Medical Geology E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Medical Geology The key to understanding the relationship between the geological environment and human health Medical geology deals with of the impact of environmental factors on the health of individual human beings and communities. In particular, it studies environmental exposure to both macro- and micronutrients in the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere--respectively, soil, water, and airborne dust--which may positively or negatively impact human growth, development, and overall health. The insights contributed by this burgeoning field can aid not only in individual medical cases, but also in assessing disproportionately impacted communities and addressing global medical inequality. Medical Geology: En route to One Health is among the first books to address this vital subject by summarizing recent research in this field. It also serves as an introduction to the multidisciplinary One Health methodology, which unites medical, geological, and environmental insights in one continuous approach to public health. Medical Geology readers will also find: * An explanation of the influence of the environment on nutrient availability * Case studies of well-documented links between endemic diseases and environmental conditions * A systematic analysis of the causes of essential element deficiencies in different world regions Medical Geology is an essential overview of the field, for advanced students as well as medical, environmental, or geological researchers who wish to understand the complex relationship between the geological environment and human health.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section 1: Geochemistry and Health
1 Medical Geology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Medical Geology in Russia and Newly Independent States (NIS)
1.3 Medicinal Value of Metals in Ancient Indian System of Medicine (After Charaka Samhita)
1.4 Linking Geology to Medicine?
1.5 Mineral‐Enriched Yeast: Vehicles of Nutrition
1.6 Trace Elements/Functional Foods
1.7 Public Health Informatics (PHI)
1.8 Use of Clay Minerals in Water Purification
1.9 Bathing in Radioactive Monazite‐Rich Sands
Glossary
References
2 Biogeochemistry
2.1 Introduction to Biogeochemistry
2.2 Geosphere: Formation, Evolution, and Isotopes
2.3 Biosphere
2.4 Natural Biogeochemistry Cycles (C, N, P, and S)
2.5 Artificial Biogeochemistry Cycles
2.6 Soil Biogeochemistry
2.7 Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Activities on Biogeochemical Processes
2.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
3 Geochemical Release and Environmental Interfaces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Environmental Interfaces
References
Section 2: Dust Storms and Health
4 Minerogenic Dust and Human Health
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tree “Bark Pockets” as Pollution Time Capsules
4.3 Asbestosis
4.4 Phosphogypsum Dust (Anthropogenic Radioactivity)
4.5 Silicosis
4.6 Volcanic Ash
4.7 Dust and Gases from Volcanic Eruptions
4.8 Artisanal and Small‐Scale Gold Mining Activities in Nigeria
Acknowledgments
References
5 Silicosis and Asbestosis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Silicosis
5.3 Asbestosis
5.4 Industrial Application
5.5 Exposure to Mineral Fiber
5.6 Disease Description and Mechanisms of Action
5.7 Prevention and Treatment Plans
References
6 Radon and Health
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Radon Chemistry
6.3 Sources of Radon
6.4 Radon Measurement Units
6.5 Safe Radon Levels
6.6 Radon Detection Methods
6.7 Detection of Radon and Radon Decay Products by Grab Sampling Method
6.8 Detection of Radon and Radon Decay Products by Integrated Measurement Methods
6.9 Detection of Radon and Radon Decay Products by Continuous Monitors
6.10 Health Effects of Radon
6.11 Prevention and Mitigation of Radon in Indoor Settings
6.12 Conclusion
References
Section 3: Medical Geology of the Hydrosphere
7 Water–Rock Interactions
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Congruent (Simple) Dissolution
7.3 Incongruent Dissolution
7.4 Reductive Dissolution of Fe(III) Oxides
7.5 Conclusion Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
8 Water Hardness and Health
8.1 Water Hardness – Overview
8.2 Origin of Water Hardness
8.3 Water Hardness and Health Influence – Background
8.4 Mitigation of Water Hardness
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Geochemistry of Fluoride in the Environment and Human Health
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Geochemistry of Fluoride
9.3 Fluoride in Rocks
9.4 Fluoride in Soil
9.5 Fluoride in Plants
9.6 Fluoride in Natural Water
9.7 Fluoride and Human Health
9.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10 Iodine Essentiality for Human Health
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Iodine Essentiality for Human Health
10.3 Role of Iodine in Thyroid Function
10.4 Iodine Sources in Biogeosphere and Hydrosphere
10.5 Iodine in Diets
10.6 Iodine in Watersheds
10.7 Iodine Deficiency Disorders
10.8 Biogeochemical Cycling of Iodine
10.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11 Understanding Nexus Between Hydrogeochemical Cycling and Medical Geology of Arsenic
