Nanostructured Materials for Energy Storage, 4 Volumes E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3090

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Comprehensive reference work for researchers and engineers working with advanced and emerging nanostructured battery and supercapacitor materials

Lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors play a vital role in the paradigm shift towards sustainable energy technology. This book reviews how and why different nanostructured materials improve the performance and stability of batteries and capacitors. Sample materials covered throughout the work include:

• Graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers
• MXenes, hexagonal boron nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenides
• Transition metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks, and lithium titanates
• Gel polymer electrolytes, hydrogels, and conducting polymer nanocomposites

For materials scientists, electrochemists, and solid state chemists, this book is an essential reference to understand the lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor applications of nanostructured materials that are most widely used for developing low-cost, rapid, and highly efficient energy storage systems.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Volume 1

Preface

1 Lithium-Ion Batteries: Fundamental Principles, Recent Trends, Nanostructured Electrode Materials, Electrolytes, Promises, Key Scientific and Technological Challenges, and Future Directions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries

1.3 Key Scientific and Technological Challenges and Future Directions

1.4 Conclusion

References

2 Benchmarking Electrode Materials for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Basic Requirement of an Electrode

2.3 Cathode Materials

2.4 Anode Materials

2.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

3 Machine Learning Approaches for Designing Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Coupling Machine Learning (ML) with Physics-Inspired Computational Models

3.3 Screening Approaches for Viable Electrode Materials

3.4 ML-Based Optimization of Process Parameters for Electrode Manufacturing

3.5 ML-Based Approaches to Improve Electrode Performance

3.6 ML Approaches for the Second Life of Batteries and Recycling of Electrode Materials

3.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives

3.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

4 Architecture Design Paradigm and Characterization Techniques of Nanostructured Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Architectural Development of Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Li

+

Batteries

4.3 Conventional Electroanalytical Techniques: Galvanostatic Charge/Discharge (GCD), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

4.4 Various Advanced Hyphenated Techniques for Electroanalytical Processes

4.5 Fundamentals of In situ Electron Microscopy for Li

+

Batteries

4.6 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)

4.7 Hyphenated Optical Techniques in Combination of Cyclic Voltammetry

4.8 Hyphenated Neutron Techniques in Combination with Cyclic Voltammetry

4.9 Hyphenated Magnetic Techniques in Combination with Cyclic Voltammetry

4.10 Other Hyphenated Techniques in Combination with Cyclic Voltammetry

4.11 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

5 Graphene-Based Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Challenges and Opportunities

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Graphene-Based Multifunctional Nanomaterials

5.3 Preparation of Graphene-Based Multifunctional Nanomaterials

5.4 Graphene-Based Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Lithium-ion Batteries

5.5 Conclusion and Outlooks

References

6 Carbon Nanotubes Based Nanostructured Materials for Lithium Ion Battery Applications: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Lithium Ion Battery Background

6.3 Lithium Ions Storage Mechanism in Carbon Nanotubes

6.4 Carbon Nanotubes Based Nanomaterials for LIBs Anode

6.5 Key Challenges and Future Perspectives

6.6 Summary and Conclusion

References

7 Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber-Based Nanomaterials for Efficient Li-Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Directions

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Current Status and Limitations of Lithium-ion (LIBs)-Based Energy Storage Devices

7.3 Principles of Electrospinning Techniques

7.4 Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs)

7.5 CNF-Based Composite Anodes

7.6 Prospects of CNF-Based Anodes

7.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

8 Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Based Nanomaterials for Lithium-ion Batteries

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Based Nanomaterials Applied in Electrode

8.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Based Nanomaterials Applied in Electrolytes

8.4 Boron Nitride-enhanced Separator for LIBs

8.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

9 MXene-based Multifunctional Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries: Opportunities and Challenges

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Exploring the Opportunities of MXene for Li-ion Batteries

9.3 Challenges of Working with MXenes

9.4 Conclusions

References

10 Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Classification of TMDs

10.3 Current Status and Challenges of Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries

10.4 Role of 2D TMD Nanomaterial in Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Battery Technology

10.5 TMD Modifications Toward High-performance Li-Ion Battery Electrodes

10.6 Beyond-layered TMD Nanostructures

10.7 Future Prospects of TMDs in Li-Ion Battery Technology

10.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

11 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications: Synthesis, Properties, and Prospects

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Synthesis Methods

11.3 Device Performance

11.4 Prospects and Challenges

11.5 Summary

References

Volume 2

12 Metal–organic Frameworks for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Synthesis Strategies, Properties, and Applications

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Versatile Synthesis Strategies for MOFs Family

12.3 MOFs in LIBs

12.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

13 Lithium Titanate-Based Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications: A Critical Review

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Structural and Morphological Review

13.3 Lithium Titanate (Li

4

Ti

5

O

12

) as an Anode in LIBs

13.4 Electrochemical Performances of LTO-Based Composites

13.5 Performance Analysis of the Present State-of-the-Art Technology

13.6 Summary and Perspective

References

14 Lithium Transition Metal Orthosilicates-Based Nanostructured Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Challenges and Trend in Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

14.3 Nanostructured Composites as Cathode and Anode Materials

14.4 Lithium Transition Metal Orthosilicates Li

2

MSiO

4

(Where M = Mn, Fe, and Co)

14.5 Conclusions

References

15 Silicon and Molybdenum-Based Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications: Lithiation Strategies and Mechanisms

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Classifications and Properties of Molybdenum and Silicon-Based Nanomaterials

15.3 Li-Ion Battery

15.4 Electrochemical Observations

15.5 Conclusion and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

16 Vanadium-Based Nanostructure Materials for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) System

16.3 Vanadium-Based Nanostructured Materials

16.4 Synthesis of Vanadium-Based Nanostructures

16.5 Types of Vanadium-Based Nanostructures for Advanced LIBs

16.6 Charge and Discharge Capacities

16.7 Challenges and Future Outlooks

16.8 Conclusion

References

17 Multifunctional Hydrogel Systems for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Synthesis of Multifunctional Hydrogel Systems

