Metal Matrix Composites: A Modern Approach to Manufacturing E-Book
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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
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- Sprache: Englisch
This book provides a comprehensive overview of metal matrix composite manufacturing, including fabrication methods, characterization techniques, and manufacturing applications. 10 chapters cover fundamental and applied topics on matrix metal composites. The book is a resource for all readers seeking to gain an in-depth understanding of metal matrix composites with its relevance to the modern industry.
Key Features
- Includes fully referenced contributions by experts in materials science
- Provides an introduction to the subject, and a future prospective for a broad range of readers
- Reviews current knowledge on fabrication techniques and structure property relationships of metal matrix composites
- Includes dedicated chapters for reinforced composites (carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, aluminium)
- Includes guidance on material wear and tear and
- Provides an investigation for process optimization for EDM for newly developed composites
It is designed to be an essential resource for students and professionals in the field of materials science and engineering, as well as researchers and engineers working on metal matrix composite in manufacturing industries.
Readership
Students and professionals in the field of materials science and engineering; researchers and engineers working on metal matrix composite in manufacturing industries.
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Seitenzahl: 498
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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PREFACE
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are a class of advanced materials that have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and superior performance characteristics. They are composed of a metal matrix, typically aluminium, titanium, or magnesium, reinforced with a high-strength ceramic or metallic material such as silicon carbide, carbon fibers, or aluminium oxide. This combination results in a material that exhibits exceptional mechanical properties, including high strength, stiffness, and wear resistance, making them suitable for a wide range of applications in modern industry.
The relevance of metal matrix composites to modern industry can be traced back to their ability to provide high-performance solutions to some of the most challenging problems faced by engineers and designers. In aerospace, MMCs are used for structural components in aircraft engines, landing gear, and airframe structures, as well as space applications such as rocket nozzles and thermal protection systems. These components need to withstand extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, pressure, and high-impact loads, making MMCs an ideal choice. In the automotive industry, MMCs are used in brake rotors, engine components, and suspension systems, where high wear resistance, low friction, and improved fuel efficiency are key requirements. MMCs have been shown to offer significant weight savings and improved performance over traditional materials, such as cast iron or steel, which can improve fuel efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. MMCs’ unique properties have also found applications in the electronics and microelectronics industry, where they are used in heat sinks, packaging materials, and electronic substrates. These components need to dissipate heat efficiently and reliably, and MMCs have been shown to exhibit superior thermal conductivity and excellent dimensional stability under high temperatures, making them ideal for these applications. In addition, MMCs have shown potential in the defence and military industry for their superior properties. They are used in ballistic armour and vehicle protection systems, where they provide excellent protection against high-velocity projectiles, mines, and improvised explosive devices. MMCs have also been used in cutting tools and moulds, where they provide high-wear resistance and dimensional stability. The development of MMCs has been facilitated by advancements in materials science and manufacturing technologies. Advanced fabrication techniques, such as powder metallurgy, casting, and additive manufacturing, have enabled the production of complex shapes and sizes, as well as the incorporation of multiple reinforcement materials, allowing for tailored properties and performance characteristics.
In short, the use of metal matrix composites in modern industry has been instrumental in the development of high-performance materials and products that meet the demanding requirements of various applications. The unique properties of MMCs, such as high strength, stiffness, and wear resistance, combined with advancements in manufacturing technologies, have enabled their use in critical applications, such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and defense. As technology continues to evolve, it is expected that MMCs will play an increasingly important role in the development of innovative products and solutions in various industries.
The motivation to prepare an edited book on this topic was to provide a comprehensive resource for students and professionals in the field of materials science and engineering. The book covers a broad range of topics related to metal matrix composite manufacturing, including the various fabrication methods, characterization techniques, and applications. The intended audience for this book includes students and professionals in the field of materials science and engineering, as well as researchers and engineers working in the field of metal matrix composite manufacturing. The book provides a comprehensive resource for those seeking to gain an in-depth understanding of metal matrix composite manufacturing, including the fundamental principles, latest developments, and future trends in the field.
