Marine Microbiology E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1034

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Deliberately breaking with the classical biology-centered description of marine organisms and their products, this reference emphasizes microbial technology over basic biology, setting it apart from its predecessors. As such, it systematically covers the technology behind high-value compounds for use as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals or cosmetics, from prospecting to production issues.

Following a definition of the field, the book goes on to address all industrially important aspects of marine microbial biotechnology. The first main part contains a description of the major production organisms, from archaebacteria to cyanobacteria to algae and symbionts, including their genetic engineering. The remaining four parts look at commercially important compounds produced by these microorganisms together with their applications. Throughout, the emphasis is on technological considerations, and the future potential of these organisms or compound classes is discussed. A valuable and forward-looking resource for innovative biotechnologists in industry as well as in academia.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Biography

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Introduction to Marine Actinobacteria

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Actinobacteria

1.3 Origin and Distribution of Marine Actinobacteria

1.4 Isolation and Identification of Marine Actinobacteria

1.5 Indigenous Marine Actinobacteria

1.6 Role of Actinobacteria in the Marine Environment

1.7 Importance of Marine Actinobacteria

1.8 Symbioses

1.9 Bioinformatics

1.10 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Treasure Hunting for Useful Microorganisms in the Marine Environment

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Microorganisms Living in the Marine Environment

2.3 Microorganisms Living in Deep Sea Water

References

Chapter 3: Strategy of Marine Viruses in Global Ecosystem

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Reproductive Strategies of Viruses

3.3 Abundance of Marine Viruses

3.4 Viral Activities in Ecosystems

3.5 Recent Advancement of Viruses versus Diseases

3.6 The Effect of Ocean Acidification on Marine Viruses

3.7 Further Aspects

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4: Taxonomic Study of Antibiotic-Producing Marine Actinobacteria

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Materials and Methods

4.3 Result

4.4 Discussion

4.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Marine Cyanobacteria: A Prolific Source of Bioactive Natural Products as Drug Leads

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Marine Cyanobacteria

5.3 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6: Marine Bacteria Are an Attractive Source to Overcome the Problems of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus∗

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Strategies for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria

6.3 Marine Bacteria Are Attractive Natural Sources for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance of MRSA

References

Chapter 7: Marine Bacteria as Probiotics and Their Applications in Aquaculture

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Definition of Probiotics in Aquaculture

7.3 Selecting and Developing Probiotics in Aquaculture

7.4 Effects of Probiotics on Aquatic Organisms

7.5 Probiotics in the Larviculture

7.6 Problems Associated with Probiotics Development

7.7 Further Work and Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Small-Molecule Antibiotics from Marine Bacteria and Strategies to Prevent Rediscovery of Known Compounds

8.1 Antibiotic Activity of Marine Bacteria

8.2 Structurally Elucidated Marine Bacterial Antibiotics

8.3 Cosmopolitan Antibiotics: the Rediscovery Problem

8.4 Future Strategies for the Discovery of Marine Bacterial Antibiotics

8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter 9: Marine Bacteriophages for the Biocontrol of Fish and Shellfish Diseases

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Mode of Action of Phages

9.3 Diversity of Marine Phages

9.4 Application of Marine Phages to Control Fish and Shellfish Diseases

9.5 Potentials and Limitations of Phage Therapy in Marine Fish and Shellfish

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 10: Marine Actinomycetes as Source of Pharmaceutically Important Compounds

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Marine Actinomycetes as Source of Therapeutics

10.3 Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antibacterials

10.4 Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antitumors/Antiproliferative

10.5 Marine Actinomycete Enzymes as Antiproliferatives

10.6 Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antimalarials

10.7 Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antifungals

10.8 Bioactive Compounds from Sponge-Associated Actinomycetes

10.9 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 11: Antimicrobial Agents from Marine Cyanobacteria and Actinomycetes

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Antimicrobials from Marine Actinomycetes

11.3 Antimicrobials from Marine Cyanobacteria

11.4 Current Research Status: Challenges and Future Prospects

11.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: Bioactive Compounds from Marine Actinomycetes

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Actinomycetes

12.3 Diversity and Distribution of Marine Actinobacteria

12.4 Bioactive Compounds

12.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 13: Fungal Bioactive Gene Clusters: A Molecular Insight