17.3 Physicochemical Characterizations of Hydrogels for Lithium-Ion Batteries

17.4 Applications of Hydrogels in High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

17.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

18 Polymer-Based Sustainable Separators in Li-Ion Battery Applications: Mechanisms and Types of Polymeric Materials Used

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Importance of Polymeric Separators

18.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Sustainable Polymeric Separators

18.4 Methods of Preparation

18.5 Sustainable Li-Ion Battery Separators Based on Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites

18.6 Comparison of Electrochemical Performances-Commercial Over Sustainable Separators

18.7 Future Perspective and Challenges

18.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

19 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Fabrication, Characterizations, and Electrochemical Performance

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Application of Ion-Conductive Nanocomposite Polymeric Electrolytes for Preparation of LIBs

19.3 Application of Electron-Conductive Nanocomposite Polymeric Binders for Preparation of LIBs

19.4 Conclusions

References

20 Multifunctional Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Overview of Gel Polymer Electrolytes

20.3 Classification of GPEs

20.4 Requirements and Characterization for GPEs

20.5 Multifunctional Gel Polymer Electrolytes

20.6 Conclusion and Outlook

References

21 Environmental Impact, Safety Aspects, and Recycling Technologies of Lithium-Ion Batteries

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Environmental Impacts of Lithium-Ion Batteries

21.3 Pollution Sources and Pathways

21.4 Lithium-Ion Battery Material Recycling

21.5 Safety Aspects

21.6 Conclusion and Future Scope

Acknowledgments

References

22 Advantages, Limitations, and Industrial Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Overview

22.3 Advantage of Lithium-Ion Battery

22.4 Lithium-Ion Battery Failures

22.5 Lithium-Ion Battery-Ion Fire Hazards

22.6 Challenges for Li-Ion Battery Recycling

22.7 Li-Ion Battery Applications

22.8 Summary of Applicable Codes and Standards

22.9 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Volume 3

23 Supercapacitors: Fundamentals, Working Principle, Classifications, Energy Storage Mechanisms, Nanostructured Electrode and Electrolyte Materials, Promises, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Principle of a Capacitor

23.3 Classification of SCs

23.4 Components of Supercapacitors

23.5 Capacitance Calculation and Reporting

23.6 Applications of SCs

23.7 Challenges and Future Prospects

References

24 Benchmarking Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors, Pseudocapacitors, and Hybrid Capacitors

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Charge Storage Mechanism

24.3 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

24.4 Hybrid Capacitors

24.5 Challenges and Future Prospective

24.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

25 Machine Learning-Based Assessment and Optimization of Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Fundamental Concepts of Machine Learning

25.3 Machine Learning Methods

25.4 Electrode Materials

25.5 Conducting Polymer-Based Materials

25.6 Machine Learning Prediction and Performance of Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor Applications

25.7 Summary

Acknowledgment

Conflicts of Interest

References

26 Synthesis Approaches, Architecture Design Paradigms, and Characterization of Nanostructure Materials for Supercapacitor Application

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Current Supercapacitor Technologies and Critical Needs for Improvement

26.3 Characteristics of Nanostructured Materials for Supercapacitor

26.4 Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials

26.5 Architectural Design for Nanostructured Material

26.6 Limitations of Nanostructured Materials for Supercapacitor

26.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

27 Functionalized Nanostructured Materials for Supercapacitor Applications

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Overview of Nanostructured Materials

27.3 Surface Functionalization of Nanostructured Materials

27.4 Characterization of Functionalized Nanostructured Materials

27.5 Summary

Acknowledgment

References

28 Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanostructured Materials for Supercapacitor Applications: Synthesis and Electrochemical Analysis

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Variants of CNTs and Synthesis Methods

28.3 CNT-Based Supercapacitors

28.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

29 Activated Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Types of Supercapacitors

29.3 Electrode Materials Used in Supercapacitors

29.4 Activated Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors Application

29.5 Conclusion and Challenges of SCs

Acknowledgment

References

30 Mxenes-Based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Application: Recent Progress and Future Prospects

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Synthesis and Properties of MXene and Mxene-Based Nanocomposites

30.3 General Characterization of MXenes

30.4 Current State-of-the-Art Advances in MXene and MXene-Based Nanomaterials as Supercapacitors

30.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook

References

31 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for Advanced Supercapacitors: Synthesis Strategies and Electrochemical Analysis

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Synthesis of Transition Metal Oxides

31.3 Electrochemical Investigation of Transition Metal Oxides

31.4 Electrochemical Investigation of Mixed Transition Metal Oxides

31.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives

31.6 Conclusions

References

32 Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers Based Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors: A Comprehensive Review

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Fundamentals of Electrospinning

32.3 Supercapacitor

32.4 Flexible Carbon Nanofibers

32.5 Key Challenges and Future Perspectives

32.6 Conclusions

References

33 Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites-Based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Performance

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Types of Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor

33.3 Synthesis of Conductive Polymer Composites

33.4 Electrochemical Characterization of CPC as Electrode Materials

33.5 Prospect and Challenges of CPC as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor

33.6 Conclusion

References

Volume 4

34 Ferrite and Molybdate-Based Nanostructured Materials for Supercapacitor Applications

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Recent Advances in Ferrite-Based Supercapacitors

34.3 Recent Advancement in Molybdate-Based Supercapacitors

34.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective

References

35 Advances in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion-Based Supercapacitors: Prospects and Challenges

35.1 Introduction

35.2 History of Progress of Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Supercapacitors

35.3 Energy Storage Mechanism in Metal-Ion Supercapacitors (MISCs)

35.4 Lithium-Ion Supercapacitors (LISC)

35.5 Materials for Li-Ion/Na-Ion Supercapacitors

35.6 Battery-Type Anode Materials for LISCs and SISCs

35.7 Other Metal Oxide-Based Anodes

35.8 Capacitor-Type Cathodes for LISC and SISC Applications

35.9 Challenges in the Existing Metal-Ion Supercapacitor (MISC) Technologies

35.10 Future Prospects of Metal-Ion Supercapacitors (MISCs)

35.11 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

36 Mesoporous Nanostructured Materials for Supercapacitor Applications

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Overview of Nanostructured Materials

