Microstructural Design of Advanced Engineering Materials E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 887

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

The choice of a material for a certain application is made taking into account its properties. If, for example one would like to produce a table, a hard material is needed to guarantee the stability of the product, but the material should not be too hard so that manufacturing is still as easy as possible - in this simple example wood might be the material of choice. When coming to more advanced applications the required properties are becoming more complex and the manufacturer`s desire is to tailor the properties of the material to fit the needs. To let this dream come true, insights into the microstructure of materials is crucial to finally control the properties of the materials because the microstructure determines its properties.

Written by leading scientists in the field of microstructural design of engineering materials, this book focuses on the evolution and behavior of granular microstructures of various advanced materials during plastic deformation and treatment at elevated temperatures. These topics provide essential background and practical information for materials scientists, metallurgists and solid state physicists.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

List of Contributors

Part I: Materials Modeling and Simulation: Crystal Plasticity, Deformation, and Recrystallization

Chapter 1: Through-Process Modeling of Materials Fabrication: Philosophy, Current State, and Future Directions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Microstructure Evolution

1.3 Microstructural Processes

1.4 Through-Process Modeling

1.5 Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2: Application of the Generalized Schmid Law in Multiscale Models: Opportunities and Limitations

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Crystal Plasticity

2.3 Polycrystal Plasticity Models for Single-Phase Materials

2.4 Plastic Anisotropy of Polycrystalline Materials

2.5 Experimental Validation

2.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Crystal Plasticity Modeling

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Fundamentals

3.3 Application Examples

3.4 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 4: Modeling of Severe Plastic Deformation: Time-Proven Recipes and New Results

4.1 Introduction

4.2 One-Internal Variable Models

4.3 Two-Internal Variable Models

4.4 Three-Internal Variable Models

4.5 Numerical Simulations of SPD Processes

4.6 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Plastic Anisotropy in Magnesium Alloys – Phenomena and Modeling

5.1 Deformation Modes and Textures

5.2 Anisotropy of Stress and Strain

5.3 Modeling Anisotropic Stress and Strain

5.4 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6: Application of Stochastic Geometry to Nucleation and Growth Transformations

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Mathematical Background and Basic Notation

6.3 Revisiting JMAK

6.4 Nucleation in Clusters

6.5 Nucleation on Lower Dimensional Surfaces

6.6 Analytical Expressions for Transformations Nucleated on Random Planes

6.7 Random Velocity

6.8 Simultaneous and Sequential Transformations

6.9 Final Remarks

References

Chapter 7: Implementation of Anisotropic Grain Boundary Properties in Mesoscopic Simulations

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Overview of Simulation Methods

7.3 Anisotropy of Grain Boundaries

7.4 Simulation Approaches

7.5 Summary

References

Part II: Interfacial Phenomena and their Role in Microstructure Control

Chapter 8: Grain Boundary Junctions: Their Effect on Interfacial Phenomena

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Experimental Measurement of Grain Boundary Triple Line Energy

8.3 Impact of Triple Line Tension on the Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Solids

8.4 Why do Crystalline Nanoparticles Agglomerate with Low Misorientations?

8.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 9: Plastic Deformation by Grain Boundary Motion: Experiments and Simulations

9.1 Introduction

9.2 What is the Coupled Grain Boundary Motion?

9.3 Computer Simulation Methodology

9.4 Experimental Methodology

9.5 Multiplicity of Coupling Factors

9.6 Dynamics of Coupled GB Motion

9.7 Coupled Motion of Asymmetrical Grain Boundaries

9.8 Coupled Grain Boundary Motion and Grain Rotation

9.9 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10: Grain Boundary Migration Induced by a Magnetic Field: Fundamentals and Implications for Microstructure Evolution

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Driving Forces for Grain Boundary Migration

10.3 Magnetically Driven Grain Boundary Motion in Bicrystals

10.4 Selective Grain Growth in Locally Deformed Zn Single Crystals under a Magnetic Driving Force

10.5 Impact of a Magnetic Driving Force on Texture and Grain Structure Development in Magnetically Anisotropic Polycrystals

10.6 Magnetic Field Influence on Texture and Microstructure Evolution in Polycrystals Due to Enhanced Grain Boundary Motion

10.7 Concluding Remarks

10.8 Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 11: Interface Segregation in Advanced Steels Studied at the Atomic Scale

