Materials for Hydrogen Production, Conversion, and Storage E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1221

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

MATERIALS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, CONVERSION, AND STORAGE Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this book provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production, conversion, and storage, offering the scientific literature a comprehensive coverage of this important fuel. Continually growing environmental concerns are driving every, or almost every, country on the planet towards cleaner and greener energy production. This ultimately leaves no option other than using hydrogen as a fuel that has almost no adverse environmental impact. But hydrogen poses several hazards in terms of human safety as its mixture of air is prone to potential detonations and fires. In addition, the permeability of cryogenic storage can induce frostbite as it leaks through metal pipes. In short, there are many challenges at every step to strive for emission-free fuel. In addition to these challenges, there are many emerging technologies in this area. For example, as the density of hydrogen is very low, efficient methods are being developed and engineered to store it in small volumes. This groundbreaking new volume describes the production of hydrogen from various sources along with the protagonist materials involved. Further, the extensive and novel materials involved in conversion technologies are discussed. Also covered here are the details of the storage materials of hydrogen for both physical and chemical systems. Both renewal and non-renewal sources are examined as feedstocks for the production of hydrogen. The non-renewal feedstocks, mainly petroleum, are the major contributor to date but there is a future perspective in a renewal source comprising mainly of water splitting via electrolysis, radiolysis, thermolysis, photocatalytic water splitting, and biohydrogen routes. Whether for the student, veteran engineer, new hire, or other industry professionals, this is a must-have for any library.

Leseprobe

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Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Materials for Hydrogen Production, Conversion, and Storage

Edited by

Tariq AltalhiSayed Mohammed AdnanandMohammed A. Amin

This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119829348

Front cover images supplied by Wikimedia CommonsCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

The extensive awareness and environmental concern are driving the global civilization towards cleaner and green energy production. This ultimately leaves no option other than using hydrogen as a fuel that has almost no adverse environmental impact. But hydrogen poses several hazards in terms of human safety as its mixture of air is prone to potential detonations and invisible fires. The permeability of cryogenic storage can induce frostbite as it leaks through metal pipes. In short, there are a lot of challenges at every step to strive for emission-free fuel. As the density of hydrogen is very low, efficient methods are being developed and engineered to store it in a small volume. Hydrogen can leak at a rate as low as 4 μg/sec to catch fire hazards and thus its detection poses a serious challenge both in terms of safety and expense. Both renewal and non-renewal sources are targeted as feedstocks for the production of hydrogen. The non-renewal feedstocks mainly of petroleum are the major contributor to date but there is a future perspective in renewal source comprising mainly of water splitting via electrolysis, radiolysis, thermolysis, photocatalytic water splitting, and biohydrogen routes which are being extensively worked out. When American physicist Richard Feynman said, “There is plenty of room at the bottom”, material science filled plenty of scope for improved properties that can be exploited to overcome the enormous challenge of harnessing energy from hydrogen.This book edition mainly targets the current and future material for the production, conversion, and storage of the cleaner fuel – hydrogen. The scope and limitations both in terms of engineering and cost have been discussed.

Materials for Hydrogen Production, Conversion, and Storage describes mainly the production of hydrogen from various sources along with the protagonist materials involved. Further, the extensive and novel material involved in conversion technologies is discussed. The book also covered the details of storage materials of hydrogen for both physical and chemical systems. This book should be useful for engineers, environmentalists, governmental policy planners, non-governmental organizations, faculty, researchers, students from academics, and laboratories that are linked to various functional materials related to hydrogen production, conversion, and storage capacity. Based on the book’s objective, this issue edition is divided into 22 chapters:

Chapter 1 summarizes the possibility of hydrogen production from water in the solar-driven processes in the presence of transition metal oxides. Photo(electro)catalytic and thermochemical paths are described, with detailed characteristics, challenges, and problems. Lastly, future possibilities of the most popular metal oxide-based semiconductors are covered.

Chapter 2 discusses the role of lignin as a renewable and sustainable energy source and its valorization through feasible methods. This chapter mainly focuses on the catalytic conversion of lignin into value-added fuels which has the potential to meet the energy gap between the demand and supply of conventional fossil fuels.

Chapter 3 details various solar-hydrogen coupling hybrid systems for green energy applications. Photo-, electro-, thermo-, and bio-chemical solar systems to hydrogen production are also discussed. The classification of these systems, their fundamentals, and their components is presented as well, in addition to the future perspective for green energy applications.

Chapter 4 includes various methods of conversion of solar energy into hydrogen. This includes concentrated solar thermal H production; thermo-chemical aqua splitting technology for solar-H22 production; solar-H2 through de-carbonization of fossil fuels; solar cracking; and solar thermal-based hydrogen generation through electrolysis and photovoltaic based hydrogen production.

Chapter 5 encompasses the role of electrocatalysts in electrocatalytic water splitting hydrogen evolution reaction. The basic mechanism of hydrogen evolution reaction and the significant parameters that qualify an efficient electrocatalyst are discussed. Various state-of-art catalysts for electrocatalytic generation of hydrogen through water splitting are also discussed.