36.3 Nanomaterials Classification

36.4 Ruthenium Oxide (RuO

2

) for Supercapacitor

36.5 Manganese Dioxide (MnO

2

) for Supercapacitor

36.6 Nickel Oxide (NiO) for Supercapacitor

36.7 Cobalt Oxide (CO

3

O

4

) for Supercapacitor

36.8 Other Types of Mesoporous Nanostructured Materials

36.9 Silica and Alumina-Based Mesoporous Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors

36.10 Mesoporous Materials in Energy Storage and Conversion

36.11 Mesoporous Materials as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

36.12 Conclusion and Outlooks

References

37 Solid–Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Supercapacitor Applications: Opportunities and Challenges

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Electrolytes for Supercapacitors

37.3 Aqueous Electrolytes

37.4 Solid-State Electrolytes

37.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects

Acknowledgments

References

38 Metal–Organic Framework-Based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Applications: Design, Fabrication, and Electrochemical Performance

38.1 Introduction

38.2 Various Electrode Materials Exploited for SC Applications

38.3 Synthetic Strategies of Metal–Organic Framework-Based Electrode Materials

38.4 Fabrication of MOF-Based Electrodes for SC Application

38.5 Electrochemical Performance: MOF Composites’ Importance in SCs in Terms of Specific Capacitance, Energy, and Power Density

38.6 Energy Storage Mechanism of MOF-Based Electrodes for SC Applications

38.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

39 Core–Shell Structured Nanomaterials for High-Performance Supercapacitors

39.1 Introduction

39.2 Carbon Core with Carbon/MO/Polymer Shells

39.3 MO Core with Carbon/MO/Polymer Shells

39.4 Polymer Core with Carbon/MO/Polymer Shells

39.5 Other Core–Shell Structures

39.6 Core–Double Shell Structures

39.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

40 Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials for High-Performance Supercapacitors: Recent Developments and Future Scope

40.1 Introduction

40.2 Carbon-Based Materials

40.3 Carbon Materials with Polymers

40.4 Carbon Materials with Metal Oxide

40.5 Carbon Materials with Other Carbon-Based Materials

40.6 Other Materials

40.7 Bio-Template-Assisted Developments of Electrode Materials

40.8 Summary, Challenges and Future Outlooks

Acknowledgments

References

41 Multifunctional Hydrogels for Flexible Supercapacitors

41.1 Introduction

41.2 Hydrogels

41.3 Host Materials of Hydrogels

41.4 Self-healing Supercapacitors Based on Hydrogel Electrolytes

41.5 Hydrogel Electrolyte with Anti-freezing and Increased Capacitance for Flexible Supercapacitors

41.6 Mechanism of Conductivity of Hydrogels

41.7 Hydrogel Electrodes and Electrolytes for Stretchable Self-healing Supercapacitors (SSCs)

41.8 Real-Time Application of Hydrogel-Based Flexible SSCs

41.9 Conclusions and Future Prospective

Acknowledgments

References

42 Role and Mechanism of Membrane Separators in Supercapacitors: Synthesis and Performance of Different Separator Materials

42.1 Introduction

42.2 Overview of Supercapacitor Technology

42.3 Properties of Separators

42.4 Separators for Supercapacitors

42.5 Integration of Separators in Supercapacitors

42.6 Types of Separators in Electrochemical Setups

42.7 Conclusions

References

43 Recycling, Sustainability, Ecological, Economic, and Safety Aspects of Supercapacitors

43.1 Development History of Supercapacitors

43.2 Ecological Assessment of Supercapacitors

43.3 Potential Environmental Impacts of Li-ion Batteries

43.4 Economic Analysis of Using Supercapacitors

43.5 Performance Characteristics Commercially

43.6 Applications

43.7 Conclusion

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Physiochemical properties of common solvents used in lithium-ion b...

Table 1.2 Properties of some common lithium salts.

Table 1.3 The minimum requirements for solid-state polymer electrolytes in L...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Electrochemical performance of LCO, LMO, and LFP full cells.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Chemical methods to synthesis various types of GO-based nanomateri...

Table 5.2 Preparation methods for various types of graphene-based nanocompos...

Table 5.3 Comparing electrochemical performance of various anode materials....

Table 5.4 Comparison of electrochemical performances for various structures ...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Summary of application of CN-carbon nanostructured composites and ...

Table 6.2 Summary of application of carbon nanostructured metal oxide compos...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Various electrospinning parameters that influence the fiber struct...

Table 7.2 Electrochemical characteristics of various metal oxide/CNF composi...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Cycle and rate performance of BN applied to energy storage devices...

Table 8.2 Electrochemical properties of electrolytes containing h-BN.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Parameters of LIBs.

Table 11.2 Merits and demerits of hydrothermal method.

Table 11.3 Merits and demerits of chemical vapor deposition.

Table 11.4 Merits and demerits of chemical synthesis route.

Table 11.5 Merits and demerits of magnetron sputtering method.

Table 11.6 Merits and demerits of direct injection flame synthesis method.

Table 11.7 Performance of V

2

O

5

as anode material in LIBs.

Table 11.8 Performance of TiO

2

as anode material in LIBs.

Table 11.9 Performance of NiO as anode material in LIBs.

Table 11.10 Electrochemical performances and traditional preparation methods...

Table 11.11 Performance of Fe

3

O

4

as anode material in LIBs.

Table 11.12 Performance of ZnO as anode material in LIBs.

Table 11.13 Performance of MnO

2

as anode material in LIBs.

Table 11.14 Performance of ZTO as anode material in LIBs.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Some advantages and disadvantages of different porous materials....

Table 12.2 Advantages and disadvantages of different synthesis approaches fo...

Table 12.3 Summary of lithium storage performance of fabricated MOFs for ano...

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 The various reaction type of anode electrodes with examples.

Table 13.2 Performance analysis of current state-of-the-art LTO anodes.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Electrochemical parameters of Li

2

MnSiO

4

synthesized via sol–gel m...