11.1 Motivation for Analyzing Grain and Phase Boundaries in High-Strength Steels

11.2 Theory of Equilibrium Grain Boundary Segregation

11.3 Atom Probe Tomography and Correlated Electron Microscopy on Interfaces in Steels

11.4 Atomic-Scale Experimental Observation of Grain Boundary Segregation in the Ferrite Phase of Pearlitic Steel

11.5 Phase Transformation and Nucleation on Chemically Decorated Grain Boundaries

11.6 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 12: Interface Structure-Dependent Grain Growth Behavior in Polycrystals

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Fundamentals: Equilibrium Shape of the Interface

12.3 Grain Growth in Solid–Liquid Two-Phase Systems

12.4 Grain Growth in Solid-State Single-Phase Systems

12.5 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 13: Capillary-Mediated Interface Energy Fields: Deterministic Dendritic Branching

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Capillary Energy Fields

13.3 Capillarity-Mediated Branching

13.4 Branching

13.5 Dynamic Solver Results

13.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Part III: Advanced Experimental Approaches for Microstructure Characterization

Chapter 14: High Angular Resolution EBSD and Its Materials Applications

14.1 Introduction: Some History of HR-EBSD

14.2 HR-EBSD Methods

14.3 Applications

14.4 Discussion

14.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15: 4D Characterization of Metal Microstructures

15.1 Introduction

15.2 4D Characterizations by 3DXRD – From Idea to Implementation

15.3 Examples of Applications

15.4 Challenges and Suggestions for the Future Success of 3D Materials Science

15.5 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16: Crystallographic Textures and a Magnifying Glass to Investigate Materials

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Texture Evolution and Exploitation of Related Information in Metal Processing

16.3 Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Part IV: Applications: Grain Boundary Engineering and Microstructural Design for Advanced Properties

Chapter 17: The Advent and Recent Progress of Grain Boundary Engineering (GBE): In Focus on GBE for Fracture Control through Texturing

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Historical Background

17.3 Basic Concept of Grain Boundary Engineering

17.4 Characteristic Features of Grain Boundary Microstructures

17.5 Relation between Texture and Grain Boundary Microstructure

17.6 Grain Boundary Engineering for Fracture Control through Texturing

17.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 18: Microstructure and Texture Design of NiAl via Thermomechanical Processing

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Experimental

18.3 Microstructure and Texture Development

18.4 Texture Simulations

18.5 Mechanical Anisotropy

18.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 19: Development of Novel Metallic High Temperature Materials by Microstructural Design

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Alloy System Mo–Si–B

19.3 Alloy System Co–Re–Cr

19.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Index

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Preface

Properties of crystalline engineering materials are directly related to their microstructure, defined as the spatial distribution of elements, phases, defects, and orientations. In view of the dramatically increased specific property material requirements during the past decades, the efforts to understand how the granular microstructure of polycrystals develops and how it can be influenced and predicted became extremely important, since microstructure control is crucial, both for improvement of materials performance and design of advanced materials with tailored properties.

The topic of microstructural design of advanced materials was recently the focus of a special symposium,1 in honor of Professor Dr rer. nat. Dr h.c. Günter Gottstein (Günter Gottstein Honorary Symposium on Characterization and Design of Microstructure for Advanced Materials), which was held in the frame of the MSE 2012 (Materials Science and Engineering) Congress in Darmstadt, Germany, September 25–27, 2012, organized by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde (DGM).

This book represents a collection of manuscripts written by leading scientists in the field of microstructural design of engineering materials, who were invited to deliver keynote lectures at the Günter Gottstein Honorary Symposium. This provided a unique opportunity to bring together experts in various aspects of microstructure design and to address a wide range of topics, which are crucial for predicting and controlling the microstructure evolution, including crystal plasticity due to slip, twinning, and grain boundary motion; nucleation during recrystallization; grain boundary migration under various forces; impact of boundary junctions; interfacial anisotropy and solute segregation, interaction between interfaces and particles, and so on. As obvious from the reviews comprising this book, an interaction between various research approaches – experiment, microstructural modeling, computation, and theory – is indispensable for successful and effective microstructural design of advanced engineering materials.

The book is subdivided into four parts, beginning with the modeling of the basic processes of microstructure development, that is, crystal plasticity, deformation, and recrystallization in different metallic materials subjected to various processing routes including severe plastic deformation. The second part addresses grain boundaries and interfaces, their kinetics and thermodynamics, and their effects on microstructure evolution. The third part is dedicated to advanced experimental methods to characterize the microstructure and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of its development. The final chapters comprise various applications – grain boundary engineering for improving fracture resistance of various metals and alloys and microstructural design of advanced high temperature materials.