Chapter 6 mainly focuses on the modern advancements in the composition and formulating of nanostructured catalysts of noble/non-noble metal-based materials for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). The key challenges, perspectives, and opportunities for developing new catalysts for efficient electrochemical water splitting are also discussed.

Chapter 7 presents the biohydrogen production associated with the generation of secondary metabolites through dark fermentation. Details of principal metabolic pathways from specific organic wastes and principal microbiota involved are discussed. Additionally, it shows bioreactor projects’ main advances in biomass and operational optimization in wastewater-fed bioH2-producing systems.

Chapter 8 describes the process of electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production. The electrocatalyst foundations for water splitting, as well as the characteristics of a good electrocatalyst for hydrogen, are also discussed.

Chapter 9 highlights the prevailing issues associated with bioreactor operation and the recent advancement in alleviating the challenges of biohydrogen production. Four challenges are identified and discussed, namely physical, biological, chemical, and economical.

Chapter 10 addresses various microbes used in continuous hydrogen production from a large array of wastewaters. Photo-fermentation, dark fermentation, and microbial electrolytic cells are discussed in detail. Continuous hydrogen production is emphasized. Factors that affect hydrogen yield and hydrogen production rate are also discussed.

Chapter 11 reviews several conversion techniques for hydrogen evolution by water splitting using photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical systems. On top of that, several types of membrane separation for hydrogen recovery are also discussed.

Chapter 12 emphasizes the applications of geothermal energy for hydrogen production that can be used as the principal energy carrier in the upcoming hydrogen era. The methods of hydrogen synthesis, thermodynamic efficiencies, economy, and environmental impacts are elaborated. Hence, this chapter brushes a portrait of a hydrogen-based greener sustainable future.

Chapter 13 provides the current advancements in design and morphology changes of g-C3N4 including porous, crystalline, thin-nanosheets, metal-doping/g-C3N4, and semiconductor/g-C3N4 heterogeneous photocatalysts for improving the H2 production by photocatalytic water splitting. Moreover, the fundamental challenges and future outlooks herein photocatalytic water splitting for the evolution of H2 energy are highlighted.

Chapter 14 elaborates the sustainable production of hydrogen by using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), as the utilization of g-CN in H2 with high specific surface area transformations, power modules, sun-oriented cells, supercapacitors, and lithium batteries offers new freedoms. This record gives an examination of the effect of ecological testing on hydrogen-producing innovation from sustainable and non-renewable sources, with an accentuation on its utilization.

Chapter 15 recapitulates the fundamentals behind anaerobic digestion to produce hydrogen and highlighted the challenges and mitigation strategies in biohydrogen production. Finally, the practicality of anaerobic digestion technologies at an industrial scale is discussed.

Chapter 16 presents information about the synthesis of hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuel from abundantly available waste-activated sludge. Dark fermentation, photo fermentation, and microbial electrolysis cell methods used for hydrogen production are also discussed. Moreover, this chapter also explains various physical, chemical, and physicochemical treatments adopted to produce hydrogen along with the process conditions maintained.

Chapter 17 briefly describes the disadvantages of using fossil fuels. Recently, BioH2 is considered as an alternative for fossil fuels as it can be generated from renewable sources like biomass and wastes. This chapter concentrates on the prospective use of waste-activated sludge as raw material for H2 generation.

Chapter 18 enumerates the basic principle of perovskite materials, including the structure of oxide and halide perovskites with the synthesis processes. Various modifications of the perovskite materials are discussed. The recent developments in solar water splitting for hydrogen production, including photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical, and photovoltaic-electro-catalysis are reviewed in this chapter.

Chapter 19 briefly discusses the mechanism involved in hydrogen production with the help of a photocatalyst. Additionally, the role of co-catalyst and sacrificial reagent are discussed. Also, previously reported different nickel/ nickel-based photocatalysts for hydrogen production are discussed in detail.

Chapter 20 explains the concept of waste-activated sludge used for the production of hydrogen-based on thermochemical and biological processes. The potential strategies and prospects of thermochemical and biological processes for hydrogen energy systems are well compared and presented based on their advantages, drawbacks, and future feasibility.

Chapter 21 showcases hydrogen storage potential and the general mechanism involved in hydrogen storage by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Furthermore, the effect of structural modifications of MOFs to enhance their H storage capacities is discussed. Future recommendations are also outlined2 to overcome existing drawbacks in MOFs structure to make them acceptable for commercial H2 storage.

Chapter 22 presents an overview of the most prominent high-density solids that are potential hydrogen storage materials and are anticipated as key enablers for the hydrogen economy. The aspects of hydrogen storage capacity, kinetics, and thermodynamics are briefly discussed for each class of materials in addition to their limitations and performance enhancement techniques.

Highlights:

Provides a broad overview of present and upcoming materials for the hydrogen generation, conversion, and storage

Introduces the readers and professionals with a solid foundation in the broad and expanding field of hydrogen generation, conversion, and storage

Explores current procedures used in the production of hydrogen

Details of hydrogen as an alternate source of energy from fossil fuels, water resources, and biomass

InamuddinTariq AltalhiSayed Mohammed AdnanMohammed A. Amin