Microplastics in Urban Water Management E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 925

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Microplastics in Urban Water Management Enables readers to understand the true occurrence and fate of microplastics in drinking water, wastewater and sludge, and receiving water Microplastics in Urban Water Management focuses on the occurrence, fate, effect, and removal of microplastics in the urban water management systems, summarizing relevant methods for enhancing microplastics removal and degradation, providing comprehensive data from source to sink (including occurrence and fate of microplastics in urban water management), and covering practical applications, which are expected to provide some theoretical guidance for controlling or mitigating microplastics pollution and its environmental risks. The work also includes detailed multidisciplinary information on the way in which microplastics behave in urban water management, plus recent advances of nanoplastics, i.e., nano-sized microplastics, in the aquatic environment. In Microplastics in Urban Water Management, readers can expect to find detailed information on sample topics such as: * Techniques for microplastics detection, including sample collection, purification, identification, and quantitation, plus the definition, emergence, occurrence, and removal of microplastics * Elements of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants; for instance, the ecotoxicological effect on the biological treatment of wastewater and sludge * Why the discharge of microplastics from wastewater treatment plants is the important source of microplastics in the receiving waters * Potential environmental risks of microplastic contamination in receiving water systems and evidence that microplastics can absorb, collect and transport environmental contaminants as vectors For practicing toxicologists, biologists, environmental and chemical engineers, and ecology professionals, as well as researchers and graduate students in these disciplines, Microplastics in Urban Water Management is an essential all-in-one guide to understanding the current state of microplastics in our world and potential solutions for the future.

Leseprobe

Microplastics in Urban Water Management

Edited By

Bing-Jie Ni School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia

Qiuxiang Xu State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai, PR China

Wei Wei School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia

This edition first published 2023

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Ni, Bing-Jie, editor. | Xu, Qiuxiang, editor. | Wei, Wei, editor. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher. Title: Microplastics in urban water management / edited by Bing-Jie Ni, Qiuxiang Xu, and Wei Wei.Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2022034277 (print) | LCCN 2022034278 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119759348 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119759362 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119759393 (epub) | ISBN 9781119759379 (ebook)Subjects: LCSH: Microplastics. | Water--Pollution. | Municipal water supply--Management. |Urban hydrology--Management. Classification: LCC TD427.P62 M5395 2023 (print) | LCC TD427.P62 (ebook) | DDC 363.738--dc23/eng/20221011 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022034277LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022034278

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Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Notes of Contributors

Preface

1 Techniques for Microplastics Detection in Urban Water Systems

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Sample Collection and Separation

1.2.1 Freshwater Samples

1.2.2 Freshwater Sediments

1.2.3 Wastewater Samples

1.2.4 Sludge Samples

1.2.5 Drinking Water Samples

1.3 Sample Purification

1.3.1 Wet Peroxidation

1.3.2 Enzymatic Degradation

1.3.3 Alkaline and Acid Treatment

1.3.4 Influence of Chemical Purification on Microplastic Property

1.4 Sample Identification

1.4.1 Visual Identification

1.4.2 Microscopic Identification

1.4.3 Spectroscopic Identification

1.4.4 Thermal Analysis

1.5 Quantitative Analysis

1.5.1 LD Method

1.5.2 DLS Method

1.5.3 NTA Method

1.5.4 Challenges in Particle Size Analysis

1.6 Quality Control

1.6.1 Internal Deviation

1.6.2 Judgment Error

1.7 Summary and Future Outlooks

References

2 Occurrence and Removal of Microplastics in Drinking Water Systems

2.1 Introduction

2.2 What Are Microplastics?

2.2.1 Primary and Secondary Microplastics

2.3 The Emergence of Microplastic

2.3.1 Sources

2.3.2 Transformation

2.4 Occurrence of Microplastics in Drinking Water Systems

2.4.1 Abundance

2.4.2 Distribution

2.4.2.1 Size Distribution

2.4.2.2 Morphological Distribution

2.4.3 Composition

2.5 Removal of Microplastics in Drinking Water Systems

2.5.1 Water Treatment Plant

2.5.1.1 Removal of Microplastics by the Overall Process of Water Treatment

2.5.1.2 Removal Rate of Microplastics Depending on the Size

2.5.1.3 Removal Rate Depending on the Type of Microplastics

2.5.1.4 Removal Efficiency Depending on the Composition of Microplastics

2.5.1.5 Removal of Microplastics by Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation

2.5.1.6 Removal of Microplastics by Filtration

2.5.1.7 Removal of Microplastics by Ozonation

2.5.2 Microplastic Removal in Lab-scale Studies

2.6 Summary and Prospects

References

3 Occurrence of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The Abundance and Removal Performance of Microplastics in WWTPs