13.1 Introduction to Fungal Secondary Metabolites

13.2 Polyketide Synthase

13.3 Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase

13.4 PKS and NRPS Products

13.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14: Anticancer Potentials of Marine-Derived Fungal Metabolites

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Marine Fungi

14.3 Cancer: Initiation, Progression, and Therapeutics

14.4 Anticancer Metabolites of Marine Fungal Origin

14.5 Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 15: Antifungal and Antimycotoxin Activities of Marine Actinomycetes and Their Compounds

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Diversity of Actinomycetes in the Sea

15.3 Diversity of Natural Compounds from Marine Actinomycetes

15.4 Biological Activities

15.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16: Antituberculosis Materials from Marine Microbes

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Marine Microbe-Derived Antituberculosis Agents

16.3 Conclusions

References

Chapter 17: Harnessing the Chemical and Genetic Diversities of Marine Microorganisms for Medical Applications

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Novel MNPs

17.3 Gene-Based Studies of MNPs

17.4 MNPs Discovery Using Genome Mining

17.5 Conclusion and Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 18: Marine Symbiotic Microorganisms: A New Dimension in Natural Product Research

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Marine Microorganisms and Their Symbiotic Relationships

18.3 Biologically Active Metabolites of Marine Symbiotic Microbes

18.4 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 19: Application of Probiotics from Marine Microbes for Sustainable Marine Aquaculture Development

19.1 Introduction

19.2 The Application of Probiotics for Marine Fishes

19.3 The Application of Probiotics for Marine Crustaceans

19.4 The Application of Probiotics for Marine Mollusks

References

Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Properties of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (C20 : 5n−3)

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity and Potency

20.3 Structure Relationship with Activity

20.4 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Action

20.5 Safety, Delivery, and Biotechnological Application

20.6 Concluding Remarks

Abbreviations

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 21: Bioprospecting of Marine Microbial Symbionts: Exploitation of Underexplored Marine Microorganisms

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Marine Microbial Symbionts

21.3 Bioethical and Supply Issues in Utilizing Marine Invertebrates

21.4 Marine Fungal Symbionts of Corals as Sustainable Sources of Marine Natural Products

21.5 Marine Actinomycete Symbionts as Prolific Marine Natural Products

21.6 New Avenue of Research: Marine Natural Products from Fungal Symbionts of Corals

21.7 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 22: Marine Microorganisms and Their Versatile Applications in Bioactive Compounds

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Separation and Isolation Techniques of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms

22.3 Different Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms

22.4 Polysaccharides

22.5 Pigments

22.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 23: Metabolites of Marine Microorganisms and Their Pharmacological Activities

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Marine Fungi

23.3 Marine Actinomycetes

23.4 Marine Cyanobacteria

23.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 24: Sponges: A Reservoir for Microorganism-Derived Bioactive Metabolites

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Collection of Sponges and Associated Microbes

24.3 Bacteria

24.4 Unidentified Bacteria

24.5 Fungi

24.6 Unidentified Fungal Strains from Sponges

24.7 Compounds in Clinical Trial and Use

24.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 25: Bioactive Marine Microorganisms for Biocatalytic Reactions in Organic Compounds

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Marine Enzymes

25.3 Biotransformation of Natural Products by Marine Biocatalysts

25.4 Biodegradation of Organic Compounds by Marine Biocatalysts

25.5 Reduction of Carbonyl Groups (Ketones and Keto Esters) by Marine Biocatalysts

25.6 Hydrolysis of Epoxides by Marine Biocatalysts

25.7 Collection and Isolation of Bioactive Marine Microorganisms

25.8 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter 26: Marine Microbial Enzymes: Biotechnological and Biomedical Aspects

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Extremozymes: Most Potential Marine Enzymes

26.3 Biotechnological Aspects

26.4 Biomedical Aspects

26.5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 27: Biomedical Applications of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs)

27.3 Distribution of MAAs

27.4 Genetic Control of MAAs Synthesis

27.5 MAAs Induction

27.6 Biomedical Potentials of MAAs

27.7 MAAs as Photoprotectants

27.8 MAAs as an Antioxidant

27.9 MAAs as Blocker of Dimer Formation

27.10 MAAs as an Osmoregulator

27.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgment

References

Index

Related Titles

Hanessian, S. (ed.)