11.1 Introduction
11.2 What Is Medical Geology?
11.3 Arsenic Release Mechanisms
11.4 Exposure and Effects of As on Humans and Plants
11.5 Conclusions and Outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
12 Potentially Toxic Metals and Health
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Toxic Metals and Their Resources
12.3 The Effects of Toxic Metals on Human Health
12.4 Toxic Metal Removal with Biochar Adsorption
12.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Section 4: Medical Pedology
13 Dynamics of Trace Element Bioavailability in Soil
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Contaminated Soils
13.3 Case Study
13.4 Uptake of Trace Elements: Change in Bioavailability
13.5 Trace Element Accumulation in Vegetable/Fodder
13.6 Human Health Risk Assessment
13.7 Conclusion
References
14 Geochemical Provenance of Metalloids and Their Release
14.1 Medical Geology of Metalloids
14.2 Role of Natural Geologic Materials and Processes on Releasing of Metalloids to the Environment
14.3 Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of Metalloids
14.4 Human Exposure of Metalloids
14.5 Toxicity of Metalloids to Human and Prevention
14.6 The Risk Management Strategies to Reduce the Bioavailable of Metalloids in the Environment
14.7 Summary and Future Development
References
15 Cobalt and Copper Deficiency and Molybdenosis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Role of Co, Cu, and Mo as Micronutrients
15.3 Molybdenum (Mo) as a Cause for Micro‐Mineral Deficiencies – Molybdenosis
15.4 Sources Leading to Molybdenosis
15.5 Diagnosis and Treatment
15.6 Conclusions
References
16 Healing Clays Structure and Functions
Abbreviations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification and Commonly Used Nanoclay Types as Biomedical Applications
16.3 Application of Nanoclays as Healing Clays
16.4 Healing Clays as Antimicrobial Agents
16.5 Wound Healing and Tissue Engineering
16.6 Bone Cement
16.7 Drug Delivery
16.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Section 5: Case Studies
17 Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) – The Search for Causes and the Impact of Its Politicization
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Conceptual Issues
17.3 Misuse of Disease Nomenclature
17.4 Is CKDu a Disease Associated with Agricultural Communities?
17.5 Is CKDu a Disease Associated with the Use of Agrochemicals?
17.6 Are Pesticide Residues Implicated?
17.7 Consequence of Dubious Etiological Claims Causing Public Fear
References
18 Uraniferous Province of Lagoa Real
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Lagoa Real Uraniferous Province
18.3 Dispersion and Routes of Uranium in the Environment
18.4 Uranium Impacts on Human Health
18.5 Final Considerations
Acknowledgment
References
19 Defluoridation
19.1 Defluoridation of High Fluoride Groundwater
19.2 Adsorption
19.3 Electrocoagulation
19.4 Coagulation/Precipitation
19.5 Nanofiltration
19.6 Ion Exchange
19.7 Comparing to Several Techniques for Defluoridation
19.8 Fluoride Health Risk Assessment
19.9 Risk Characterization from Fluoride Exposure
References
20 Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Effects of Metals and Minerals Used in Traditional Medicine
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Objectives
20.3 Methods
20.4 Results
20.5 Discussion
20.6 Conclusion
References
21 Understanding the Etiology of Trace Element‐Related Noncommunicable Diseases – Reviewing the Ghanaian Situation
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Materials and Methods
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.4 Conclusion
References
22 Dental Fluorosis Cases in Turkey
22.1 Distribution of Fluoride and Dental Fluorosis in the World
22.2 Distribution of Dental Fluorosis in Turkey
22.3 Evaluation of Dental Fluorosis Cases in Turkey
22.4 Development of Sustainable Oral Health Improvement and Strategies in Turkey
References
23 Environmental and Medical Geology of the Lead Mining and Metallurgical Complex of Bahia, Brazil
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Results and Discussions
23.3 Conclusions
References
24 Uncontrolled Coal Fires
24.1 Introduction
24.2 What are Uncontrolled Coal Fires?
24.3 Location – A Global Problem
24.4 Dangers of Coal Fires
24.5 Why Medical Geology Is Relevant for Coal Fires – Jharia Coal Fires Case Study
24.6 Why Has Not More Research Been Done on the Topic?
24.7 Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Diseases/symptoms associated with deficiency or efficiency of esse...
Table 1.2 Medicinally important elements and functions.
Table 1.3 Nutritionally important elements and functions.
Table 1.4 Toxic elements that do not have metabolic significance in humans....