In conclusion, this book provides a comprehensive overview of metal matrix composite manufacturing, covering the fundamental principles, latest developments, and future trends in the field. It is designed to be an essential resource for students and professionals in the field of materials science and engineering, as well as researchers and engineers working in the field of metal matrix composite manufacturing. We hope that this book will be a valuable resource for those seeking to gain an in-depth understanding of metal matrix composites with its relevance to the modern industry
List of Contributors
Metal Matrix Composites: An Introduction and Relevance to Modern Sustainable Industry
Virat Khanna1,*,Rakesh Kumar2,Kamaljit Singh1,3Abstract
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are a family of strong yet lightweight materials that have many industrial uses, particularly in the automotive, aerospace, and thermal management industries. By choosing the best combinations of matrix, reinforcement, and manufacturing techniques, the structural and functional features of MMCs may be adjusted to meet the requirements of diverse industrial applications. The matrix, the interaction between them, and the reinforcement all affect how MMCs behave. Yet, there is still a significant problem in developing a large-scale, cost-effective MMC production method with the necessary geometrical and operational flexibility. This chapter provides an overview of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), their historical development, properties of MMCs, classification of MMCs, diverse applications, and the relevance of MMCs to sustainable industries.
Composite Materials
Composites, also known as composite materials, are materials made up of two or more distinct materials that are combined to form a new material with enhanced characteristics [1]. The use of composite materials can be traced back to ancient times, with examples including mud bricks reinforced with straw, and boats made from reeds and papyrus [2, 3]. In the 20th century, composites began to be used more widely in various industries owing to their desirable characteristics such as high resistance against corrosion, high strength-to-weight ratio, and stability.
During World War II, composites were used in the construction of aircraft, such as the De Havilland Mosquito, which was made with a plywood composite [4].
After the war, the aerospace industry continued to be a major user of composites, with materials such as fiberglass and carbon fiber being used in the construction of aircraft and spacecraft. In the 1960s and 1970s, composites began to be used in the construction of sports equipment, such as tennis rackets and golf clubs [5, 6]. This trend continued into the 1980s, with composites being used in the construction of high-performance racing yachts and Formula One cars. Composites are employed in a variety of sectors today, including sports equipment, construction, automotive, marine, and aerospace. New materials and manufacturing processes continue to be developed, expanding the range of applications for composites and making them increasingly important in modern industry.
Composite materials are constructed of two or more different types of constituent materials that are combined in a way that produces a new material with superior properties compared to individual materials [7, 8]. The constituent materials can be organic or inorganic and can include fibers, resins, metals, ceramics, and polymers. There are several types of composite materials, each with unique properties and applications [9-11].
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
Fiber-reinforced polymers, sometimes referred to as polymer matrix composites (FRPs), are made up of a polymer matrix and a reinforcing fiber, such as carbon or glass fibers. The fibers are embedded in the polymer matrix to create a material with high strength and stiffness, making PMCs ideal for use in aerospace, automotive, and sports equipment applications.
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
A metal matrix and a reinforcing substance make up MMCs, such as ceramic or carbon fibers. MMCs are known for their high strength and stiffness, as well as their resistance to high temperatures and wear. These properties make them ideal for use in aerospace, automotive, and military applications.
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
A ceramic matrix is made up of ceramic matrix composites and a reinforcing material, such as carbon or silicon carbide fibers. CMCs are known for their high strength and stiffness at high temperatures, making them ideal for use in high-temperature applications, such as in gas turbines and heat exchangers.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
One example of a carbon fibre reinforced polymer is carbon fibre reinforced plastic. PMC uses carbon fibers as the reinforcing material. CFRP is known for its stiffness, making it ideal for use in aerospace, automotive, and sports equipment applications.
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)
It is a type of PMC that uses glass fibers as the reinforcing material. GFRP is known for its high strength and stiffness, as well as its resistance to corrosion, making it ideal for use in marine and construction applications.
Natural Fiber Composites (NFCs)
Natural fiber composites are made up of a natural fiber, such as bamboo or wood, and a matrix material, such as a polymer or resin. NFCs are known for their low cost, biodegradability, and renewable nature, making them ideal for use in sustainable applications.