3.3 The Microplastics Composition in WWTPs

3.3.1 Microplastics Size Distribution

3.3.2 Microplastic Shapes

3.3.3 Microplastic Materials

3.3.4 Microplastic Color

3.4 Removal of Microplastics in WWTPs and Contribution of Each Process

3.4.1 Primary Treatment

3.4.2 Secondary Treatment

3.4.3 Tertiary Treatment

3.5 Summary and Future Outlooks

References

4 Effects of Microplastics on Wastewater Treatment Processes

4.1 Biological Treatment Processes

4.1.1 Conventional Unit Operations and Processes

4.1.1.1 Suspended-Growth Processes

4.1.1.2 Attached-Growth Processes

4.1.1.3 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes

4.2 Interactions Between Sludge and Microplastics

4.2.1 Activated Sludge

4.2.2 Aerobic Granular Sludge

4.2.3 Anaerobic Granular Sludge

4.3 Effects of Microplastics on Microorganisms and 
Key Enzymes

4.3.1 Heterotrophic Bacteria

4.3.2 Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria

4.3.3 Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria

4.3.4 Key Enzymes

4.4 Effects on Sludge Stabilization and Dewatering

4.4.1 Aerobic Digestion

4.4.2 Dewatering

4.5 Perspectives

4.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

5 Microplastics in Sewage Sludge of Wastewater Treatment

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Occurrence

5.2.1 Primary Sludge

5.2.2 Waste-Activated Sludge

5.2.3 Dewatered Sludge

5.3 Effects of Microplastics on Sludge Anaerobic Treatment

5.3.1 Methane

5.3.2 Short-Chain Fatty Acid

5.3.3 Hydrogen

5.3.4 Enzyme Activity

5.3.5 Microbial Community

5.4 Transport of Microplastics from Sludge to Soil 
and Landfills

5.4.1 Transport of Microplastics from Sludge to Soil

5.4.2 Transport of Microplastics from Sludge to Landfills

5.5 Enhanced Removal of Microplastics from Sludge

5.5.1 Thickening and Dehydration

5.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion

5.5.3 High Temperature Composting

5.5.4 Incineration

5.6 Summary and Outlook

References

6 Discharge of Microplastics from Wastewater Treatment Plants

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Microplastics Concentrations in Effluent of WWTPs

6.2.1 Concentration of Microplastics in Effluent

6.2.2 Types of Microplastics in Effluent

6.3 Important Source of the Receiving Waters

6.3.1 River

6.3.2 Lake

6.3.3 Sea

6.3.3.1 Microplastics on Beaches and Coastal Areas

6.3.3.2 Microplastics on the Surface of Ocean Water

6.3.3.3 Microplastic Pollution in Polar Regions

6.3.4 Sediments

6.4 Uptake of Microplastics in Aquatic Organisms

6.4.1 Freshwater Organisms

6.4.2 Marine Life

6.4.3 Soil and Crops

6.5 Conclusions and Considerations for Future Work

6.5.1 Conclusions

6.5.2 Considerations for Future Work

Acknowledgments

References

7 Microplastics Removal and Degradation in Urban Water Systems

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Use of Separation-based Technology for the Removal of MPs

7.2.1 CFS

7.2.2 Electrocoagulation

7.2.3 Filtration

7.2.4 Membrane Separation

7.2.5 Adsorption

7.3 Photocatalysis Degradation of Microplastics

7.3.1 Zinc Oxide-based Photocatalysis

7.3.2 Titanium Dioxide-based Photocatalysis

7.3.3 Bismuth-based Photocatalysis

7.4 Chemical Oxidation Degradation of Microplastics

7.5 Future Prospects

References

8 Microplastics Contamination in Receiving Water Systems

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Occurrence of Microplastics in Freshwater Resources