Table 1.5 The elements contained in humans and their biological functions....
Table 1.6 Bibliographic resume of significant findings in medical geology.
Table 1.7 Heavy metal contamination in facial cosmetics.
Table 1.8 Sources of arsenic and toxicity (Silva et al. 2005, Kumaresan and ...
Table 1.9 Nanoscience in medical geology.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Minerogenic dust.
Table 4.2 Recent research (2021) on dust storms.
Table 4.3 Hazards of asbestos.
Table 4.4 Hazards of phosphogypsum.
Table 4.5 Toxic gases due to volcanic eruption.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Classification and nomenclature of silica forms.
Table 5.2 Main activities in which workers may be exposed to crystalline sil...
Table 5.3 The physical and chemical properties of the six types of asbestos ...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Physical and chemical properties of radon‐222.
Table 6.2 Comparison of average of indoor radon and indoor radon action leve...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Weathering reactions for different silicate minerals to the clay m...
Table 7.2 Reaction formulas and related Δ
G
0
values of Fe(III) oxide reducti...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Further classification of water based on the water hardness.
Table 8.2 Analysis of the relationship between the CVD mortality and consump...
Table 8.3 Analysis of the protective effect of hard water consumption agains...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Fluoride content in different rocks and other environmental materi...
Table 9.2 Fluoride levels in selected surface water bodies in some selected ...
Table 9.3 Countries having their own recommended standard for fluoride in wa...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Iodine essentiality and toxicity.
Table 10.2 Countries reported for excessive iodine intake based on global sc...
Table 10.3 Iodine concentrations of selected foods and feeds.
Table 10.4 Recommended daily iodine requirements and upper tolerable iodine ...
Table 10.5 Impact of organic and conventional farming systems on cow’s milk ...
Table 10.6 Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and adequate intake for iodi...
Table 10.7 Iodine content in the selected food products.
Table 10.8 Range of iodine content μg/g DW of examples of the three main cla...
Table 10.9 The iodine deficiency disorders, by age group.
Table 10.10 Countries reported for insufficient iodine intake based on globa...
Table 10.11 Prevalence of iodine deficiency, as total number (millions) and ...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Elevated arsenic concentration effects on human and plants.
Table 11.2 Arsenic concentrations in different countries of the world.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 The effects of toxic metals on human health.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 TE accumulation in different parts of test plants (in mg/kg).
Table 13.2 TE accumulation (in mg/kg) and THQ in edible parts of test plants...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Metalloids concentration in earth's crust.
Table 14.2 The presence of metalloids in the natural environment.
Table 14.3 Occurrence of metalloids in human around the world.
Table 14.4 Integral metalloid risk management practices.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Molybdenum content of selected foods.
Table 15.2 Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for molybdenum for humans....
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Nanoclay‐containing nanoclay composites for tissue engineering ap...
Table 16.2 Different types of NCs for drug delivery.
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Average Results of Poços in the Riacho das Quebradas Sub‐basin – ...
Table 18.2 Main vegetable crops with respective annual production and area o...
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Comparing to several techniques for defluoridation.
Table 19.2 Importance and impact categories of control factors and risk indi...
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Pharmacological actions of metals and minerals used in TM.
Table 20.2 Therapeutic uses of metals and minerals.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Various studies on dental fluorosis made in the world.
Table 22.2 Dental fluorosis studies made so far in Turkey.
Table 22.3 Clinical criteria for the Thylstrup–Fejerskov index ().
Table 22.4 Institutions and organizations providing oral and dental health s...
Chapter 23
Table 23.1 Element contents (in ppm) found in the tailings.
Table 23.2 Mean concentrations, in mg/L, of cations (heavy metals) and anion...
List of Illustrations
Preface
Figure 1 The titles and keywords of the contributory chapters in a word clou...
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Different colored stones with diverse minerals and chemicals are ...
Figure 1.2 Bioavailability of minerals (
sensu lato, sensu stricto
).
Figure 1.3 Trace elements as nutrients and contaminants.
Figure 1.4 Major contamination pathways of minerals (
sensu lato, sensu stric
...
Figure 1.5 Triphasic kinetics of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) similar t...
Figure 1.6 A schematic model of the biological system elucidating
metallomic
...
Figure 1.7 Significance of metallomics for basic and future sciences.
Figure 1.8 Different scientific fields (percentage) studied in relation with...
Figure 1.9 Medical geology: biosphere, geosphere, and noosphere interface. M...
Figure 1.10 There are four major sources of minerals for human intake, viz. ...
