Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1508

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

The global trade of aquatic organisms for home and public aquariums, along with associated equipment and accessories, has become a multi-billion dollar industry. Aquaculture of marine ornamental species, still in its infancy, is recognized as a viable alternative to wild collection as it can supplement or replace the supply of wild caught specimens and potentially help recover natural populations through restocking. This book collects into a single work the most up-to-date information currently available on the aquaculture of marine ornamental species. It includes the contributions of more than 50 leading scientists and experts on different topics relevant for the aquaculture of the most emblematic groups of organisms traded for reef aquariums. From clownfish, to angelfish, tangs and seahorses, as well as corals, anemones, shrimps, giant clams and several other reef organisms, all issues related with the husbandry, breeding, and trade are addressed, with explanatory schemes and illustrations being used to help in understanding the most complex topics addressed. Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture is a key reference for scientists and academics in research institutes and universities, public and private aquaria, as well as for hobbyists. Entrepreneurs will also find this book an important resource, as the culture of marine ornamental species is analyzed from a business oriented perspective, highlighting the risks and opportunities of commercial scale aquaculture of marine ornamentals.

Leseprobe

Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture

Edited by

Ricardo Calado

Departamento de Biologia & CESAMUniversidade de AveiroPortugal

Ike Olivotto

Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell′AmbienteUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheItaly

Miquel Planas Oliver

Departamento de Ecología Y Recursos MarinosInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC)Spain

G. Joan Holt

Marine Science InstituteUniversity of TexasUSA

This edition first published 2017 © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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ISBN: 9780470673904

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Cover image: pinciniphoto/gettyimages

Dedications

To Tânia, Rodrigo and Carolina for being so understanding and for their unconditional love and support.Ricardo Calado

To my family.Ike Olivotto

To everyone who helped me grow as person and scientist, especially to my parents, Josep María and Cari, for always being there.Miquel Planas Oliver

To all of my graduate students and research assistants who worked passionately for marine ornamental aquaculture success.G. Joan Holt

To the memory of Junda Lin, colleague and friend, for his work and dedication to marine ornamental species aquaculture.The Editors

List of Contributors

Andrés AltamiraPIECEMOUMDI‐SisalFacultad de Ciencias, UNAMYucatá[email protected]

Frank BaenschReef Culture Technologies LLCHonolulu, [email protected]

Núria BaylinaOceanário de [email protected]

Mercedes BlázquezInstitut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)[email protected]

Felipe BragaOceanographic InstituteUniversity of São PauloSão [email protected]

Chris BrownMerlin Animal Welfare and DevelopmentWeymouth SEA [email protected]

Robert BurhansMatsu Aquarium Design and [email protected]

David R. BybeeBrigham Young University‐HawaiiLaie, [email protected]

Ricardo CaladoDepartmento de Biologia & CESAMUniversidade de AveiroCampus Universitário de [email protected]

Chatham K. CallanOceanic Institute of Hawaii Pacific [email protected]

Oliana CarnevaliDepartment of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle [email protected]

João P. CorreiaFlying [email protected]

Steven R. CraigVP Nutrition and SalesPrairie AquatechBrookings, [email protected]

Maria Teresa DinisCentro de Ciências do MarUniversidade do AlgarveCampus de [email protected]

Gisela DionísioMARE‐Laboratório Marítimo da GuiaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaCascaisPortugalDepartamento de Biologia & CESAMUniversidade de AveiroCampus Universitário de [email protected]

Brad ErismanUniversity of Texas at Austin Marine Science [email protected]

Filipa FaleiroMARE‐Laboratório Marítimo da GuiaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de [email protected]

Christine Ferrier‐PagèsCentre Scientifique de MonacoQuai AntoineMonacoPrincipality of [email protected]

Maria Letizia FioravantiDepartment of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum Università di BolognaOzzano Emilia (BO)[email protected]

Daniela FlorioDepartment of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum Università di BolognaOzzano Emilia (BO)[email protected]

Todd R. GardnerSuffolk County Community CollegeEast Campus, ShinnecockRiverhead, [email protected]

Benjamin GeffroyIfremer, UMR MARBECStation Expérimentale d’Aquaculture Chemin de MaguelonePalavas‐Les‐[email protected]