8.2.1 River Surface Waters

8.2.2 Lake Surface Waters

8.3 Composition of Microplastics in Freshwater

8.4 Factors Influencing the Aging of Microplastics

8.5 Uptake and Associated Ecological Impacts of Microplastics 
in Aquatic Organisms

8.5.1 Invertebrates

8.5.2 Waterbirds

8.5.3 Mammals and Megafauna

8.6 Interactions among Microplastics and Microbes (Bacteria)

8.6.1 Microplastic Biofilms: Formation Mechanisms and Characteristics

8.6.2 Factors Affecting Biofilm Formation

8.6.3 Role of Microplastic Biofilms in Genetic Material Transfer

8.6.4 Microplastics as Pathogen Carriers

8.7 Potential Interactions between Microplastics and Humans

8.7.1 Dietary Exposure

8.7.2 Exposure through Inhalation and Dermal Contact

8.7.3 Microplastics’ Toxicity in Humans

8.8 Implications and Suggestions

Acknowledgments

References

9 Effects of Microplastics on Algae in Receiving Waters

9.1 Introduction

9.2 MPs Induced Effect on the Algae: Growth and Populations

9.2.1 Effects of MPs on Algae Growth

9.2.2 Effects of MPs on Algae Populations

9.3 Factors Affecting Toxicity

9.3.1 Dosage

9.3.2 Size

9.3.3 Materials

9.4 Combined Effects of MPs with Contaminants towards Algae

9.4.1 Antibiotics

9.4.2 Heavy Metals

9.4.3 Other Emerging Contaminations

9.5 Research Gap and Perspective

References

10 Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Organisms in Receiving Waters

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Occurrences in Water and Sediment

10.1.2 The Concerns about Potential Ecological Risks

10.2 Into the Food Chain of Aquatic Animals

10.2.1 Accumulation

10.2.2 Transfer within the Organizations

10.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms

10.3.1 Decomposers

10.3.2 Producers

10.3.3 Consumers

10.4 The Sources of Toxicity

10.4.1 The Release of Plasticizers and Other Additives

10.4.2 The Adsorbed Pollutants

10.4.3 Physical Damage

10.5 Summary and Outlook

References

11 Chemicals Associated with Microplastics in Urban Waters

11.1 Introduction

11.1.1 Chemicals in Microplastics and Its Fragments

11.1.2 Chemical Additives in Plastic Consumer Products

11.2 The Release of Chemicals from Microplastics and Environmental Levels

11.2.1 Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs)

11.2.2 Bisphenol A

References

12 Interactions between Microplastics and Contaminants in Urban Waters

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Sorption of Contaminants on Microplastics

12.2.1 Antibiotics

12.2.2 Heavy Metals

12.2.3 Organic Pollutants

12.3 Enrichment of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes

12.3.1 Single Selection

12.3.2 Co-Selection

12.4 The Effects of Environmental Conditions

12.4.1 pH

12.4.2 Temperature

12.4.3 Salinity

12.4.4 Weathering/Aging Effect

12.5 Joint Potential Risks

12.5.1 For Contaminants Distribution in Aquatic Environment

12.5.2 For ARGs and ARB Distribution in Aquatic Environment

12.5.3 For Aquatic Organisms

12.5.4 For Human Health

12.6 Conclusion and Recommendations

References

13 Nanoplastics in Urban Waters: Recent Advances in the Knowledge Base

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment

13.2.1 Nanoplastics or Polymeric Nanoparticles

13.2.2 Formation Pathways of Nanoplastics

13.2.3 Source of Nanoplastics

13.2.4 The Behavior and Environmental Fate of Nanoplastics

13.2.5 Interaction of Nanoplastics with Contaminants

13.3 Interactions between Nanoplastics and Aquatic Organisms

13.3.1 Effects on Aquatic Organisms: From Microalgae to Fish

13.4 Ingestion of Nanoplastics in Aquatic Organisms

13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Recommendation

Funding

Acknowledgements

Competing Interests

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

CHAPTER 01

Table 1.1 Methods of microplastics...

Table 1.2 Changes in six microplastic...

Table 1.3 Changes in carbonyl index...

Table 1.4 Comparison of the...

Table 1.5 Three thermoanalytical methods...

CHAPTER 02

Table 2.1 Overall microplastics...