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 The applications of various vanadium-based nanostructured materia...

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Cross-linking of polymers through small molecules.

Table 17.2 The performance comparison of hydrogel-based lithium-ion batterie...

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Some sustainable separators and their characteristic features.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 The effect of PVDF additives on the porosity of membranes.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Comparison of ionic conductivity of some multifunctional GPEs.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Application of lithium-ion battery in EVs.

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Different electrode materials and their SC performance.

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 Summary of electrochemical supercapacitor properties of surface r...

Table 24.2 Summary of HSC.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Nanostructured materials and their performance in the supercapaci...

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 The specific capacitance and current density of functionalized na...

Chapter 28

Table 28.1 Specific capacitance of CNT/metal oxide composites.

Table 28.2 Specific capacitances of multicomponent composites.

Chapter 30

Table 30.1 The application of the MXenes explored to date.

Table 30.2 Various Mxene-based composites along with their respective proper...

Chapter 31

Table 31.1 Comparison of few transition metal oxides.

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 CNFs based composite electrode materials for flexible supercapaci...

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Performances of CPCs based on various electrode materials for sup...

Table 33.2 Variation of specific capacitance of different metal oxide-based ...

Chapter 34

Table 34.1 The representative nanostructured ferrite electrodes and their el...

Table 34.2 Representative nanostructured molybdate electrodes and their elec...

Chapter 35

Table 35.1 LISCs fabricated using various carbon allotropes and their electr...

Table 35.2 Biomass-derived carbon-based SISCs and their electrochemical perf...

Table 35.3 Titanium-based compounds as the electrode materials for LISCs.

Chapter 37

Table 37.1 Comparison of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors in terms ...

Table 37.2 Effects of electrolytes on supercapacitor performance.

Chapter 38

Table 38.1 Various MOF materials are employed for SC applications.

Chapter 39

Table 39.1 Electrochemical SC performance of certain CS-structured electrode...

Chapter 40

Table 40.1 Bioinspired materials and their supercapacitive performance.

Chapter 42

Table 42.1 Important parameters for separator material.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of lithium insertion/de-insertion mechan...

Figure 1.2 Number of publications related to LIB topics.

Figure 1.3 Plans to restrict the registration of automobiles that are (solel...

Figure 1.4 Worldwide annual statistics on electric machine stocks (a) and re...

Figure 1.5 Pack-level lithium battery pricing (a portion of this diagram is ...

Figure 1.6 Schematic representation of the electrolyte, anode, and cathode c...

Figure 1.7 The selected most popular research trends in rechargeable Li and ...

Figure 1.8 Depiction of the growth of lithium-ion battery operating electrod...

Figure 1.9 The voltage in contrast with the capacity chart of the function o...

Figure 1.11 The estimated range of specific capacities (volumetric and weigh...

Figure 1.10 (a) A graphical depiction shows the engaged anode materials for ...

Figure 1.12 The metal halide cathode materials: (a,b) volume/mass theoretica...

Figure 1.13 Chalcogenide, lithium–chalcogen, and lithium chalcogenide cathod...

Figure 1.14 The estimated range of the approximate interval of specific capa...

Figure 1.15 Initial SEI formation mechanism and composition. (a) Initial red...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 (A) Crystal structure of (a) layered Ni-rich oxides (NCM), (b) la...

Figure 2.2 (a) Crystal structure of LiCoO

2

(LCO).(b) surface-modified LC...

Figure 2.3 (a) Synthesized LCO@LLZNO, (b) cyclic voltammetry curves for LCO ...

Figure 2.4 (a) Charge/discharge curves of LMO and LiSc

0.06

Mn

1.94

O

4

at 0.1C, ...

Figure 2.5 (a,b) Performance of various concentrations (5%, 10%, 16%) of Al ...

Figure 2.6 (A) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of (a) pure (LCO 0)...

Figure 2.7 (a) Cyclic performance at 1C for LFP and various amounts of boron...

Figure 2.8 (a) Initial charge/discharge curves of LFP/SCC and LFP/HCC, (b) s...

Figure 2.9 (A) (a) Cyclic performance of various concentrations of LBO-coate...

Figure 2.10 Comparison of (A) (a–d) Discharge capacity, medium charge/discha...

Figure 2.11 (a) Structure of LMR and Na, F co-doped LMR structure.(b) st...

Figure 2.12 (A) Comparison of (a) cyclic capabilities, and (b) voltage profi...

Figure 2.13 (A) Structure and cyclic capability of PGF@pFe

2

O

3

NF anodes, (B) ...

Figure 2.14 (A) (a) High state of charge (SoC), (b) low state of charge duri...

Figure 2.15 (a–c) Cyclic performance and capability rates of different compo...

Figure 2.16 (A) (a) Crystal structure of TiO

2

(B) anodes.(b) morphology o...

Figure 2.17 C rates for (a) Ti

0.88

Sn

0.12

O

2

, (b) Nb

1.66

Sn

0.34

O

5

, and (c) V

0.8

Figure 2.18 TEM and HRTEM images of (a) Ti

0.88

Sn

0.12

O

2

, (b) Nb

1.66

Sn

0.34

O

5

, ...

Figure 2.19 Electrochemical characteristics of full cells comprising G/C-SiO

Figure 2.20 (a) CV curves during the first three cycles of Ce-Co-CP/CeO

2

/G, ...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Overview of coupling ML approaches with experimental tests and si...

Figure 3.2 Schematic diagram of a simple ANN with 10 input variables and 2 h...

Figure 3.3 ML approximations are often useful and efficient. ML is useful fo...

Figure 3.4 Molecular dynamics simulation of SEI film formation in high conce...

Figure 3.5 FEM-based simulations of Li-ion battery modeling based on machine...

Figure 3.6 Schematic diagram of KMC simulations for (a) Li diffusion on a gr...

Figure 3.7 Phase-field modeling study depicting the growth of Li-dendrites s...

Figure 3.8 A schematic overview of the ML-assisted rapid screening of materi...

Figure 3.9 Plots for the distribution of capacity with respect to molecular ...