G. Joan HoltUniversity of Texas at Austin Marine Science [email protected]

Miguel C. LealDepartment of Fish Ecology & EvolutionEAWAG: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyCentre for Ecology, Evolution and [email protected]

Gilles [email protected]

Ming‐Yih LeuNational Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium/Graduate Institute of Marine BiologyNational Dong Hwa [email protected]

Junda LinDepartment of Biological SciencesFlorida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne [email protected]

Miguel MiesOceanographic InstituteUniversity of São PauloSão Paulo, [email protected]

Martin Moe Jr.Mote Marine LaboratoryIslamorada, [email protected]

Avier J. MontalvoKubecka AquaculturePalacios, [email protected]

Joanna M. MurrayCentre for EnvironmentFisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)Lowestoft, Suffolk, [email protected]

Ike OlivottoDipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’AmbienteUniversità Politecnica delle [email protected]

Ronald OsingaWageningen UniversityAquaculture and FisheriesWageningenThe [email protected]

Matthew R. PalmtagFlorida Gulf Coast UniversityFort Myers, [email protected]

Francesco PerissonottiOceanova ‐ Nutrição de Organismos Aquá[email protected]

Dirk PetersenSECORE [email protected]

Miquel Planas OliverDepartamento de Ecología Y Recursos MarinosInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC)[email protected]

Andrew L. RhyneRoger Williams UniversityDepartment of Biology and Marine BiologyBristol, RIUSANew England AquariumAnderson Cabot Center for Ocean LifeBoston, MAUSAUniversity of Massachusetts at BostonSchool for the EnvironmentBoston, [email protected]

Rui J. M. RochaDepartamento de Biologia & CESAMUniversidade de AveiroCampus de [email protected]

Nuno V. RodriguesFlying [email protected]

Rui RosaMARE‐Laboratório Marítimo da GuiaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de [email protected]

Mike SchaadtCabrillo Marine AquariumSan Pedro, [email protected]

Christiane SchmidtESAIA, Engagement der SeewasserAquarianer für Internationalen [email protected]

Anna ScottNational Marine Science Centre and Marine Ecology Research CentreSchool of Environment, Science and EngineeringSouthern Cross UniversityCoffs Harbour, [email protected]

Marcello S. ScozzafaveOceanographic InstituteUniversity of São PauloSão Paulo, [email protected]

Marcelo SheiAltamar Equipamentos AquáticosSantos, [email protected]

Nuno SimõesPIECEMO, UMDI‐SisalFacultad de Ciencias, UNAMYucatá[email protected]

Mark SmithNew England AquariumAnderson Cabot Center for Ocean LifeBoston, [email protected]

Nancy SowinskiSunset Marine Labs, LLCSignal Hill, [email protected]

Paulo Y.G. SumidaOceanographic InstituteUniversity of São PauloSão Paulo, [email protected]

Judy St. LegerSeaWorld Parks and EntertainmentSan Diego, [email protected]

Joseph T. SzczebakRoger Williams UniversityDepartment of Biology and Marine BiologyBristol, [email protected]

Michael F. TlustyNew England AquariumAnderson Cabot Center for Ocean LifeBoston, MAUSAUniversity of Massachusetts at BostonSchool for the EnvironmentBoston, [email protected]

Claudia TurchiPelagosphera Soc. Coop.Portoferraio(LI)[email protected]

Alejandro A. VagelliCenter for Aquatic SciencesCamden, [email protected]

Gary ViolettaSeaWorld of OrlandoOrlando, [email protected]

Chad L. WidmerPoint Defiance Zoo and AquariumTacoma, [email protected]

Foreword

The global trade of aquatic organisms for home and public aquariums, along with associated equipment and accessories, has become a multi‐billion dollar industry. Although marine species made up less than 10% of the total volume of ornamental trade, the percentage in terms of value is much higher and increasing in recent years. The vast majority of marine species are collected from the Southeastern Asian countries (especially the Philippines and Indonesia) and exported to North America, Japan and Europe, and in more recent years China. For both freshwater and marine aquarium species, fish is the dominant group, although in the last 25 years, the marine aquarium trade has seen a shift in consumer preference from fish‐only aquariums to miniature reef ecosystems, resulting in the trading of many invertebrate species associated with the coral reefs (e.g., anemones, jellyfish, shrimp and other decapods, starfish and urchins, and molluscs). An estimated 27 million marine ornamental fish (Townsend, 2011) from over 1800 species (Rhyne et al., 2012) and hundreds of coral and other invertebrate species are traded. Scuba diving opened up habitats that until then were inaccessible. Color photography made it possible to document the beauty of living animals. Interestingly, photography, the number one hobby, certainly facilitates the aquarium keeping, the second most popular hobby.