CHAPTER 03

Table 3.1 Microplastics occurrence...

CHAPTER 04

Table 4.1 Effects of microplastics...

Table 4.2 Effects of MPs...

Table 4.3 Effects of microplastics...

Table 4.4 Effects of MPs on methane...

CHAPTER 05

Table 5.1 The characteristics...

CHAPTER 06

Table 6.1 Microplastics discharged...

Table 6.2 Percentage of different...

Table 6.3 Microplastic abundance...

Table 6.4 Microplastic abundance...

Table 6.5 Microplastic abundance...

Table 6.6 Microplastic abundance...

Table 6.7 Microplastic abundance...

Table 6.8 Microplastic abundance...

Table 6.9 Microplastic abundance...

CHAPTER 09

Table 9.1 Effects of microplastics...

Table 9.2 Factors of microplastics...

Table 9.3 Studies of combined effects...

CHAPTER 10

Table 10.1 Recent studies...

CHAPTER 12

Table 12.1 Adsorption behavior of...

Table 12.2 Interactions between...

Table 12.3 Interactions between...

List of Illustrations

CHAPTER 01

Figure 1.1 The steps and techniques...

Figure 1.2 Several nets applied...

Figure 1.3 Collection, digestion,...

Figure 1.4 A sampling method based...

Figure 1.5 A stacked sampling...

Figure 1.6 Microplastics sampling...

Figure 1.7 Adsorption of Cd on...

Figure 1.8 Zeta potentials...

Figure 1.9 Principal component...

Figure 1.10 Particle size distribution...

CHAPTER 02

Figure 2.1 Global plastic...

Figure 2.2 Size comparison...

Figure 2.3 Primary and secondary...

Figure 2.4 Representative sources...

Figure 2.5 Transport and distribution...

Figure 2.6 Typical water treatment...

CHAPTER 03

Figure 3.1 Microplastic...

CHAPTER 04

Figure 4.1 Inhibition mechanisms...

CHAPTER 05

Figure 5.1 Stereomicrograph...

Figure 5.2 The interactive...

Figure 5.3 The land application...

Figure 5.4 The enhanced removal...

CHAPTER 06

Figure 6.1 The fate of...

Figure 6.2 Plastics demand...

Figure 6.3 Density and structure...

Figure 6.4 Biomagnification...

CHAPTER 07

Figure 7.1 The main sources...

Figure 7.2 Procedures of...

Figure 7.3 Procedures...

Figure 7.4 Procedures...

Figure 7.5 Removal of MPs...

Figure 7.6 Mechanism of...

Figure 7.7 SEM images...

Figure 7.8 Schematic...

CHAPTER 08

Figure 8.1 Global production...

Figure 8.2 Sources and pathways...

Figure 8.3 Representative images...

Figure 8.4 The uptake of microplastics...

Figure 8.5 Biofilm formation...

Figure 8.6 The three major...

CHAPTER 10

Figure 10.1 Schematic view...

CHAPTER 11

Figure 11.1 Mechanisms of...

Figure 11.2 The main adsorption...

Figure 11.3 The dominating...

CHAPTER 12

Figure 12.1 Potential interaction...

Figure 12.2 Variations in aged MPs...

Figure 12.3 The transport of ARGs...

Figure 12.4 The exposure routes...

CHAPTER 13

Figure 13.1 Interactions and...

Figure 13.2 Interactions and...

Figure 13.3 Interactions and...

Figure 13.4 Schematic of the...

Guide

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Table of Contents

Notes of Contributors

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

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Notes of Contributors

Ian J. AllanNorwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Oslo, Norway

Elisa BergamiBritish Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge, UK

Hongbo ChenCollege of Environment and Resources Xiangtan University Xiangtan, China

Yan Laam ChengDepartment of Science and Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China

Ilaria CorsiDepartment of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Siena Siena, Italy

Xiaohu DaiState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai, PR China

Qizi FuCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering Hunan University Changsha, PR China

Julien GigaultTAKUVIK Laboratory CNRS/Université Laval Quebec City, QC, Canada

Xiang HuangSchool of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering Ministry of Education Shanghai University Shanghai, PR China

Muhammad JunaidJoint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation College of Marine Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China

Gabriela KalčíkováUniversity of Ljubljana Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Ljubljana, Slovenia