Figure 1.11 Sources and availability pathways of minerals
latu sensu
and hum...
Figure 1.12 Soil degradation leads to the loss of micro‐ and macronutrients....
Figure 1.13 Soil is the foundation of human health via balanced nutrition. O...
Figure 1.14
Prosopis juliflora
‐ (a) profuse flowering, (b) tender pods, (c)...
Figure 1.15 Natural clays with different healing functions.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Structure of a bacterial cell.
Figure 2.2 Schematic diagram of the carbon cycle.
Figure 2.3 Schematic diagram of the global N
2
cycle.
Figure 2.4 Global cycle of P.
Figure 2.5 The biotic and abiotic interactions occur in the soil in the pres...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Picture of both physical and chemical weathering.
Figure 3.2 Chemical weathering.
Figure 3.3 Root weathering.
Figure 3.4 Erosion by wind.
Figure 3.5 A gas shale bedrock with the layered structure.
Figure 3.6 Volcanic gases in Hawaii are rich in carbon dioxide and sulfur di...
Figure 3.7 Steam and volcanic gases escape from a crack in the roadway in th...
Figure 3.8 A magnified image of tiny gas‐filled pores in the rock, with a st...
Figure 3.9 Illustration of production and effect of volcanic aerosols, inclu...
Figure 3.10 A schematic depiction of the direct radiative effect of dust aer...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Dust and pollution in selected countries (a–c) India. (a) Dust an...
Figure 4.2 (a, b) Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk nuclear facility.
Figure 4.3 (a, b) Morphological changes exhibited by plants growing around t...
Figure 4.4 Capture of minerogenic dust by tree bark. (a) Cross section of ma...
Figure 4.5 Tree trunk wounds and bark pockets ad minerogenis dust collectors...
Figure 4.6 Magnesite mining dust. (a) Transport of Magnesite ore for and (b)...
Figure 4.7 Occupational hazards of asbestos.
Figure 4.8 (a–f) Transport and use of phosphogypsum in road making causing d...
Figure 4.9 (a–c) Piledup phosphogypsum stack using heavy machinery.
Figure 4.10 Premature and delayed sedimentation. Simplified sketch showing b...
Figure 4.11 Artisanal and small‐scale gold mining and exposure to dust and t...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Molecular and cellular components are involved in silica‐induced ...
Figure 5.2 Classification of asbestose minerals.
Figure 5.3 The effect of asbestos fiber exposure.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Decay series of uranium (
238
U).
Figure 6.2 Different deposition mechanisms of radon containing aerosols with...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Fluorite equilibrium and evolutions of Ca
2+
and F
−
activiti...
Figure 7.2 Variation of F
−
concentration with Ca
2+
concentration of gr...
Figure 7.3 Residual mineral developed on granodiorite distributions with dep...
Figure 7.4 The change in log albite weathering rate (mol/m
2
/s) as a function...
Figure 7.5 Overview of geochemical processes that are involved in Fe(II) oxi...
Figure 7.6 Schematic diagram illustrating biogeochemical processes of Fe(III...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Overall illustration of the origin of water hardness based on the...
Figure 8.2 Key health benefits of magnesium intake based on evidence extract...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Countries with dental and skeletal fluorosis due to excessive ing...
Figure 9.2 Behavior of fluoride under different pH conditions.
Figure 9.3 Schematic diagram showing pathways of fluoride in the natural env...
Figure 9.4 Typical case of dental fluorosis due to intake of high fluoride g...
Figure 9.5 X‐ray image of the pelvic bone with spines of a subject with seve...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Thyroid organ and its parts – role in iodine metabolism. (a) Ist...
Figure 10.2 Iodine can be ingested through diet and dietary supplements. The...
Figure 10.3 Iodine in some common rock types.
Figure 10.4 Iodine in various soil types.
Figure 10.5 Iodine in different types of vegetation.
Figure 10.6 Global iodine availability status.
Figure 10.7 Insufficient iodine intake is observed in many regions, mainly A...
Figure 10.8 Strategies for iodine deficiency alleviation. Efficacy and effec...
Figure 10.9 Biogeochemical cycling of iodine – role of environmental geochem...
Figure 10.10 Cycle of disinfection by‐product formation during water disinfe...
Figure 10.11 Iodide (I
−
) and iodine (I
2
) uptake and deposition. In sea...
Figure 10.12 The One‐Health approach in seaweed food production relevant to ...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 A schematic diagram showing the impact of arsenic hydrogeochemis...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 TE accumulation in vegetables/fodder in response to agronomic am...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Schematic pathway of metalloids from geogenic sources to human....