Hybrid Composites
Hybrid composites are made up of two or more different types of reinforcing materials, such as fibers or particles, in a single matrix material. Hybrid composites can have a range of properties, depending on the combination of materials used, and are often used in aerospace, automotive, and military applications.
Fig. (1) shows various types of composites along with various types of MMCs based on their matrix material. In conclusion, composite materials have revolutionized the world of engineering and technology by providing materials with superior properties than traditional materials. The different types of composite materials allow engineers and designers to choose the appropriate material for a given application based on the required properties, cost, and environmental impact. As technology advances, new composite materials and manufacturing techniques will continue to be developed, expanding the range of applications for composites and making them increasingly important in modern industry.
Metal Matrix Composites
One kind of composite material is metal matrix composites (MMCs), consisting of a metal matrix, usually a light metal such as aluminium, magnesium, or titanium, reinforced with a secondary phase, which can be a ceramic, metal, or organic material [12, 13]. The reinforcing stage is typically in the form of fibers, whiskers, or particles, which are dispersed throughout the metal matrix to enhance its mechanical, thermal, or electrical properties [10]. The resulting material has improved strength, stiffness, wear resistance, and thermal stability compared to the base metal while retaining some of its ductility and toughness. MMCs are utilized in an extensive range of applications, including automotive, aerospace, electronic packaging, and sporting goods, among others.
Fig. (1)) Various types of Composite Materials [10].History of Metal Matrix Composites
The history of MMCs dates back to the early 1900s when metal-polymer composites were first developed. These early composites were made by embedding fibers or particles of one material in a matrix of another material to create a new material with enhanced properties [14]. In the 1940s and 1950s, researchers began exploring the use of MMCs in various uses, particularly in the aerospace and defense industries [15, 16]. One of the first successful applications of MMCs was the development of the beryllium-aluminium composite material used in the construction of the X-15 hypersonic aircraft in the 1950s. In the 1960s, aluminium-based MMCs were developed for use in the aerospace industry, with the first aluminium-silicon carbide MMC being developed in 1967. These materials were found to have improved mechanical and thermal properties compared to traditional aluminium alloys, making them ideal for use in high-temperature applications. In the 1970s, MMCs began to be used in the automotive industry, particularly in racing and high-performance vehicles. The use of MMCs in the automotive industry was initially limited due to high costs and complex manufacturing processes, but advances in manufacturing technology and material development have made MMCs more affordable and accessible. In the 1980s and 1990s, the use of MMCs continued to expand into new applications, such as electronic packaging and sporting goods. Advances in material development and manufacturing techniques led to the development of MMCs with a wide range of properties consisting of high stiffness, strength, and wear resistance. Today, MMCs are employed in an extensive range of applications, including automotive, electronic packaging, and sporting goods [15, 17]. New materials and manufacturing processes continue to be developed, expanding the range of applications for MMCs and making them increasingly important in modern industry. Some of the commonly used MMCs include Al, Mg, Cu, Ti, and Ni matrix composites. The reinforcing materials used in MMCs can include ceramic fibers, metal fibers, or particulates such as silicon carbide, alumina, or graphite.
In conclusion, MMCs development has revolutionized the materials industry by providing materials with superior properties than traditional metals. MMCs have a long history of use in the aerospace and defense industries, and their applications have expanded to many other industries [15, 18]. As technology advances, new MMCs and manufacturing techniques will continue to be developed, expanding the range of applications for MMCs and making them increasingly important in modern industry.
Properties of MMCs
The properties of MMCs depend on several factors, including the kind of reinforcement material, the composition of the matrix, the volume proportion of reinforcement, and the production method [19-21]. Nonetheless, the following is a discussion of some general characteristics of MMCs:
Mechanical Properties
MMCs exhibit stiffness, high strength, and wear resistance than conventional metals. This is due to the presence of the reinforcement material that strengthens the metal matrix. The strength of the composite material depends on the volume fraction, aspect ratio, orientation, and size of the reinforcement particles. The stiffness of the composite material is also influenced by these factors, as well as the modulus of elasticity of the matrix material.
Thermal Properties
The thermal characteristics of MMCs are determined by the matrix material and the reinforcement material. The COTE of the composite material can be controlled by the volume fraction and type of reinforcement material. The thermal conductivity of the composite material is enhanced due to the high thermal conductivity of the reinforcement material.