Natural Products in Medicinal Chemistry

2014

ISBN: 978-3-527–33218-2

de Bruijn, F. J.

Handbook of Molecular Microbial Ecology

Set

2011

ISBN: 978-0-470–92418-1

Kornprobst, J.-M.

Encyclopedia of Marine Natural Products

3 Volume Set

2010

ISBN: 978-3-527–32703-4

Brahmachari, G.

Handbook of Pharmaceutical Natural Products

2010

ISBN: 978-3-527–32148-3

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Print ISBN: 978-3-527–33327-1

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Preface

The study of the microorganisms in the sea is called marine microbiology. Microbiology is an exceptionally broad discipline encompassing specialties as diverse as biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, taxonomy, pathogenic bacteriology, food and industrial microbiology, and ecology. Marine microbes include bacteria, virus and fungi widely available in marine arena. In the recent years, much attention has been laid on marine derived bioactive compounds for various biological and biomedical applications. Marine microbial bioactives are one of them and much potent from the ancient days. For an example, penicillin is the first drug isolated from Penicillium fungi and used to treat several diseases until today. The class of Marine actinobacteria are the most valuable prokaryotes both economically as well as biotechnologically. Among the actinobacteria, Streptomycetes group is considered economically important because out of the approximately more than 10 000 known antibiotics, 50–55% are produced by this genus. There is still need to develop several potent bioactive compounds from marine microorganisms. I had a long-standing interest to edit a book on marine microbial compounds and their biotechnological applications for the drug discovery. Only limited books are available on marine microbiology and many microbiologists and biotechnologists around the globe have written several chapters in various editions. However, full weightage has been given in the present book related to marine microbes. This book will be useful for both novice and experts in the field of marine microbiology, natural product science and biotechnology. By reading this book, scholars and scientists working in the field of marine microbiology can improve their practical knowledge towards its biotechnological applications.

Part I of this book covers the introduction about the microorganism from the deep sea and also global ecosystems. Part II of this book reveals the taxonomic study of marine actinobacteria, potential source for pharmaceutical agents, and usage of microorganism in aquaculture, production of antibiotic and pharmaceutical oriented compounds. Part III of the book extensively compiles the information regarding biological and biomedical activity of marine microbe derived compounds for different applications such as antifungal, anti-mycotoxin, anti-tuberculosis and antimicrobial activities.

I am grateful to all the contributors, my students and colleagues. I am also thankful to Wiley publishers for their constant support. I believe this book will bring new ideas for various biotechnological applications of marine microorganisms.

Busan, South Korea

Prof. Se-Kwon Kim

FBIO

Prof. Se-Kwon Kim, PhD, is Senior Professor of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Director, Marine Bioprocess Research Center (MBPRC), Pukyong National University, South Korea. He received his BS, MS, and PhD degrees from Pukyong National University and joined the same as a faculty member. He has previously served as a scientist in the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois (1988–1989), and was a visiting scientist at the Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada (1999–2000).

Prof. Kim served as the first president of the Korean Society of Chitin and Chitosan (1986–1990) and the Korean Society of Marine Biotechnology (2006–2007). He was also the chairman for the 7th Asia-Pacific Chitin & Chitosan Symposium, held in South Korea in 2006. He is the board member of the International Society of Marine Biotechnology and the International Society for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. He has also served as the editor-in-chief of the Korean Journal of Life Sciences (1995–1997), the Korean Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology (2006–2007), and the Korean Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology (2006–present). He has won several awards, including the Best Paper Award from the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) and the Korean Society of Fisheries Science and Technology in 2002.

Prof. Kim's major research interests include investigation and development of bioactive substances derived from marine organisms and their application in oriental medicine, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals via marine bioprocessing and mass production technologies. Furthermore, he has expanded his research fields to the development of bioactive materials from marine organisms for applications in oriental medicine, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. To date, he has authored over 520 research papers and has 112 patents to his credit. In addition, he has written and edited more than 45 books.