Much progress has been made in the breeding and aquaculture of marine ornamental species in the last 10 to 20 years. CORAL Magazine lists the number of captive‐bred marine aquarium fish species, with more than 30 new species over the 2013 list, bringing the total to over 250 species (Sweet, 2014). However, for most of these species, it will be quite some time before they can be supplied to the aquarium trade at reasonable prices through commercial production. In contrast to the traded freshwater fish species, about 90% of which are captive bred, (much) less than 10% of the marine ornamental species traded are from aquaculture. Virtually all of the marine fishes and invertebrates marketed in the aquarium trade industry are collected from coral reef ecosystems. Extensive and destructive collection of these animals, such as use of cyanide and coral breaking and smashing, can directly deplete the target species and indirectly damage delicate coral reef ecosystems that are already under serious threats from global climate change, pollution and other anthropogenic impacts. Aquaculture of marine ornamental species, still in its infancy, is recognized as a viable alternative to wild collection as it can supplement or replace the supply of wild caught specimens and potentially help recover natural populations through restocking. However, there are still many challenges that need to be overcome. Life history and other basic scientific knowledge are unknown for most species. Broodstock management, spawning induction, larval rearing, nutrition, live feed, diseases, systems, and cost are some of the obstacles for commercial production.

Information on aquarium animal keeping, spawning and culture, is widely distributed in trade magazines, journals, newsletters and websites (largely contributed by hobbyists and public aquariums), and increasingly, in scientific publications. Although there are a few reviews and books on aquaculture of specific groups, such as fish (e.g., Moorhead & Zeng, 2010) and shrimp (e.g., Calado, 2008), there has not been a comprehensive overview of marine ornamental aquaculture. The current book fills this critical gap and provides a valuable resource for research and development of marine ornamental aquaculture. The editors have assembled a great panel of international experts to cover a broad field of marine ornamental aquaculture and related topics, including major groups of fish and invertebrates traded in the marine aquarium industry, culture systems, nutrition, diseases, marketing, packing and shipping, and conservation. While the book is not designed as a manual for culturing specific species or groups, it does provide up‐to‐date information and guidance for overcoming the major bottlenecks in developing commercial production for more marine ornamental species.

References

Calado, R. (2008)

Marine Ornamental Shrimp – Biology, Aquaculture and Conservation

. Wiley‐Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.

Moorhead, J.A. & Zeng, C. (2010) Development of captive breeding techniques for marine ornamental fish: a review.

Reviews in Fisheries Science

,

18

, 315–343.

Rhyne, A.L., Tlusty, M.F., Schofield, P.J., Kaufman, L., Morris Jr, J.A. & Bruckner, A.W. (2012) Revealing the appetite of the marine aquarium fish trade: the volume and biodiversity of fish imported into the United States.

PLoS ONE

,

7

, e35808.

Sweet, T. (2014) CORAL Magazine’s updated and definitive captive‐bred marine aquarium fish species list current through December 17, 2013,

http://www.reef2rainforest.com/2013/12/17/coral‐magazines‐captive‐bred‐marine‐fish‐species‐list‐for‐2014/

(accessed 30 July 2016).

Townsend, D. (2011) Sustainability, equity and welfare: a review of the tropical marine ornamental fish trade.

SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin

,

20

, 2–12.

Junda LinMelbourne, Florida, USA

Part IOverview of Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture

The marine aquarium trade has a worldwide dimension and represents a multi‐million dollars segment of the pet industry. This economic activity has continued to expand in recent years, revealing a voracious appetite for a remarkable range of species (Rhyne et al., 2012a; Rhyne et al., 2012b) that are commonly termed marine ornamentals. While at first we may think of marine ornamental species as colorful reef dwelling organisms, color is not the only feature that makes a marine organism a target of this trade. As an example, drab colored organisms that provide a service for reef aquariums, such as algae grazers and species that can control the growth of “nuisance organisms”, are also in high demand and heavily collected (Rhyne et al., 2009) (Chapter 1).