Electrical Properties
The electrical conductivity of MMCs is determined by the matrix material and the reinforcement material. The electrical conductivity of the composite material can be improved by increasing the volume fraction of the reinforcement material. The composite material can also exhibit improved electrical resistivity due to the presence of insulating reinforcement materials.
Corrosion Resistance
The corrosion resistance of MMCs is determined by the matrix material and the reinforcement material. The composite material can exhibit improved corrosion resistance due to the presence of ceramic reinforcement materials that are resistant to corrosion.
Fatigue Properties
The fatigue properties of MMCs based on the type of matrix material, reinforcement material, and the manufacturing process. The composite material can exhibit improved fatigue properties due to the reinforcement material that strengthens the metal matrix and improves its crack resistance.
Types of Metal Matrix Material Composites
Based on Matrix Material
Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMCs)
AMCs are a type of metal matrix composite that uses aluminium alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of various materials, such as silicon carbide, boron, alumina, or graphite. AMCs are lightweight, have high strength-to-weight ratios, and exhibit good wear resistance, making them useful in applications such as aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods. AMCs are a popular type of metal matrix composite due to their low density, high strength, and good wear resistance [22-24].
Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
MMCs use magnesium alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of silicon carbide, alumina, or carbon. MMCs have low density, good stiffness and strength, and good heat resistance, making them useful in applications such as aerospace, automotive, and electronic packaging [22-24].
Titanium Metal Matrix Composites (TMCs)
TMCs use titanium alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of silicon carbide, alumina, or graphite. TMCs have high strength, stiffness, and corrosion resistance, making them useful in aerospace, biomedical, and sporting goods applications.
Copper Metal Matrix Composites (CMCs)
CMCs use copper alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of tungsten, graphite, or silicon carbide. CMCs have high thermal and electrical conductivity, good wear resistance, and good machinability, making them useful in electronic, automotive, and aerospace applications [22-24].
Nickel Metal Matrix Composites (NMCs)
NMCs use nickel alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of alumina, silicon carbide, or carbon. NMCs have good corrosion resistance, high strength, and good high-temperature properties, making them useful in aerospace and chemical processing applications.
Iron Metal Matrix Composites (IMCs)
IMCs use iron or steel alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of silicon carbide, alumina, or carbon. IMCs have high strength, good toughness, and good wear resistance, making them useful in automotive, aerospace, and machinery applications [22-24].
Zinc Metal Matrix Composites (ZMCs)
ZMCs use zinc alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of alumina, silicon carbide, or carbon. ZMCs have good machinability, good damping properties, and good wear resistance, making them useful in automotive and machinery applications.
Tin Metal Matrix Composites (TMCs)
TMCs use tin alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of carbon or silicon carbide. TMCs have good stiffness, good wear resistance, and good corrosion resistance, making them useful in electronics and machinery applications.
Lead Metal Matrix Composites (LMCs)
LMCs use lead alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of tungsten, graphite, or silicon carbide. LMCs have good radiation shielding properties, good damping properties, and good machinability, making them useful in nuclear and medical applications [22-24].
Tungsten Metal Matrix Composites (TWCs)
TWCs use tungsten alloys as the matrix material. The reinforcing fibers can be made of carbon or silicon carbide. TWCs have high strength, good radiation shielding properties, and good high-temperature properties, making them useful in nuclear and aerospace applications [22-24].
Based on Reinforcement Material
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (CFR-MMCs)
These composites offer high stiffness, strength, and low density. They are typically used in aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods applications due to their favorable mechanical characteristics [22-24].
Silicon Carbide Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (SiC-MMCs)
These composites exhibit high strength and good wear resistance. They are employed in electronic packaging, automotive, and aerospace applications owing to their favorable mechanical and thermal properties [22-24].
Aluminium Oxide Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (Al2O3-MMCs)
These composites have high strength, stiffness, and good wear resistance. They are mainly utilized in aerospace, automotive, and machinery applications owing to their favorable mechanical characteristics.