Figure 14.2 Medical geological effect of metalloids in the human body.
Figure 14.3 Graphical representation of risk management strategies of metall...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Depigmentation of hairs around the eyes due to Cu deficiency....
Figure 15.2 Severely Cu‐deficient cow and her calf.
Figure 15.3 A figure of merlot bunches at harvest without Mo treatment versu...
Figure 15.4 Physical appearance of a Co deficient hogget compared to a norma...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Schematic view of structural arrangement of tetrahedral silica s...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 The “organism” and the environment are regarded as a complex int...
Figure 17.2 (a) Adapted from the Ginnoruwa Google map showing the farming vi...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Geological and location map of the Lagoa Real Uraniferous Provin...
Figure 18.2 Some rocks of the Lagoa Real Complex: (a) example of albitite mi...
Figure 18.3 Aerial views of the landscape in the uranium mining areas: (a) w...
Figure 18.4 Location of the magnetometry and gammaspectrometry survey map of...
Figure 18.5 Wells drilled in the uranium province area and analysis of hydro...
Figure 18.6 Some wells monitored by INB located in the watershed of the Enge...
Figure 18.7 U‐nat behavior in well LR265.
Figure 18.8 Wells monitored by INB in the cachoeira stream microbasin.
Figure 18.9 Preliminary results of an experiment with SR‐XRF at the Brazilia...
Figure 18.10 Proposed flowchart for environmental impact assessment and moni...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Geological map of Ghana (Kesse 1985).
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Locations in the world where fluoride concentrations are detecte...
Figure 22.2 Places with high fluoride concentrations in groundwater and case...
Figure 22.3 Places with high fluoride concentration in groundwater and cases...
Figure 22.4 Dental fluorosis cases around Tendürek Volcano.
Figure 22.5 Dental fluorosis cases in Isparta region (Oruç 1983).
Figure 22.6 Dental fluorosis cases in Eski
ş
ehir region (Oruç and Akşit ...
Figure 22.7 Dental fluorosis cases in U
ş
ak/E
ş
me region.
Figure 22.8
Ş
anlıurfa dental fluorosis cases.
Figure 22.9 Mardin Mazıdag dental fluorosis cases (Yetis et al. 2019). (Unpu...
Figure 22.10 Dental fluorosis cases in Bitlis and its districts (Yetis et al...
Figure 22.11 Thylstrup–Fejerskov index (TFI) in DF scoring.
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Flowchart of the mining and processing of lead ore.
Figure 23.2 Location of the town of Boquira.
Figure 23.3 Location of the town of Boquira and the tailings basin in its im...
Figure 23.4 Inadequate disposal of waste material on the cut and fill slopes...
Figure 23.5 Lead ore beneficiation plant.
Figure 23.6 Flowchart of interaction of the main agents coming from the lead...
Figure 23.7 The tailings pond represents the main environmental liability of...
Figure 23.8 Location of the wells included in the study.
Figure 23.9 Collecting samples of street sediment.
Figure 23.10 Analytical results for lead in street sediment in the town of B...
Figure 23.11 Topography, rainfall history, and prevalent wind directions dur...
Figure 23.12 Collection of dust samples.
Figure 23.13 Distribution of lead dust in buildings in the town of Boquira....
Figure 23.14 Concentration of metals by neighborhoods in Boquira.
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Subsidence caused as a result of coal fires. (a) Subsurface coal...
Figure 24.2 Residents live in very close proximity to and inhaling potential...
Figure 24.3 Association between self‐reported respiratory problems and the d...
Figure 24.4 (Top) Section of Jharkhand state with coal mines with map of Ind...