Figure 3.10 MEGNet architecture.

Figure 3.11 Sensitivities of (a) reaction resistance, (b) electrolyte resist...

Figure 3.12 3D-printed fiber-shaped electrodes. (a) Schematic diagram of LIB...

Figure 3.13 Machine learning and data science approaches for battery manufac...

Figure 3.14 (a) Variation in state of lithiation and electrolyte concentrati...

Figure 3.15 Schematic of the electrochemical model for a Li-ion cell.

Figure 3.16 The use of ML in accelerating studies with multiple input parame...

Figure 3.17 Complete flow chart demonstrating the protocol for recycling ret...

Figure 3.18 Battery life optimization based on machine learning techniques....

Figure 3.19 Intelligent and smart cloud-based solutions for battery lifetime...

Figure 3.20 Tracking and assessment of material consumption through ML towar...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 (a) Schematic representation of various nanostructures used in Li

Figure 4.2 Typical electron microscopic image of (a) micro-flaky, (b) micro-...

Figure 4.3 Typical CV profiles of Li

+

batteries at various scan rates on...

Figure 4.4 Typical Nyquist plots during different cycles of operation of Li

+

...

Figure 4.5 (a) Coherent X-ray irradiation on sample, (b) coherent diffractio...

Figure 4.6 (a) Typical schematic of coin–cell configuration of Li

+

batte...

Figure 4.7 (a) X-ray tomographic set-up, (b) two-dimensional cross-section ...

Figure 4.8 (a) Schematic diagram of an off-axis set-up for holographic measu...

Figure 4.9 (a,b) Typical aberration-free off-axis reconstructed holographic ...

Figure 4.10 Variation of current in the thin film electrode at different bia...

Figure 4.11 (a) SECM pictures of the same region of cycled (∼3–6 h) TiO

2

, (b...

Figure 4.12 (a) Operando Raman system and electrochemical cell, (b) cyclic v...

Figure 4.13 (a) Set-up for in situ measurement of stress using optical micro...

Figure 4.14 (a) Modifications of Li

x

Si layer thickness with time for 1st and...

Figure 4.15 Typical ToF-SIMS profile of a representative electrode material....

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Typical methods for synthesis of GO-based nanomaterials.

Figure 5.2 (a) Wet spinning method for synthesis of graphene oxide fibers; (...

Figure 5.3 General steps for manufacturing graphene-based polymer nanocompos...

Figure 5.4 (a) Charge–discharge curves of flower-like TiO

2

(B), (b) charge–di...

Figure 5.5 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cycles of (a) SNG at 0.1 mV s

−1

and (b) S...

Figure 5.6 Electrochemical characteristics of Sn nanoparticles@2DLMG nanocom...

Figure 5.7 (a) Nyquist plateau of Mn

3

O

4

–rGO and Mn

3

O

4

(b) Comparing useful c...

Figure 5.8 CV plateau of (a) Mn

3

O

4

–rGO, (b) Mn

3

O

4

, galvanostatic cycling pro...

Figure 5.9 (a) CV plateau of 1MoS

2

/G for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cycles at a s...

Figure 5.10 (a) cyclic voltammetry of RSG, (b) cycling performance of RSG....

Figure 5.11 (a) SEM and (b) TEM images of NMC-GrEC samples. (c) Cycling perf...

Figure 5.12 (a) Charge and discharge profiles at 0.1C and (b) staircase plot...

Figure 5.13 (a) Schematics of LFP/graphite and commercial LFP cathode, (b) S...

Figure 5.14 (a) Schematics and (b) TEM image of FeF

3

·0.33H

2

O/rGO compound. (...

Figure 5.15 (a) Schematic of synthesis process for BDT/3D graphene compound....

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Schematic of graphite, graphene and CNTs.

Figure 6.2 Energy and power densities comparison of various electrochemical ...

Figure 6.3 Selected elements theoretical specific capacities in order of inc...

Figure 6.4 (a) 1st cycle GCD profiles and (b) cycling behaviour between 0.01...

Figure 6.5 Schematic illustration of (a) assembly of SWCNT-M13 bionano-netwo...

Figure 6.6 Comparison of the rate capabilities and CE among (a) Co

3

O

4

, Co

3

O

4

Figure 6.7 (a) Schematic of MnO-CNTs@TiO

2

-C microspheres synthesis process, ...

Figure 6.8 Electrochemical performance of MnO-C, MnO-CNTs-C, and MnO@TiO

2

-C ...

Figure 6.9 (a) Voltage-capacity curves of MnO-CNTs@TiO

2

-C and LiNi

0.6

Co

0.2

Mn

Figure 6.10 SEM image of graphene sheets wrapped (a) Sb

2

O

3

, (b) Sb

2

O

3

-CNT-GH...

Figure 6.11 CV curves (a) pure Sb

2

O

3

, (b) Sb

2

O

3

-CNT-GHG composite; GCD curve...

Figure 6.12 (a) CR and CE curves and (b) rate capability curves of pure Sb

2

O

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Types of faults in LIBs and the factors influencing them.

Figure 7.2 Application areas of polymer nanofibers.

Figure 7.3 Different shapes of single spinnerets: (a) normal spinnerets, (b)...

Figure 7.4 Different arrangements of multispinnerets: (a) linear array and (...

Figure 7.5 Different types of electrospinning collectors: (a) plate collecto...

Figure 7.6 Schematics of (a) horizontal and (b) vertical electrospinning app...

Figure 7.7 Schematics displaying various parameters influencing the electros...

Figure 7.8 (a) Representation of electrospinning setup used for uniaxially a...

Figure 7.9 (a) Setup for coaxial electrospinning technique (Inset – Snapshot...

Figure 7.10 SEM pictures of the porous polylactic acid (PLA) nanofiber surfa...

Figure 7.11 SEM (a) and TEM (b) pictures of macroporous carbon nanofibers fa...

Figure 7.12 (a) Schematics and the corresponding TEM pictures of hollow nano...

Figure 7.13 Schematic depicting the preparation steps of CNF/Si core–shell f...