The editor is grateful to all authors for their engagement and cooperation as well as the Wiley-VCH editorial team for the enthusiasm and help to prepare and publish this book and in such a way to celebrate Professor Günter Gottstein and his unique contributions to Materials Science.

Aachen, January 2013

DmitriA. Molodov

Note

1. Sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde (DGM), Aleris Rolled Products Germany GmbH, Hydro Aluminium Deutschland GmbH, ThyssenKrupp VDM GmbH, Wieland-Werke AG.

List of Contributors

Hamid Assadi

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Matthew Barnett

Deakin University

Institute for Frontier Materials

Pigdons Rd

Geelong, VIC 3217

Australia

Pyuck-Pa Choi

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Martin Diehl

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Julian H. Driver

SMS Centre

Ecole des Mines de Saint Etienne

158 Cours Fauriel

42032 Saint Etienne

France

Philip Eisenlohr

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Yuri Estrin

Monash University

Centre for Advanced Hybrid Materials

Department of Materials Engineering

Clayton, VIC 3800

Australia

John G. Fisher

Chonnam National University

School of Materials Science and Engineering

77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu

Gwangju 500-757

Republic of Korea

Roland Fortunier

SMS Centre

Ecole des Mines de Saint Etienne

158 Cours Fauriel

42032 Saint Etienne

France

Martin E. Glicksman

Florida Institute of Technology

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department

150 West University Blvd.

Melbourne, FL 32901

USA

Shoji Goto

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Günter Gottstein

RWTH Aachen University

Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics (IMM)