Figure 24.5 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of coal condensate sam...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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Medical Geology
En route to One Health
Edited by
Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad
University of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
Meththika Vithanage
University of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegodaSri Lanka
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List of Contributors
Nadeesh M. AdassooriyaDepartment of Chemical and Process EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniya, Sri Lanka
Seda AlpMinistry of HealthOral and Dental Health DepartmentAnkara, Turkey
Ebenezer Ebo Yahans AmuahDepartment of Environmental ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasi, Ghana
José Ângelo Sebastião Araujo dos AnjosDepartment of GeologyInstitute of GeosciencesFederal University of BahiaSalvador, BA, Brazil
Ayse Dilek AtasoyEnvironmental Engineering DepartmentFaculty of EngineeringHarran UniversitySanliurfa, Turkey
Pasan Chinthana BandaraDepartment of Biosystems TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraHomagama, Sri Lanka
Johannes A. C. BarthGeoZentrum NordbayernDepartment Geographie und GeowissenschaftenFriedrich‐Alexander‐ UniversitätErlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)Erlangen, Germany
Hamna BashirInstitute of Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad, Pakistan
İbrahim BayhanPublic Health Services DepartmentEnvironmental Health UnitSanliurfa, Turkey
Prosun BhattacharyaKTH‐International Groundwater Arsenic Research GroupDepartment of Sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmental Science and EngineeringKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden
Irshad BibiInstitute of Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad, Pakistan
Rohana ChandrajithDepartment of GeologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniya, Sri Lanka
GeoZentrum NordbayernDepartment Geographie und GeowissenschaftenFriedrich‐Alexander‐ UniversitätErlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)Erlangen, Germany
Fernanda Gonçalves da CunhaGeological Survey of Brazil (CPRM)Rio de JaneiroBahia, Brazil
Jeevani Maheshika DahanayakeInstitute of Indigenous MedicineUniversity of ColomboColombo, Sri Lanka
Paul DankwaDepartment of Environmental ScienceC. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied SciencesNavrongo, Ghana
Rohan S. DassanayakeDepartment of Biosystems TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraHomagama, Sri Lanka
Ayşegul Demir‐YetisMedical Services and Techniques DepartmentBitlis Eren UniversityBitlis, Turkey
Perihan DerinEnvironmental Engineering DepartmentFaculty of EngineeringHarran UniversitySanliurfa, Turkey
M. W. C. Dharma‐wardanaNational Research Council of CanadaOttawa, Ontario, Canada
Departement de PhysiqueUniversité de MontréalMontréal, Quebec, Canada
Jalathge Isurika Dilanthi DiddeniyaInstitute of Indigenous MedicineUniversity of ColomboColombo, Sri Lanka
C. B. DissanayakeDepartment of GeologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniya, Sri Lanka
Niwanthi DissanayakeDepartment of Chemistry and PhysicsMcNeese State UniversityLake Charles, LA, USA
Rohan D'SouzaDepartment of BotanySt. John's CollegeDr. B.R. Ambedkar UniversityAgra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Elikplim Abla DzikunooEarth Science DepartmentUniversity of GhanaAccra, Ghana
Mohamed N. M. FarhathDepartment of Chemical SciencesFaculty of Applied SciencesSouth Eastern University of Sri LankaSammanthurai, Sri Lanka
Paulo J. C. FavasSchool of Life Sciences and the EnvironmentUniversity of Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD)Vila Real, Portugal
MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET – Aquatic Research Network, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
R. B. FinkelmanDepartment of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, USA
Zhipeng GaoMOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution & School of Water Resources and EnvironmentChina University of Geosciences (Beijing)Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental GeologyChina University of Geosciences (Beijing)Beijing, China
Huaming GuoMOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution & School of Water Resources and EnvironmentChina University of Geosciences (Beijing)Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental GeologyChina University of Geosciences (Beijing)Beijing, China
Rangika S. Hikkaduwa KoralegeDepartment of Chemistry and PhysicsCollege of Arts and SciencesWestern Carolina UniversityCullowhee, NC, USA
Muhammad Mahroz HussainInstitute of Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad, Pakistan
Lander de Jesus AlvesPostgraduate Program in Biology and Biotechnology of MicroorganismsState University of Santa Cruz (UESC)Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
C. C. KadigamuwaDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of KelaniyaKelaniya, Sri Lanka
Abdullah İzzeddin KarabulutEnvironmental Engineering DepartmentFaculty of EngineeringHarran UniversitySanliurfa, Turkey
Raymond Webrah KazapoeDepartment of Geological EngineeringUniversity for Development StudiesTamale, Ghana
S. KeerthananEcosphere Resilience Research CenterFaculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegoda, Sri Lanka
Pabasari Arundathi KoliyabandaraDepartment of Civil and Environmental TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraHomagama, Sri Lanka
Udayagee KumarasingheDepartment of Biosystems TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraHomagama, Sri Lanka
Nadun H. MadanayakeDepartment of BotanyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniya, Sri Lanka