Figure 7.14 Cross-sectional SEM picture of a single CNF/Si composite display...

Figure 7.15 (a) Galvanostatic discharge/charge profiles for the first cycle;...

Figure 7.16 (a) Synthetic steps of Sn/carbon nanoparticles encapsulated with...

Figure 7.17 (a) Electrochemical cycling Performance of Cu/Sn/C-fiber and Sn/...

Figure 7.18 Schematics illustrating the preparation steps of SnO

2

@PC/CT and ...

Figure 7.19 Schematics depicting the preparation steps of the 3D porous CNFs...

Figure 7.20 (a) Electrochemical cycling characteristics of the 3D-TiO

2

/C ele...

Figure 7.21 (a) Electrochemical cycling characteristics and (b) rate capabil...

Figure 7.22 Electrochemical charge–discharge studies (a–d) and cycling perfo...

Figure 7.23 (a) Preparation of Co

3

O

4

-CNFs using electrospinning followed by ...

Figure 7.24 Schematic representation displaying synthetic scheme of

γ

-F...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Cyclic voltammetry of pristine graphite (a) and pristine h-BN (b)...

Figure 8.2 (a) SEM pictures (top-view and cross-section) of rGO/BN-2% compos...

Figure 8.3 (a) Cycling performance and (b) rate capability of rGO/h-BN/S at ...

Figure 8.4 (a) Scheme of LIBs using two different ILs and the ionogel electr...

Figure 8.5 (a) Storage modulus (

G

′) of GPEs containing bulk hBN microparticl...

Figure 8.6 (a) Cyclic voltammograms and (b) cyclic stability for a cell LTO ...

Figure 8.7 (a) Hysteresis curves of the five LALZO electrolyte pellet sample...

Figure 8.8 (a) Illustration scheme of surface-engineered garnet-type CSSEs f...

Figure 8.9 Schematic illustration of (a) exfoliated BNNFs, preparation of PS...

Figure 8.10 (a) T

Li+

and ionic conductivity at 25 °C, (b) voltage curves...

Figure 8.11 (a) Scheme Illustration of PBP composite electrolytes and interf...

Figure 8.12 (a) Adsorption energies calculated by the DFT method for N, F, a...

Figure 8.13 (a) Scheme illustration of Li plating/stripping experiment batte...

Figure 8.14 (a) Scheme illustration for ion diffusion of LTO/BNN-Ss/Li batte...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 (a) The diversity of MXenes in terms of their composition; (b) to...

Figure 9.2 (a) SEM micrograph of titanium carbide; (b) SEM micrograph of tit...

Figure 9.3 (a) The CV curves corresponding to the insertion and de-insertion...

Figure 9.4 (a,b) SEM micrograph of MXene–Ag. (c) XRD patterns of MXene–Ag. (...

Figure 9.5 (a,b) Cv of MXene and MXene–Ag nanocomposite, respectively. (c)GC...

Figure 9.6 Schematics showing the lithiation in the Si–MXene and composite e...

Figure 9.7 (a) CV curves of Si–MXene composite anodes (b) GCD curves of Si–M...

Figure 9.8 Synthesis of MXene-derived vanadium oxide.

Figure 9.9 (a–j) FE-SEM micrographs of alpha, beta, and gamma phases of MXen...

Figure 9.10 (a,b) CV of MXene-derived lithium-vanadium oxide and magnesium–v...

Figure 9.11 (a–d) FE-SEM micrographs of titanium/niobium MXene composite....

Figure 9.12 SEM of (a) Nickel–iron-LDH and (b,c) Nickel–iron-LDH/MXene. (d) ...

Figure 9.13 (a–d) Scheme showing the synthesis of polydopamine MXene composi...

Figure 9.14 (a) CV of the polydopamine MXene composite electrode and (b) GCD...

Figure 9.15 (a) Rate capacities of the electrode with varying current densit...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Classification and synthetic techniques of layered TMD-based nan...

Figure 10.2 (a) 40 different layered TMD materials. (b) TMD monolayer with t...

Figure 10.3 Illustration of forces used in the preparation of 2D TMDs.

Figure 10.4 Pictorial representation depicts the strategies of (a) sandpaper...

Figure 10.5 (a) Photographic image of kitchen blender. (b) Aqueous dispersio...

Figure 10.6 (a) Schematics depicting the synthetic strategy of MoS

2

nanoshee...

Figure 10.7 Ultrasonication-assisted liquid exfoliation (a) pristine molybde...

Figure 10.8 (a) Schematics depicting the synthetic steps of exfoliated MoS

2

...

Figure 10.9 Alkyl lithium-assisted liquid exfoliation of MoS

2

(a) and their ...

Figure 10.10 Different methods of CVD process for making TMDs: (a) Two-step ...

Figure 10.11 Different types of TMDs and their values of direct bandgap and ...

Figure 10.12 (a) SEM and (b) TEM results of WS

2

nanosheets; (c) electrochemi...

Figure 10.13 FE-SEM images of (a) plate-like WS

2

, (b) graphene-like WS

2

, and...

Figure 10.14 (a) TEM results and (b) cyclic performances of grey-colored MoS...

Figure 10.15 (a) SEM picture and the (b) CV curves of MoSe

2

nanoflowers(...

Figure 10.16 Layered (a) SnSe (a) and (b) SnSe

2

phase change mechanism durin...

Figure 10.17 FE-SEM images of (a) NbS

2

; (b) NbS

1.6

Se

0.4

; (c) Fe

0.3

Nb

0.7

S

1.6

S...

Figure 10.18 SEM images of MoTe

2

nanostructures at various deposition potent...

Figure 10.19 (a,b) Schematics showing the preparation of 1D-MoTe

2

using high...

Figure 10.20 Various TMD intercalation techniques and their properties that ...

Figure 10.21 (a) Schematics of 2H MoS

2

crystals. (b) Pictorial representatio...

Figure 10.22 (a) Schematics of electrohydrodynamic setup used for the prepar...

Figure 10.23 (a) Electrochemical cycling characteristics MoS

2

foam-based ano...