List of Contributors

Visamsetti Amarendra

SASTRA University

School of Chemical and Biotechnology

Tirumalaisamudram

Thanjavur 613401

Tamil Nadu

India

and

SASTRA University

Genetic Engineering Laboratory

SASTRA's Hub for Research & Innovation (SHRI)

ASK 302, Anusandhan Kendra

Tirumalaisamudram

Thanjavur 613401

Tamil Nadu

India

Nahara E. Ayala-Sánchez

Universidad Autónoma de Baja

California

Facultad de Ciencias

Km. 103 Tijuana-Ensenada, Highway

Ensenada, BC 22830

Mexico

Sanat K. Basu

Gupta College of Technological Sciences

Department of Pharmaceutics

Ashram More, G.T. Road

Asansol 713301

West Bengal

India

Ira Bhatnagar

Pukyong National University

Department of Chemistry

Marine Biochemistry Laboratory

Busan 608-737

South Korea

and

Centre for Cellular and Molecular

Biology (CCMB)

Laboratory of Infectious Diseases

Hyderabad 500007

Andhra Pradesh

India

Li-Xin Cao

Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai

School of the Ocean

West Culture Road 2

Weihai, Shandong 264209

China

Samrat Chakraborty

Gupta College of Technological Sciences

Department of Pharmaceutics

Ashram More, G.T. Road

Asansol 713301

West Bengal

India

Pranjal Chandra

Pusan National University

Department of Chemistry

BioMEMS & Nanoelectrochemistry Lab

Busan 609-735

South Korea

Surajit Das

National Institute of Technology

Department of Life Science

Laboratory of Environmental

Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME)

Rourkela 769008

Odisha

India

Hirak R. Dash

National Institute of Technology

Department of Life Science

Laboratory of Environmental

Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME)

Rourkela 769008

Odisha

India

Julieta R. de Oliveira

Universidade de São Paulo

Instituto de Química de São Carlos

Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400

13560-970 São Carlos, SP

Brazil

Andrew P. Desbois

University of Stirling

School of Natural Sciences

Institute of Aquaculture

Marine Biotechnology Research Group

Stirlingshire FK9 4LA

UK

Pradeep Dewapriya

Pukyong National University

Department of Chemistry

Marine Biochemistry Laboratory

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Mahanama De Zoysa

Chungnam National University

College of Veterinary Medicine

Laboratory of Aquatic Animal

Diseases

Yuseong-gu

Daejeon 305-764

South Korea

Kandasamy Dhevendaran

SASTRA University

School of Chemical and Biotechnology

Tirumalaisamudram

Thanjavur 613401

Tamil Nadu

India

Sung-Hwan Eom

Pukyong National University

Department of Food Science and Technology

599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Arijit Gandhi

Gupta College of Technological Sciences

Department of Pharmaceutics

Ashram More, G.T. Road

Asansol 713301

West Bengal

India

Rajendra N. Goyal

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Department of Chemistry

Roorkee 247667

Uttarakhand

India

Lone Gram

Technical University of Denmark

Department of Systems Biology

Søltofts Plads 221

2800 Kongens Lyngby

Denmark

Graciela Guerra-Rivas

Universidad Autónoma de Baja

California

Facultad de Ciencias Marinas

Km. 103 Tijuana-Ensenada, Highway

Ensenada, BC 22830

Mexico

S.W.A. Himaya

Pukyong National University

Marine Bioprocess Research Center

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Le Minh Hoang

Nha Trang University

Faculty of Aquaculture

02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang

Khanh Hoa 65000

Vietnam

Chiaki Imada

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology

4-5-7, Konam

Minato-ku

Tokyo 108-8477

Japan

Ana M. Íñiguez-Martínez

Universidad de Guadalajara

Centro Universitario de la Costa

Av. Universidad de

Guadalajara No. 203

Puerto Vallarta, Jal. 48280

Mexico

Sougata Jana

Gupta College of Technological Sciences

Department of Pharmaceutics

Ashram More, G.T. Road

Asansol 713301

West Bengal

India

Wence Jiao

Dalian University of Technology

School of Life Science and Biotechnology

Linggong Road 2

Dalian 116024

China

Se-Kwon Kim

Pukyong National University

Department of Chemistry and Marine

Bioprocess Research Center

Marine Biotechnology Laboratory

599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Young-Mog Kim

Pukyong National University

Department of Food Science and Technology

599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Priyanka Kishore

National Institute of Technology

Department of Life Science

Laboratory of Environmental

Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME)