Junyeol KimDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University Detroit, MI, USA

Man LiSchool of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering Ministry of Education Shanghai University Shanghai, PR China

Xiaowei LiSchool of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering Ministry of Education Shanghai University Shanghai, PR China

Lu LiState Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China

Xuemei LiCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering Hunan University Changsha, PR China

Ziying LiDepartment of Science and Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China

Lulu LiuSchool of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering Ministry of Education Shanghai University Shanghai, PR China

Xuran LiuCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering Hunan University Changsha, PR China

Tianyi LuoState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai, PR China

Carol MillerDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering Wayne State University 5050 Anthony Wayne Dr. Detroit, MI, USA

Bing-Jie NiSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia

John NortonEnergy, Research, & Innovation Great Lakes Water Authority Detroit, MI, USA

Ula RozmanUniversity of Ljubljana Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Xingdong ShiSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia

Kang SongState Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China

Yiu Fai TsangDepartment of Science and Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China

Tsz Ching TseDepartment of Science and Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China

Yongli Z. Wager Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Chen WangState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai, PR China

Dongbo WangCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringHunan University Changsha, PR China

Jun WangJoint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation College of Marine Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China

Yali WangHebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands School of Eco-Environment Xiong’an Institute of Eco-Environment Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding, Hebei, China

Yuguang WangDepartment of Civil Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo, China

Yun WangState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai, PR China

Wei WeiSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia

Yi WuCollege of Environment and Resources Xiangtan University Xiangtan, China

Qiuxiang XuState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai, PR China

Yu-Ting ZhangState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai, PR China

Preface

Plastics are considered to be one of the greatest industrial inventions of the last century. They are widely used and bring great convenience. As global demand grows, global plastic production continues to increase, exceeding 350 billion tons in 2018. However, the convenience of plastics has also sparked a throw-away mentality, leading to a large amount of plastic pollution entering various environments. It is estimated that the total release of plastics will reach 250 million tons by 2025. The discharged plastics in the environment will gradually be decomposed to plastic particles under various environmental stressors such as sunlight, weathering, and erosion. Among them, those with a particle size in the range of 0.1 mm to 5 mm are considered as microplastics. In addition, small artificial plastic particles added to personal products are also a major source of microplastics. Massive usage of plastic products and poor management of plastic waste disposal have resulted in the release of large quantities of microplastics into the environment. Moreover, microplastics are only slowly degradable through weathering and aging; they therefore accumulate and persist in the various environments for years to decades.

Urban waters such as lakes, river, wastewater, drinking water, and others are closely related to human production and life, and are considered to be important paths for microplastics migration and accumulation. Microplastics have been frequently and significantly detected in different urban waters such as wastewater, wastewater treatment plant effluent, surface water, and drinking water. Microplastics have been demonstrated to induce chronic toxicity to living organisms after ingestion, and this potentially toxic effect could be transmitted to humans through the food chain, posing a potential threat to both aquatic species and human health. Therefore, microplastics have aroused increasing concerns, and the problems and its potential risks are considered more serious than plastic pollution.

The objective of this book is to elucidate the current occurrence, fate, and effect of microplastics during urban water management. Specifically, this book emphatically discusses the effect of microplastics on living organisms including microorganisms, algae, and aquatic animals, and the interactions between microplastics and environmental contaminants, providing comprehensive understanding of the environmental risks of microplastics. This book also summarizes relevant methods for detecting, removing, and degrading microplastics, and is expected to provide theoretical guidance for controlling or mitigating microplastics pollution and its environmental risks. In addition, this book also introduces recent advances in nanoplastics – the key decomposition products of microplastics.

As an excellent reference, this book presents in detail the environmental behavior and potential impacts, risks, detection, and removal of microplastics, and provides an outlook for future research directions and developments. We hope that this 13-chapter book will not only provide water scientists and engineers with professional and valuable information about microplastics in urban water management, but more importantly to make the public, especially policy makers, fully aware of the severity of microplastic pollution and its risks in urban water systems.

Finally, the editors sincerely thank all the authors who contributed to this book for their hard work and patience. We solemnly declare that all opinions expressed in this 13-chapter book are those of the authors themselves and not the organizations in which they work.

Bing-Jie Ni

Qiuxiang Xu

Wei Wei