Boron Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (B-MMCs)
These composites have high stiffness, high strength, and good thermal properties. They are typically used in aerospace and automotive applications owing to their favorable mechanical and thermal characteristics [22-24].
Titanium Carbide Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (TiC-MMCs)
These composites exhibit high hardness, high wear resistance, and good thermal properties. They are typically employed in aerospace, automotive, and cutting tool applications owing to their favorable mechanical and thermal characteristics.
Tungsten Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (W-MMCs)
These composites offer high strength, stiffness, and good radiation shielding properties. They are typically used in nuclear and aerospace applications owing to their favorable mechanical and radiation shielding characteristics.
Graphite Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (Gr-MMCs)
These composites have strong lubricating properties, a low COTE, and high heat conductivity. Due to their advantageous thermal and tribological properties, they are frequently utilised in mechanical, automotive, and electronic packaging [22-24].
Molybdenum Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (Mo-MMCs)
These composites are strong, rigid, and have good thermal characteristics. Because of their advantageous mechanical and thermal characteristics, they are frequently employed in nuclear and aerospace applications [22-24].
Nickel Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (Ni-MMCs)
These composites have high strength, good ductility, and good corrosion resistance. They are mainly employed in chemical processing and aerospace applications owing to their favourable mechanical and chemical characteristics.
Ceramic Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (C-MMCs)
These composites have high strength/stiffness, and good wear resistance. They are usually employed in cutting tools, armour, and aerospace applications owing to their favourable mechanical and thermal characteristics.
APPLICATIONS OF MMCs
MMCs are highly developed materials that combine the mechanical properties of a metal matrix with the enhanced properties of one or more reinforcement materials. These composites have excellent mechanical and physical characte-ristics, which make them attractive for a wide range of industrial applications. Here are some of the most common applications of MMCs [25-27].
Aerospace
MMCs are widely employed in the aerospace industry owing to their excellent mechanical characteristics, such as high strength, stiffness, and resistance to high temperatures. They are commonly used in aircraft engine components, such as fan blades, compressor blades, and turbine blades, as well as in spacecraft components, such as rocket nozzles and heat shields.
Automotive
MMCs are used in the automotive industry to improve the performance and efficiency of vehicles. They are used in engine components, such as pistons, connecting rods, and cylinder liners, as well as in suspension components, such as control arms and brake rotors. MMCs can reduce the weight of these components while maintaining their strength and stiffness, which can improve fuel efficiency and handling.
Electronics
MMCs are used in the electronics industry to improve the performance of electronic packaging. They are employed in printed circuit boards and semiconductor packaging to improve thermal management and reduce the risk of thermal damage. MMCs can also improve mechanical stability and reduce the warping of electronic components.
Défense
MMCs are used in the defence industry to improve the performance and durability of weapons and vehicles. They are utilized in armour components to improve the resistance to ballistic and blast damage. MMCs can also be used in military vehicles, such as tanks and armoured personnel carriers, to improve the strength and stiffness of the vehicle.
Medical
MMCs are used in the medical industry to improve the performance and durability of medical implants. They are used in orthopaedic implants, such as hip and knee replacements, to improve the strength and stiffness of the implant. MMCs can also be used in dental implants to improve the resistance to wear and corrosion.
Sporting Goods
MMCs are used in the sporting goods industry to improve the performance and durability of sports equipment. They are used in golf club heads, tennis racket frames, and bicycle frames to improve the strength, stiffness, and impact resistance of the equipment. MMCs can also be used in athletic shoes to improve the shock absorption and durability of the sole.
Energy
MMCs are used in the energy industry to improve the performance and durability of energy generation and storage systems. They are used in wind turbine blades to improve the strength and stiffness of the blade. MMCs can also be used in batteries to improve the thermal management and durability of the battery.
Machinery
MMCs are used in the machinery industry to improve the performance and durability of machine components. They are used in gears, bearings, and bushings to enhance the wear resistance and durability of the components. MMCs can also be used in cutting tools to improve the hardness and wear resistance of the tool.
Construction
MMCs are used in the construction industry to improve the performance and durability of building components. They are used in structural components, such as beams and columns, to improve the strength and stiffness of the component. MMCs can also be used in roofing and siding to improve durability and resistance to weathering.