Rourkela 769008

Odisha

India

Dae-Sung Lee

Pukyong National University

Department of Microbiology

599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Myung-Suk Lee

Pukyong National University

Department of Microbiology

599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Ulrike Lindequist

Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald

Institute of Pharmacy

Department of Pharmaceutical Biology

Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17

17487 Greifswald

Germany

Neelam Mangwani

National Institute of Technology

Department of Life Science

Laboratory of Environmental

Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME)

Rourkela 769008

Odisha

India

Panchanathan Manivasagan

Pukyong National University

Department of Chemistry and Marine

Bioprocess Research Center

Marine Biotechnology Laboratory

599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Maria Månsson

Technical University of Denmark

Department of Systems Biology

Søltofts Plads 221

2800 Kongens Lyngby

Denmark

André L. Meleiro Porto

Universidade de São Paulo

Instituto de Química de São Carlos

Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400

13560-970 São Carlos, SP

Brazil

Sabine Mundt

Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald

Institute of Pharmacy

Department of Pharmaceutical Biology

Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17

17487 Greifswald

Germany

Chamilani Nikapitiya

Chonnam National University

Department of Aqualife Medicine

College of Fisheries and Ocean Science

Yeosu

Jeollanamdo 550749

South Korea

Arnab Pramanik

Jadavpur University

School of Environmental Studies

Kolkata 70032

West Bengal

India

Ocky K. Radjasa

Diponegoro University

Department of Marine Science

Soedarto, SH St. 1

Semarang 50275, Central Java

Indonesia

Mirna H. Regali Seleghim

Universidade Federal de São Carlos

Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva

Via Washington Luís, Km 235

13565-905 São Carlos, SP

Brazil

Jing Ren

Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai

School of the Ocean

West Culture Road 2

Weihai, Shandong 264209

China

Richa

Banaras Hindu University

Centre of Advanced Study in Botany

Laboratory of Photobiology and

Molecular Microbiology

Varanasi 221005

Uttar Pradesh

India

Lenilson C. Rocha

Universidade de São Paulo

Instituto de Química de São Carlos

Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400

13560-970 São Carlos, SP

Brazil

Gisele N. Rodrigues

Universidade Federal de São Carlos

Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia

Evolutiva

Via Washington Luís, Km 235

13565-905 São Carlos, SP

Brazil

Malay Saha

Sovarani Memorial College

Department of Botany

Jagatballavpur

Howrah 711408

West Bengal

India

Barindra Sana

Nanyang Technological University

School of Chemical and Biomedical

Engineering

Division of Bioengineering

Singapore 637457

Singapore

Ramachandran S. Santhosh

SASTRA University

School of Chemical and Biotechnology

Tirumalaisamudram

Thanjavur 613401

Tamil Nadu

India

and

SASTRA University

Genetic Engineering Laboratory

SASTRA's Hub for Research & Innovation (SHRI)

