiographs of tooth 36 of the patient present...
Fig. 25-16 Intraoral photographs of patient S.B. 20 years following completi...
Fig. 25-17 Periodontal chart of patient S.B. 20 years following completion o...
Fig. 25-18 Periapical radiographs of patient S.B. 20 years following complet...
Fig. 25-19 Intraoral photographs, periapical radiographs, and periodontal ch...
Fig. 25-20 Pretherapeutic single tooth prognosis of patient M.A.
Fig. 25-21 Intraoral photographs and periodontal chart of patient M.A. 3 mon...
Fig. 25-22 (a–l) Resective surgery and reconstructions in the first sextant ...
Fig. 25-23 Clinical and radiographic aspects (a, b) before and (c, d) after ...
Fig. 25-24 (a–j) Clinical and radiographic views of periodontal regeneration...
Fig. 25-25 Intraoral photographs, periapical radiographs, and periodontal ch...
Fig. 25-26 Periodontal risk assessment of patient M.A. at completion of acti...
Fig. 25-27 Intraoral photographs, periapical radiographs, and periodontal ch...
Chapter 27
Fig. 27-1 Following an individually tailored treatment program for improved ...
Fig. 27-2 Readiness to change.
Fig. 27-3 Motivation (importance) and self-efficacy (readiness) scale.
Fig. 27-4 Patient Activation Fabric for the Dental Visit (Implementation Mod...
Fig. 27-5 Appropriate position for a conversation: the clinician is facing t...
Fig. 27-6 Inappropriate position for a conversation: the clinician is wearin...
Chapter 28
Fig. 28-1 Illustration of a toothbrush and tongue scraper from a book by Cor...
Fig. 28-2 Flat-trim, multilevel and angled manual toothbrush bristle tuft de...
Fig. 28-3 Charters method of toothbrushing. (a) Note how the head of the too...
Fig. 28-4 Filament end-rounding.
Fig. 28-5 Tapered toothbrush filaments.
Fig. 28-6 (a) Overview of the development of electric toothbrushes, from bru...
Fig. 28-7 With interdental brushes, the diameter of the metal wire core is a...
Fig. 28-8 Dental water jet. Fluid flow can be either continuous or pulsated....
Fig. 28-9 (a) Soft tissue damage as a result of extensive toothbrushing. Not...
Fig. 28-10 (a) Disclosing solution is often used to identify plaque. (b) Not...
Fig. 28-11 Chart showing the teeth and tooth surfaces in the maxilla and man...
Chapter 29
Fig. 29-1 Mechanisms of effect of antiplaque agents on bacterial biofilms (i...
Fig. 29-2 Substantivity. (a, b) Two agents with different substantivity (mea...
Fig. 29-3 Three-dimensional assessment of cell vitality in a biofilm, with a...
Fig. 29-4 Chemical structure of delmopinol (prepared with Jmol; www.jmol.org...
Fig. 29-5 Chemical structure of essential oils: (a) Menthol. (b) Eucalyptol....
Fig. 29-6 Chemical structure of triclosan (prepared with Jmol).
Fig. 29-7 Chemical structure of chlorhexidine digluconate (prepared with Jmo...
Fig. 29-8 Tooth staining after chlorhexidine use. (a) Lingual aspect. (b) Bu...
Fig. 29-9 Chemical structure of cetylpyridinium chloride (prepared with Jmol...
Chapter 30
Fig. 30-1 Curette demonstrating the handle, shank, and blade.
Fig. 30-2 Working end of a sickle, which has a triangular cross-section and ...
Fig. 30-3 Examples of the working end of instruments and their design with c...
Fig. 30-4 Selection of instruments with varying shank configurations to faci...
Fig. 30-5 (a) Curette is inserted into the periodontal pocket. Note the near...
Fig. 30-6 A modified pen grasp and “third finger rest” in the premolar and m...
Fig. 30-7 Sharpening of a curette. The original geometry of the cutting edge...
Fig. 30-8 Inserts of different length and curvature for piezoelectric (left)...
Fig. 30-9 Control of wear of the piezoelectric ultrasonic tip. The red line ...
Fig. 30-10 (a) The specially designed subgingival nozzle applied for debride...
Fig. 30-11 (a) Using a laser in periodontal treatment: patient and operator ...
Fig. 30-12 Radiographs, clinical image, and probing pocket assessments of a ...
Fig. 30-13 Clinical image and probing pocket assessments of the same patient...
Fig. 30-14 A gingival unit (a) before and (b) after periodontal therapy. Pro...
Chapter 31
Fig. 31-1 Treatment of a periodontal abscess with systemic antibiotics (azit...
Fig. 31-2 Healing of necrotizing gingivitis lesions, after treatment, in the...
Fig. 31-3 Sequelae, namely absence of interdental papillae and gingival crat...
Fig. 31-4 Endo-periodontal lesion without root damage (grade 3) in a non-per...
Fig. 31-5 Steps in the management of an endo-periodontal lesion (EPL).
Fig. 31-6 Endo-periodontal lesion without root damage (grade 2) in a patient...
Fig. 31-7 Endo-periodontal lesion without root damage (grade 3) in non-perio...
Chapter 32
Fig. 32-1 Gingivectomy. Straight incision technique.
Fig. 32-2 Gingivectomy. Scalloped incision technique.
Fig. 32-3 Gingivectomy. Pocket marking. (a) An ordinary periodontal probe is...
Fig. 32-4 Gingivectomy. (a) Primary incision. (b) The incision is terminated...
Fig. 32-5 Gingivectomy. The secondary incision through the interdental area ...
Fig. 32-6 Gingivectomy. The detached gingiva is removed with a scaler.
Fig. 32-7 Gingivectomy. Probing for residual pockets. Gauze packs have been ...
Fig. 32-8 Gingivectomy. The periodontal dressing has been applied and proper...
Fig. 32-9 Original Widman flap. Two releasing incisions demarcate the area s...
Fig. 32-10 Original Widman flap. The collar of inflamed gingival tissue is r...
Fig. 32-11 Original Widman flap. By bone recontouring, a “physiologic” conto...