Figure 10.24 (a) Schematics depicting the preparation procedure and growth m...

Figure 10.25 (a) Schematics depicting the preparation steps of MoS

2

paper el...

Figure 10.26 (a) Schematic depicting phase change of MoS

2

due to Li intercal...

Figure 10.27 Phase transition of MoS

2

. (a) Pristine 2H-MoS

2

and (b & c) lith...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Schematic of hydrothermal synthesis method.

Figure 11.2 (a–g) TEM images of evolution of ZTO nanoparticles in hydrotherm...

Figure 11.3 Schematic illustration of CVD synthesis of ZnO nanowires.

Figure 11.4 (a–c) schematic of ZTO chemical reaction using hydrazine hydrate...

Figure 11.5 Schematic of deposition of ZnO–SnO

2

film.

Figure 11.6 Schematic of DIFS experimental process.

Figure 11.7 (a–d) SEM images of DIFS ZnO nanoparticles.

Figure 11.8 (a) Cyclic voltammetry profiles of the VCSNs between 0.01 and 3....

Figure 11.9 (a) CV curves for the first five cycles; (b) the first cycle cha...

Figure 11.10 Polymorph of TiO

2

(a) Rutile, (b) Anatase, (c) Bronze, (d) Broo...

Figure 11.11 (a) CV plot 1.0–3 V, (b) initial charge–discharge profile, (c) ...

Figure 11.12 (a) CV plot from 1.0 to 3.0 V, (b) discharge/charge profile, (c...

Figure 11.13 Lithiation and delithiation processes of CuO/NiO(Ni(NO

3

)

2

) (a,b...

Figure 11.14 (a) Discharge/charge profiles of SnO

2

and SnO

2

/graphene at 100 ...

Figure 11.15 (a) CV profiles for three cycles at 0.5 mV s

−1

; (b) volta...

Figure 11.16 Electrochemical performance of N-S-G/Fe

3

O

4

. (a) CV graph of ele...

Figure 11.17 (a) Comparison graph of reversible capacity of commercial Fe

3

O

4

Figure 11.18 Device performance of different morphological ZnO (a) cycle per...

Figure 11.19 Deformation of ZnO nanoparticles after lithiation and delithiat...

Figure 11.20 Cyclic performance of MnO

2

nanorods: (a) Voltage profiles for t...

Figure 11.21 (a) Voltage vs. capacity performance of ZTO. (b) Cyclic perform...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Schematic of some MOF structure.

Figure 12.2 Schematic of MOFs family studied for rechargeable batteries.

Figure 12.3 Various properties of MOF-coated functional composites.

Figure 12.4 Synthesis of MOFs by solvent evaporation.

Figure 12.5 Synthesis of MOFs by a solvothermal method.

Figure 12.6 Synthesis by liquid–liquid method.

Figure 12.7 Schematic of MOF application in LIBs electrodes.

Figure 12.8 (a) Cycling performance-based investigation of MOF electrodes (L...

Figure 12.9 (a,b) FESEM analysis images for Co

3

O

4

; (c) FESEM image of Co

3

O

4

/...

Figure 12.10 (a) Rate capacities of COCCNCs, Co

3

O

4

and Co/carbon nanocages (...

Figure 12.11 (a) Schematic presentation of conversion process of NH

2

-MIL-125...

Figure 12.12 (a) CV plot (at 0.1 mV s), (b) GCD plot (at 0.1C) for TRA elect...

Figure 12.13 The electrochemical performance of the MoO

2

@CoO-CoMoO

4

-NC hybri...

Figure 12.14 The cyclic performances of (a) at 0.2C, (b) at 0.2 and 20.0C, (...

Figure 12.15 (a) The rate capabilities of cell composed of PP and Zif 67 sep...

Figure 12.16 (a) Dimensional stability test images of both PP and Zif 67 sep...

Figure 12.17 SEM images of ZIF-67-CH

3

OH and ZIF-67-H

2

O samples (c) PP separa...

Figure 12.18 (a) Rate capacities of the cells, (b) Discharge capacity, (c) C...

Figure 12.19 The process of PIUE solid electrolyte synthesis.

Figure 12.20 Galvanostatic charge and discharge profile curves of the three ...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Charge and discharge process of LIB.

Figure 13.2 Different synthesis procedures adopted for LTO synthesis.

Figure 13.3 SEM image of (a), mesoporous and (b) nonporous LTO spheres.

Figure 13.4 Charge discharge curve of (a) mesoporous LTO and (b) nonporous L...

Figure 13.5 Charge discharge data of (a) C-LTO-700 and (b) NC-LTO-700 at var...

Figure 13.6 SEM image of (a,b) (C-LTO-600 and NC-LTO-600), (c,d) (C-LTO-700 ...

Figure 13.7 HRTEM images of (a,c) C-LTO-700 and (b,d) NC-LTO-700.

Figure 13.8 (a) Cyclic stability test and (b) cyclic voltammetry of C-LTO-70...

Figure 13.9 Charge–discharge profiles of Li

4

Ti

5

O

12

electrode (first cycle) u...

Figure 13.10 (a) Crystal structure of spinel Li

4

Ti

5

O

12

to Li

7

Ti

5

O

12

. Charge/...

Figure 13.11 The crystal structures of Na

2

Li

2

Ti

6

O

14

before (a) and after (b)...

Figure 13.12 Specific capacity of various LTO-based composite anodes.

Figure 13.13 Capacity loss per cycle of various LTO-based composite anodes....

Figure 13.14 Cycling stability at the current rate of 20 C of LTO and LTO@C ...

Figure 13.15 Cold cranking tests of lithium manganese oxide (LMO)/LTO anodes...

Figure 13.16 Cycle stability test of LTO/CNTs at 10 C.

Figure 13.17 Comparison of LTO and graphite. (a) Theoretical specific capaci...

Figure 13.18 Comparison of LTO and amorphous carbon. (a) Theoretical specifi...

Figure 13.19 Comparison of LTO and metal oxides. (a) Theoretical specific ca...

Figure 13.20 Comparison of LTO and metal sulphides. (a) Theoretical specific...