Marine
MMCs are used in the marine industry to improve the performance and durability of boat components. They are used in hulls, propellers, and shafts to improve the strength, stiffness, and resistance to corrosion of the component. MMCs can also be used in marine electronics to improve the thermal management and durability of electronic components.
Overall, the unique properties of MMCs make them suitable for a wide range of applications in various industries, and their application is expected to increase in the future as more research is done to develop new and innovative MMC materials. Fig. (2) shows various applications of MMCs.
Fig. (2)) Applications of MMCs.Relevance of MMCs for Sustainable Industry
MMCs are advanced materials that have unique properties that make them ideal for sustainable industry practices. They are made by combining a metal matrix, typically aluminium, magnesium, or titanium, with a reinforcing material such as ceramic, metallic, or organic fibers [28, 29]. In comparison to typical metals, the resultant composites are lighter, more rigid, and stronger, have superior wear resistance, and have better thermal and electrical conductivity. The relevance of MMCs to sustainable industry can be seen in a variety of applications, including transportation, electronics, renewable energy, construction, and manufacturing [30]. In each of these industries, MMCs offer potential benefits to improve efficiency, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impacts.
Light Weighting
One of the key benefits of MMCs is their lightweight properties, which can decrease energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and transportation costs significantly. The transportation industry, for example, is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, with automobiles, trucks, and aircraft being significant sources. The use of MMCs in these industries can help to reduce weight and improve fuel efficiency, which can lead to lower emissions and operating costs. In the aerospace industry, MMCs are already being used in the production of aircraft parts such as engine components, landing gear, and wing structures. By reducing weight and improving performance, MMCs can help reduce the environmental impact of air travel, which is expected to continue to grow in the coming years.
Longer Lifespan
The use of MMCs can also help to extend the lifespan of products and structures, reducing the need for replacements and minimizing waste. The improved mechanical and wear properties of MMCs can lead to longer lifespans of products and structures, which can be particularly important in industries such as construction and manufacturing. In the construction industry, MMCs can be used to reinforce concrete and other building materials, improving their durability and lifespan. This can lead to reduced maintenance costs and lower environmental impacts associated with the replacement of building materials.
Recycling
MMC materials can also be recycled, reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills and minimizing the need for virgin materials. The recycling of MMCs can help to reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing and construction industries, which are significant contributors to global waste generation.
Reduced Energy Consumption
The use of MMCs can also reduce energy consumption in manufacturing processes due to their lighter weight and improved performance. This can lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduced energy costs, which can be particularly important for industries such as renewable energy and electronics. In the renewable energy industry, MMCs can be used to produce more efficient wind turbine blades, which can help to reduce the cost of wind energy production. In the electronics industry, MMCs can be used to manufacture heat sinks, electronic packaging, and interconnects, which can help to dissipate heat and reduce energy consumption associated with electronic devices.
Corrosion Resistance
Many MMCs have good corrosion resistance, which can lead to longer lifespans of products and structures in harsh environments, reducing the need for replacements and minimizing waste. The use of MMCs in marine environments, for example, can help to reduce the environmental impact of marine infrastructure and reduce the need for costly maintenance and replacements.
Role of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the development of MMCs
The goal of sustainable development in the modern industry has raised the emphasis on cutting-edge materials that offer superior mechanical qualities, lower environmental impact, and more energy efficiency. In this context, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have become essential tools for creating new materials, particularly in the field of MMCs. MMCs offer a special chance to create lightweight, highly-stable components with specialised qualities for a variety of applications spanning from the aerospace to the automotive sectors. By speeding up the processes of material discovery and development, AI and ML approaches have completely changed the way MMCs are designed, synthesised, and optimised. These technologies provide better-informed choice-making throughout the material selection and design phases by enabling researchers to mimic the behaviour of MMCs under various settings. AI and ML systems find patterns, correlations, and ideal combinations that human intuition alone would miss by analysing enormous datasets comprising material qualities, processing parameters, and performance attributes [31]. Due to the quicker identification of viable MMC compositions, experimentation time and expenses are decreased.