Danushika C. ManatungaDepartment of Biosystems TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegoda, Sri Lanka
Mapa S. T. MapaDepartment of Biosystems TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraHomagama, Sri Lanka
Hector Hugo Silva MedradoSecurityRadioprotection and Environment ManagementIndústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB) – Uranium Concentration UnitCaetité, Bahia, Brazil
NatashaDepartment of Environmental SciencesCOMSATS University IslamabadVehari CampusVehari, Pakistan
Nabeel Khan NiaziInstitute of Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad, Pakistan
N. T. NicholsDepartment of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, USA
Fábio Carvalho NunesAcademic DepartmentFederal Institute Baiano (IFBAIANO)Santa InêsBahia, Brazil
Hazal OzerPediatric Dentistry DepartmentFaculty of DentistryNecmettin Erbakan UniversityKonya, Turkey
Manoj S. PaulDepartment of BotanySt. John's CollegeDr. B.R. Ambedkar UniversityAgra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Dinusha PeramuneDepartment of Biosystems TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraHomagama, Sri Lanka
B. S. S. PereraDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of KelaniyaKelaniya, Sri Lanka
Nuwan T. PereraDepartment of Chemistry and PhysicsCollege of Arts and SciencesWestern Carolina UniversityCullowhee, NC, USA
Pathirage Kamal PereraInstitute of Indigenous MedicineUniversity of ColomboColombo, Sri Lanka
W. P. R. T. PereraDepartment of Indigenous Medical ResourcesFaculty of Indigenous Health Sciences and TechnologyGampaha Wickramarachchi University of Indigenous MedicineYakkala, Sri Lanka
Joel Augusto Moura PortoEnvironment CoordinationIndústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB) – Uranium Concentration UnitCaetité, Bahia, Brazil
Majeti Narasimha Vara PrasadSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Hyderabad (an Institution of Eminence)Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Dilan RanaweeraDepartment of Civil and Environmental TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraHomagama, Sri Lanka
Sandali RanaweeraDepartment of Biosystems TechnologyFaculty of Technology, University of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegoda, Sri Lanka
Edvaldo Cruz dos SantosEnvironment CoordinationIndústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB) – Uranium Concentration UnitCaetité, Bahia, Brazil
Chathuri SenanayakeDepartment of Biosystems TechnologyFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraHomagama, Sri Lanka
Muhammad ShahidDepartment of Environmental SciencesCOMSATS University IslamabadVehari CampusVehari, Pakistan
Sachira Sadhana Hewawardhana SilvaSri Lanka Institute of NanotechnologyNanotechnology and Science Park MahenwattaHomagama, Sri Lanka
Rodrigo Gibaut de Souza GoisEnvironment CoordinationIndústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB) – Uranium Concentration UnitCaetité, Bahia, Brazil
Vidura D. ThalangamaarachchigeDepartment of Chemistry and PhysicsMcNeese State UniversityLake Charles, LA, USA
Engin TutkunDepartment of Public HealthFaculty of MedicineBozok UniversityYozgat, Turkey
Mayank VarunDepartment of BotanyHislop CollegeNagpur, Maharashtra, India
Eduardo Paim ViglioGeological Survey of Brazil (CPRM)Rio de JaneiroBahia, Brazil
Meththika VithanageEcosphere Resilience Research CenterFaculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegoda, Sri Lanka
Shiping XingMOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution & School of Water Resources and EnvironmentChina University of Geosciences (Beijing)Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental GeologyChina University of Geosciences (Beijing)Beijing, China
Pelin YapıcıoğluEnvironmental Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringHarran UniversitySanliurfa, Turkey
Benan Yazici‐KarabulutEnvironmental Engineering DepartmentFaculty of EngineeringHarran UniversitySanliurfa, Turkey
Mehmet İrfan YeşilnacarEnvironmental Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringHarran UniversitySanliurfa, Turkey
Preface
Medical geology studies exposure to or deficiency of macro‐ and micronutrients that may lead to health problems in humans and animals. The condition of our environment influences our health as mostly the water and food come from environmental sources. Medical geology helps us to understand the relationship between the aerosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere on human and animal health. The elements and minerals in soil, water, and atmospheric dust affect people and animals as there is a close relationship between the two. Naturally occurring geogenic/pedogenic elements such as fluoride, selenium, iodide, and water hardness are extremely detrimental to the health of those people who come in close contact with these elements. Specially, people from developing and least developed nations depend heavily on land due to the human–animal‐based farming and less technological advancements. As an example, people in Maputaland, South Africa, have a number of diseases due to the exposure to heavily impoverished soils caused by mineral imbalances, whereas drinking arsenic‐rich water in parts of India and Bangladesh often causes toxicity and diseases. Various regions in the world and in countries such as India, Sri Lanka, and the Balkan region are seriously affected by chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology due to some mineral imbalance in water. Fluoride, selenium, and iodide are some of the geogenic and pedogenic examples for such imbalanced elements that can cause health issues in the public. Therefore, the field of medical geology called “bioavailability” receives greatest attention, as the total concentration is not significant for health.