Kopernikusstr. 14

52056 Aachen

Germany

Martin Heilmaier

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie

Institut für Angewandte Materialien

Engelbert-Arnold-Str. 4

76131 Karlsruhe

Germany

Michael Herbig

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Jürgen Hirsch

Research & Development Bonn

Hydro Aluminium Rolled

Products GmbH

Georg-von-Boeselager-Str. 21

53117 Bonn Germany

Bevis Hutchinson

Swerea-KIMAB

Box 7047

164 07 Stockholm

Sweden

Dorte Juul Jensen

Technical University of Denmark

Materials Science and Advanced Characterization Section

Department of Wind Energy

Risø Campus

4000 Roskilde

Denmark

Sang-Hyun Jung

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu

Daejeon 305-701

Republic of Korea

Yang-Il Jung

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

111 Daedeok-daero, 989beon-gil

Yuseong-gu

Daejeon 305-353

Republic of Korea

Suk-Joong L. Kang

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu

Daejeon 305-701

Republic of Korea

Reiner Kirchheim

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Aleksander Kostka

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Manja Krüger

Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg

Institut für Werkstoff- und Fügetechnik

Große Steinernetischstr. 6

39104 Magdeburg

Germany

Margarita Kuzmina

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Yujiao Li

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Claire Maurice

SMS Centre

Ecole des Mines de Saint Etienne

158 Cours Fauriel

42032 Saint Etienne

France

Julio Millán

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Yuri Mishin

George Mason University

School of Physics Astronomy and Computational Sciences

MSN 3F3

4400 University Drive

Fairfax, VA 22030

USA

Dmitri A. Molodov

RWTH Aachen University

Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics

Kopernikusstr. 14

52056 AachenGermany

Debashis Mukherji

Technische Universitat Braunschweig

Institut für Werkstoffe

Langer Kamp 8

38106 Braunschweig

Germany

Dirk Ponge

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Romain Quey

SMS Centre

Ecole des Mines de Saint Etienne

158 Cours Fauriel

42032 Saint Etienne

France

Dierk Raabe

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Paulo R. Rios

Universidade Federal Fluminense

Escola de Engenharia Industrial

Metalúrgica de Volta Redonda

Av. dos Trabalhadores 420

Volta Redonda, RJ 27255-125

Brazil

Anthony D. Rollett

Carnegie Mellon University

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

5000 Forbes Avenue

Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890

USA

Joachim Rösler

Technische Universitat Braunschweig

Institut für Werkstoffe

Langer Kamp 8

38106 Braunschweig

Germany

Franz Roters

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Stefanie Sandlöbes

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Lasar S. Shvindlerman,

RWTH Aachen University

Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics

Kopernikusstr. 14

52056 Aachen

Germany

and

Russian Academy of Sciences

Institute of Solid State Physics

Academician Ossipyan Str. 2

Chernogolovka

142432 Moscow

Russia

Werner Skrotzki

Dresden University of Technology

Institute of Structural Physics

01062 Dresden

Germany

Paul Van Houtte

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

Department MTM

Kasteelpark Arenberg 44

3001 Leuven

Belgium

Elena Villa

University of Milan

Department of Mathematics

via Saldini 50

20133 Milano

Italy

Alexei Vinogradov

Togliatti State University

Laboratory of Materials and Intelligent Diagnostic Systems

14 Belorusskaya St.

445667 Togliatti

Russia

and

Osaka State University

Department of Intelligent Materials Engineering

Osaka 558-8585

Japan

Tadao Watanabe

Northeastern University

Key Laboratory of Anisotropy and Texture of Materials

Shenyang 110004

China

Formerly, Tohoku University

Graduate School of Engineering

Permanent address:

4-29-18, Yurigaoka

Natori, Miyagi 981-1245

Japan

Lei Yuan

MPI für Eisenforschung

Max-Planck-Str. 1

40237 Düsseldorf

Germany

Part I

Materials Modeling and Simulation: Crystal Plasticity, Deformation, and Recrystallization

1

Through-Process Modeling of Materials Fabrication: Philosophy, Current State, and Future Directions

Günter Gottstein

1.1 Introduction

Mathematical modeling of physical phenomena is not new science or a recent development but a fundamental ingredient of physical sciences. In fact, mathematics is the language of natural sciences, and it is the objective of physical research to extract from observed phenomena the general behavior in terms of mathematical relations that will allow making quantitative predictions. Physical phenomena are usually described in terms of respective equations of state (thermodynamic considerations) and equations of motion (kinetic considerations). Both types of relations are typically expressed in terms of differential equations, mostly partial differential equations (PDEs). The solution of these equations for usually complex boundary conditions can most commonly not be obtained in closed form, and therefore, the behavior of respective thermodynamic or kinetic systems can only be determined for very special conditions, for example, at the limits of time and space. Forty years ago, owing to the lack of easy to handle closed form solutions particularly engineers refrained from utilizing physics-based concepts, but instead they developed empirical models by fitting simple mathematical functions to obtained data, mostly power law relations for monotonic dependencies, since a power law could still be handled by a slide rule, the typical personal computational tool at that time. Such empirical approaches were actually very accurate as long as the same material was processed the same way, but beyond measured regimes they lacked any predictive power.

With the advent of powerful computers, the situation changed dramatically. Besides the fact that complicated PDEs and complex boundary conditions could now be solved numerically, simulation tools became available to probe virtual materials behavior at any length and time scale. On the macroscopic scale the finite element method (FEM) became the predominant numerical tool for engineers; on the mesoscopic level, the phase-field theory besides Monte Carlo (MC) methods, cellular automata (CA), and front tracking algorithms such as vertex models or level-set methods advanced to established modeling approaches for microstructural evolution of materials. On the atomistic level molecular dynamics (MD) simulations enabled a large variety of atomistic phenomena to be explored, and eventually density functional theory allowed ab-initio quantum mechanical studies of complex atomistic configurations, to name only the most popular approaches. With these computational tools at hand, one does not generate new physics, since the models and tools essentially reflect our understanding of physical phenomena and the underlying mechanisms. Instead, available computational power allows us to address complex phenomena, mutual interaction of different physical processes, and nonsteady-state behavior of physical systems. If we confine our consideration to materials, in particular to crystalline solids, specifically commercial metallic materials, we have now the option to utilize computer power, sophisticated simulation approaches, and advanced numerical algorithms for the prediction of material properties and therefore, for an optimization of materials processing and materials performance in service, in other words we are now able to put 50 years of physical metallurgy to work.

To make reliable predictions of materials behavior one has to understand that, contrary to common believe of engineers, the properties of a material are not controlled by the processing conditions but by chemical composition and microstructure. In other words, there are no processing–property relationships that can be utilized for the prediction of material properties; rather the only state variable of properties is, besides the unchanged overall composition, the microstructure, which is liable to change by thermal and mechanical processing (). Hence, the prediction of final properties of a material requires to pursue the development of microstructure along the entire processing chain, in principle from solidification through the semifinished product and eventually to a part in service. The simulation of microstructure evolution and therefore of materials properties along the processing chain is referred to as through-process modeling (TPM) in Europe or, more recently, integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) in the United States. In the following, we will use throughout the term TPM, keeping the identity with ICME in mind.