Additionally, AI-driven automation streamlines manufacturing procedures for MMCs, guaranteeing consistency and repeatability in material production. Manufacturers may precisely adjust production parameters and produce desired material attributes with more precision because of ML algorithms' ability to forecast the effects of processing variables on material microstructure and qualities. By reducing waste and energy use, this level of control improves the overall quality of MMCs and is consistent with sustainable production practises. Furthermore, during the whole lifecycle of MMCs, AI and ML are crucial for monitoring and quality control. Analysing real-time data during manufacture and performance testing enables quick modifications and minimises faults by identifying departures from required standards. This proactive method reduces resource waste and encourages the adoption of MMCs with the best mechanical qualities, increasing the materials' general effectiveness and service life. In conclusion, the incorporation of AI and ML into the creation of metal matrix composites represents a fundamental transition in the modern industry towards environmentally friendly methods. These technologies speed up the search for new materials, streamline production methods, improve quality assurance, and make it easier to produce MMCs with superior mechanical qualities and minimal environmental effects. Industries can support sustainable development by promoting resource efficiency, eliminating waste, and accelerating the manufacture of cutting-edge products that solve the challenges of a quickly changing world by utilising the potential of AI and ML [32].
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the relevance of MMCs to sustainable industry is significant due to their potential to reduce material consumption, improve energy efficiency, and minimize waste. Their lightweight properties, longer lifespan, recyclability, reduced energy consumption, and corrosion resistance make them a valuable material for sustainable industry practices. As MMCs continue to be developed and new applications are identified, their potential to contribute to sustainable industry practices will continue to grow. By embracing these advanced materials, industries can take important steps towards reducing their environmental impact and improving their bottom line, while helping to create a more sustainable future for generations to come.
References
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Neeraj Kumar Sharma1,*,Abhimanyu Singh Rana1Abstract
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) having particulate or laminate structure are extensively used in a wide range of applications including cutting tools, automotive vehicles, aircraft, and consumer electronics. In a composite material, two or more dissimilar materials are combined to form another material having superior properties. The matrix is a continuous phase in a composite material and is usually more ductile and less hard phase. In the matrix phase, aluminum, magnesium, titanium and copper are some of the metals widely used matrix materials. Compared with unreinforced metals, MMCs offer much better mechanical and thermal properties as well as the opportunity to tailor these properties for a particular application. In order to fabricate MMCs, various processing techniques have been evolved which can be categorized as liquid state method: Stir Casting, Infiltration, Gas Pressure Infiltration, Squeeze Casting Infiltration, Pressure Die Infiltration, solid state method: Diffusion bonding, Sintering and vapor state method: Electrolytic co-deposition, Spray co-deposition and Vapor co-deposition. The microstructure of MMCs such as orientation, distribution and aspect ratio of reinforced phase can effectively influence the properties of composite materials. The effective properties of MMCs can be predicted using the analytical or numerical methods. Analytical methods such as: Turner Model, Kerner Model, Schapery bonds, Hashin’s bond and Rule-of-Mixtures are used widely for effective properties computation. However, analytical methods cannot take into account the material microstructure, and therefore, the finite element method has been used extensively to model the real microstructure of composites and to predict the deformation response and effective properties of composites.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
The ever-increasing demands from technology due to rapid advancements in the fields of aerospace, automotive, marine, sporting goods and aircraft have led to
the development of high-performance composite materials [1]. Various processing techniques and advanced technologies have been developed to fabricate composite materials and this has made composites an attractive candidate and superior alternative to traditional materials. It is difficult for conventional metals and alloys to keep up with technological advancements.
Two or more materials, having considerably different properties, are combined to form the composite material. Therefore, a composite material can be defined as a material that consists of two or more materials having chemically distinct phases, microscopically heterogeneous but homogeneous macroscopically. Different constituents of a composite material do not dissolve or blend into each other and work together to yield much superior properties [1-5].