ASK 302, Anusandhan Kendra

Tirumalaisamudram

Thanjavur 613401

Tamil Nadu

India

Kalyan K. Sen

Gupta College of Technological Sciences

Department of Pharmaceutics

Ashram More, G.T. Road

Asansol 713301

West Bengal

India

Amardeep Singh

Pusan National University

Department of Chemistry

BioMEMS & Nanoelectrochemistry Lab

Busan 609-735

South Korea

Rajeshwar P. Sinha

Banaras Hindu University

Centre of Advanced Study in Botany

Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology

Varanasi 221005

Uttar Pradesh

India

Irma E. Soria-Mercado

Universidad Autónoma de Baja

California

Facultad de Ciencias Marinas

Km. 103 Tijuana-Ensenada, Highway

Ensenada, BC 22830

Mexico

M.L. Arvinda swamy

Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology

Laboratory of Infectious diseases

Uppal Road

Hyderabad, 500007

Andhra Pradesh

India

Lik Tong Tan

Nanyang Technological University

National Institute of Education

Natural Sciences and Science Education

1 Nanyang Walk

Singapore, 637616

Singapore

Kustiariyah Tarman

Bogor Agricultural University

Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences

Department of Aquatic Product Technology

Jl. Agathis 1 Kampus IPB Darmaga

16680 Bogor

Indonesia

and

Bogor Agricultural University

Center for Coastal and Marine

Resources Studies

Division of Marine Biotechnology

Jl. Raya Pajajaran 1 Kampus IPB

Baranangsiang

16144 Bogor

Indonesia

Manoj Trivedi

Pusan National University

Department of Chemistry

BioMEMS & Nanoelectrochemistry Lab

Busan 609-735

South Korea

Trang Sy Trung

Nha Trang University

Department of External Affairs

02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang

Khanh Hoa 650000

Vietnam

Bruna Vacondio

Universidade Federal de São Carlos

Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia

Evolutiva

Via Washington Luís, Km 235

13565-905 São Carlos, SP

Brazil

Nguyen Van Duy

Nha Trang University

Institute of Biotechnology and

Environment

02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang

Khanh Hoa 650000

Vietnam

Quang Van Ta

Pukyong National University

Department of Chemistry

Marine Biochemistry Laboratory

Building C13, Room 201

599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Jayachandran Venkatesan

Pukyong National University

Department of Chemistry and Marine

Bioprocess Research Center

599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu

Busan 608-737

South Korea

Nikolaj G. Vynne

Technical University of Denmark

Department of Systems Biology

Søltofts Plads 221

2800 Kongens Lyngby

Denmark

Matthias Wietz

Technical University of Denmark

National Food Institute

Søltofts Plads 221

2800 Kongens Lyngby

Denmark

and

University of California, San Diego

Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine

Scripps Institution of Oceanography,

La Jolla

San Diego, CA 92093

USA

Xiaona Xu

Dalian University of Technology

School of Life Science and

Biotechnology

Linggong Road 2

Dalian 116024

China

Pei-Sheng Yan

Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai

School of the Ocean

West Culture Road 2

Weihai, Shandong 264209

China

Xinqing Zhao

Dalian University of Technology

School of Life Science and

Biotechnology

Linggong Road 2

Dalian 116024

China

1

Introduction to Marine Actinobacteria

Panchanathan Manivasagan, Jayachandran Venkatesan, and Se-Kwon Kim

1.1 Introduction

Marine microbiology is developing strongly in several countries with a distinct focus on bioactive compounds. Analysis of the geographical origins of compounds, extracts, bioactivities, and Actinobacteria up to 2003 indicates that 67% of marine natural products were sourced from Australia, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, Japan, the Mediterranean, and the Western Pacific Ocean sites [1].

Marine Actinobacteria have been looked upon as potential sources of bioactive compounds, and the work done earlier has shown that these microbes are the richest sources of secondary metabolites. They hold a prominent position as targets in screening programs due to their diversity and their proven ability to produce novel metabolites and other molecules of pharmaceutical importance [2]. Since the discovery of actinomycin [3], Actinobacteria have been found to produce many commercially bioactive compounds and antitumor agents in addition to enzymes of industrial interest [4]. Approximately, two-third of the thousands of naturally occurring antibiotics have been isolated from these organisms [5]. Of them, many have been obtained from Streptomyces [6] and these natural products have been an extraordinary source for lead structures in the development of new drugs [7].

Although the diversity of life in the terrestrial environment is extraordinary, the greatest biodiversity is in the oceans [8]. More than 70% of our planet's surface is covered by oceans and life on Earth originated from the sea. In some marine ecosystems, such as the deep sea floor and coral reefs, experts estimate that the biological diversity is higher than that in the tropical rainforests [9]. As marine environmental conditions are extremely different from the terrestrial ones, it is surmised that marine Actinobacteria have characteristics different from those of terrestrial counterparts and, therefore, might produce different types of bioactive compounds. The living conditions to which marine Actinobacteria had to adapt during evolution range from extremely high pressures (with a maximum of 1100 atmospheres) and anaerobic conditions at temperatures just below 0 °C on the deep sea floor to high acidic conditions (pH as low as 2.8) at temperatures of over 100 °C near hydrothermal vents at the mid-ocean ridges. It is likely that this is reflected in the genetic and metabolic diversity of marine actinomycetes, which remain largely unknown. Indeed, the marine environment is virtually an untapped source of novel Actinobacteria diversity [10, 11] and, therefore, of new metabolites [12–14].