Medical geology is an emerging field in ecosystem–human health interaction. It reveals the impact of geological materials and geological processes on public health and offers scientific support for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders and endemic diseases. It also explores the broader relationships between geoenvironmental elements and health or occurrence of diseases in humans, animals, and plants living in the environment.
Medical geology emphasizes internal interactions of particular diseases within physical and social settings, in addition to the geographical distribution characteristics of geochemical elements and diseases. It is an interdisciplinary field that integrates concepts from biomedicine, geography, hydrogeology, geochemistry, and public health. Its primary goal is to use multidisciplinary knowledge and resources to identify, address, and improve health and illness issues associated with the geological environment. A subset of medical geology called medical geochemistry focuses on how the geochemical reactions of elements affect human and animal health.
Geogenic/pedogenic contaminants and human health bring scientists together from various fields, including geochemistry, geography, soil science, biology, and animal science to understand interactions among them. There is a dramatic increase in the development of novel, transdisciplinary approaches including One Health. Specially in the tropical environment, due to the high rate of weathering, the unique geochemistry has a noticeable impact on the health of humans and animals.
Groundwater and public health, exposure pathways and public health, and other relevant subjects can be loosely grouped together in the 24 chapters’ topics. The titles and keywords of the contributory chapters were used to create a word cloud map (Figure 1). According to Figure 1, water, geology, trace elements, release, health, and deficiency are most frequently mentioned in various chapters. These words implied that the primary medium or exposure channel endangering the public's health is water, particularly groundwater via waterborne diseases. Additionally, among all the constituents in water, metals are probably the primary indicator.
Figure 1 The titles and keywords of the contributory chapters in a word cloud map.
This book focuses on the present level of knowledge on the connections between geological/geochemical processes and human health to report the most recent results of medical geology and medical geochemistry. This work is a compilation of compelling insights into medical geology in the recent Anthropocene and its characteristics regarding the chemistry of the aerosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. Most of the published books are almost a decade old, and no new knowledge is being incorporated. This book further highlights the macro‐ and molecular‐level interactions of the three domains of the One Health triad: ecosystem, human, and animal. Also complete with illustrations and case studies, this book highlights a comprehensive overview of medical geology.
The following are the different sections and various contributory chapters in this work:
Section 1 – Geochemistry and Health
Medical Geology: Geosphere, human and animal interface
Biogeochemistry: Essential link between geosphere and biosphere
Geochemical release and environmental interfaces
Section 2 – Dust Storms and Health
Minerogenic dust: Trace elements
Silicosis and asbestosis
Radon and health
Section 3 – Medical Geology of the Hydrosphere
Water–rock interactions: Mineral dissolution
Water hardness and health
Medical geology of fluoride
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) and strategies for alleviation
Medical geology of arsenic hydrogeochemical cycling
Potentially toxic metals and health
Section 4 – Medical Pedology: Health Effects from Soils and Sediments
Bioavailability of trace elements in soils
Geochemical provenance of metalloids and their release: Implications on medical geology
Cobalt and copper deficiency and molybdenosis
Biomedical applications of clay materials: Structure and functions
Section 5 – Case Studies
Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in humid tropics
Uraniferous province of Lagoa Real: Routes, dispersion, and impacts on health
Defluoridation
Pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic effect of metals and minerals used in traditional medicine
Understanding the aetiology of trace element related non‐communicable diseases – reviewing the Ghanaian situation
Dental fluorosis in Turkey
Environmental and medical geology of the lead mining and metallurgical complex of Bahia: The case of lead metallurgy, Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil
Uncontrolled coal fires: How medical geology can save lives
Majeti Narasimha Vara PrasadUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
Meththika VithanageUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegodaSri Lanka
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all the authors of this volume for their cogent and comprehensive contributions. We are thankful to Dr. Rituparna Bose, Dr. Frank Weinreich, Ms. Sarah Higginbotham, Ms. Stefanie Volk, Mr. Sakthivel Kandaswamy, Mr. Kavin Shanmughasundaram, and the team at John Wiley & Sons for excellent technical help in many ways that resulted in the publication of this edition. Last but not least, we wish to acknowledge numerous colleagues from overseas, our collaborators for sharing knowledge, ideas, and assistance that helped in developing and shaping this book.