The matrix phase is the continuous phase of a composite material. In general, the matrix phase is a ductile material that helps to hold the dispersed phase. But this definition is not always applicable, for example, in the case of ceramic matrix composites, the matrix phase is harder and brittle. The phases embedded in the matrix in a discontinuous form are known as reinforcement. The reinforced phase should be uniformly dispersed in the matrix phase for better properties. The reinforced phase is usually stronger than the matrix. The properties of composites depend on the properties of their constituents, the bonding between constituents, and the size of reinforced particles. The distribution of particles: uniform or clustered also influences the effective material behavior. A strong bonding between the matrix and the reinforcement helps the matrix to transfer the load to the reinforcement phase [6-8].
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
The classification of composites is based on: the type of matrix, type of reinforced, and fabrication techniques used [1]. The matrix phase could be metal, ceramic, and polymer (Fig. 1).
METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
Metal matrix composites are an important class of composites relevant to a wide variety of applications. Low-density metals, such as aluminum or magnesium are widely used as the matrix materials in these composites [6, 7]. The metal phase is usually reinforced with particulate or fibers of a ceramic material, such as silicon carbide or graphite. A much better combination of mechanical, thermal, and thermo-mechanical properties as well as the opportunity to tailor these properties for a particular application are offered by MMCs [8-15].
Fig. (1)) Classification of composite materials.Based on matrix material
a. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
b. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
c. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
Based on reinforcing material structure
a. Particle Reinforced Composites
b. Fibre Reinforced Composites
c. Laminated Composites
ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE’S BEHAVIOR
The composite materials are fabricated by combining constituent materials having significantly different properties, and therefore computation of the effective properties of composites is a field of vital interest. Different types of analytical and numerical methods have been used by researchers to predict the effective properties of composites. Virtual simulation of deformation behavior using numerical methods such as finite element method (FEM), finite difference method (FDM) or atomistic simulations can be applied to understand the new materials behavior and their effective properties, and this reduces the expense on laboratory and experiments [16]. The deformation behaviour of composite materials subjected to mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, or thermo-electrical loadings can be studied using the finite element method. The chief goal is to speed up the trial and error experimental testing and to be able to simulate the real phenomena that occur at the micro level of the composites. Three different approaches are utilized to know the material behavior and effective properties:
Experimental CharacterizationAnalytical ModelingNumerical ModelingThe increase in the computational capacity of computers has opened up the possibility of mathematical modeling and simulation. It raises the possibility that modern numerical methods can play a significant role in the analysis of heterogeneous microstructures [17-19].
These analytical or numerical modeling approaches for composite materials can also be categorized as either macroscopic or microscopic in nature, respectively. Macroscopic modeling of composites is often simple in application and can be used to predict the average or global response of a composite with minimal computational resources. Generally, in a macroscopic model, a uniform distribution of particles in a metal matrix is assumed and the volume fraction and properties of the individual phases are used to predict the effective properties of composites [20]. Macroscopic models ignore the reinforcement size, shape, arrangement, and orientation. The properties of the micro constituents and phenomena on the microscale significantly influence the macroscopic properties of all composite materials. A better understanding of the macroscopic behavior can be obtained by studying the description of the microstructural phenomena. However, predicting exact microstructure, especially in case of particle-reinforced composites, is quite complicated, so in general some statistical assumption has to be made.
The sample of composites obtained by applying these statistical assumptions is called the homogenized sample of material. These homogenized samples can be used effectively to predict the properties of effective composites and to study the stress-strain distribution. The homogenized sample of material of a volume element, is often called a representative volume element (RVE) [20]. The objective of homogenization is to extract sample data which can be used to find a material model for the computation of effective material properties. All macroscopic properties of the microheterogeneous material are supposed to be represented by the homogenized sample. In general, the homogenized material model is not assumed to be of the same type as the model used for the micro constituents, since it significantly complicates the search for an effective material model. The random distribution of particles in RVEs is important to simulate.
Until the development of computers, the determination of effective material parameters for homogenization was only possible by either performing experiments or tests with the existing material sample or by making use of semi-analytical methods. In semi-analytical methods, rather strong assumptions on the mechanical field variables or on the microstructure of the material are used, and therefore obtaining accurate results from semi-analytical methods is difficult. Especially in case of metal matrix composites, the metal behavior is influenced by elastoplastic deformation, and the determination of effective material parameters with the commonly used semi-analytical methods leads to considerable deviation in results from reality.