Figure 13.21 Comparison of LTO and other electrodes. (a) Theoretical specifi...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 (a) The

Pmnb

form of Li

2

MnSiO

4

and (b) the hypothetical structur...

Figure 14.2 Cell performance of Li

2

MnSiO

4

at different temperatures (a) prel...

Figure 14.3 Electrochemical performance of Li

2

MnSiO

4

synthesized under vario...

Figure 14.4 (a) TEM and (b) HRTEM image of Li

2

MnSiO

4

/C nanoparticles with op...

Figure 14.5 Electrochemical performance of Li

2

MnSiO

4

/C samples (a) at room t...

Figure 14.6 Variety in crystal structure in (a) pristine LMS/C, (b) LMS/C-0....

Figure 14.7 Electrochemical performance for LMS/C, LMS/C-0.05Na, and LMS/C-0...

Figure 14.8 Nyquist plots of the LMS/C, LMS/C-0.05Na, and LMS/C-0.1Na before...

Figure 14.9 Preparation method of LMS/CNFs.

Figure 14.10 Room temperature Galvanostatic voltage-specific capacity profil...

Figure 14.11 Electrochemical performance of the Li

2+

x

Mn

1−

x

P

x

Si

1−x

...

Figure 14.12 Galvanostatic charge–discharge curves of Li

2

MnSiO

4

/C prepared a...

Figure 14.13 Rate capability and Cycling performance of Li

2

MnSiO

4

/C prepared...

Figure 14.14 Representative structures of Li

2

FeSiO

4

polymorphs for (a)

Cmcm

,...

Figure 14.15 The scanning electron microscope (a,b) and Tanning electron mic...

Figure 14.16 (a) Charge discharge profiles of Li

2

FeSiO

4

/C composite at varyi...

Figure 14.17 FESEM image (a) elemental mapping, (b) EDS spectrum, (c) atomic...

Figure 14.18 (a) TEM image of carbon-coated Li

2

FeSiO

4

particles (b) STEM ima...

Figure 14.19 Charge–discharge profile of (a) Li

2

FeSiO

4

particles, (b) 20 wt%...

Figure 14.20 Rate performance of Li

2

FeSiO

4

particles at altered current dens...

Figure 14.21 (a, b) TEM images, (c) lattice fringes and (d) SAED of as-synth...

Figure 14.22 The second charge/discharge profiles and cycle performance curv...

Figure 14.23 First, second, and fifth galvanostatic cycle of (a) LFS 0.24, (...

Figure 14.24 Galvanostatic cycles of LFS 0.12 at 60 °C.

Figure 14.25 (a) Rate capability of LFMS 0.24 and LFS 0.12 at room temperatu...

Figure 14.26 The first discharge capacities for various Li

2

FeSiO

4

/C with var...

Figure 14.27 Charge and discharge capacity for a Li//Li

2

FeSiO

4

(1.5Sc) cell....

Figure 14.28 Cyclic performance of Li

2

FeSiO

4

(1.5Sc) cathode cycled between ...

Figure 14.29 Voltage profiles of Li

2

CoSiO

4

sample prepared by hydrothermal r...

Figure 14.30 Differential capacity (

dx

/

dV

) plots for Li

2

CoSiO

4

samples prepa...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Graphical illustration of the Li-ion batteries.

Figure 15.2 Charge and discharge state of LIB.

Figure 15.3 The commercial Cu anode and Al cathode current collector used in...

Figure 15.4 (a) HRTEM images of low magnification of Si-coated CNT, (b) CNT ...

Figure 15.5 Cross-sectional FESEM images of before and after 1st cycle after...

Figure 15.6 The crystal structures of silicon (a), lithium (b), and Li

22

Si

5

...

Figure 15.7 Thickness variation of the schematic images of the active materi...

Figure 15.8 Cyclic voltammetry of (a) MoS

2

powder, (b) graphene@MoS

2

(scan r...

Figure 15.9 (a) Cyclic voltammetry response of the used electrodes, (b) plot...

Figure 15.10 (a,b) Electrochemical activity of H-MoO

2

/CNTs and HT-MoO

3

/CNTs ...

Figure 15.11 (a,b) Electrochemical cyclic voltammetry curves of MoS

3

, rGO-Mo...

Figure 15.12 (a–c) Redox behaviors of MoS

2

-MPCNF, MoO-MPCNF, and MoN-MPCNF u...

Figure 15.13 (a) Cyclic voltammetry, (b) specific capacity vs. voltage, (c) ...

Figure 15.14 (a) Linear sweep voltammetry curves and (b) cycling performance...

Figure 15.15 (a) Cyclic voltammetry studies of Si@Cu nanoparticles, (b) plot...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 FESEM photographs of V

2

O

5

@FeOOH heterostructures attained by man...

Figure 16.2 Illustration of vanadium silicon-oxyfluoride nanowires for lithi...

Figure 16.3 The fundamentals of functioning for rechargeable LIB.

Figure 16.4 TEM and HRTEM photographs of V

3

O

7

·H

2

O NBs (a, b), VO

2

(B) NBs/MWC...

Figure 16.5 Stereo-integrated V

2

O

5

@FeOOH vacuous heterostructure.

Figure 16.6 XRD trends (a) and Raman analysis (b) of the V

2

O

5

specimens.

Figure 16.7 FESEM photographs of (a–c) Ni

3

V

2

O

8

microspheres (d–f) the rGO@Ni

Figure 16.8 Li+storage electrochemical characteristics V

2

O

5

@FeOOH–1, V

2

O

5

@Fe...

Figure 16.9 (a) Chemical composition of V

2

O

5

undergoing gel generation; (b) ...

Figure 16.10 The manufacturing and morphology of the V

2

O

5

–SWCNTs composite a...

Figure 16.11 Comparison of rate efficiency and Nyquist graph (a) Cell rate e...

Figure 16.12 SEM view of V

2

O

5

NBs (a), TEM view of V

2

O

5

NBs (b), SEM view of...

Figure 16.13 Typical charge/discharge curves of V

2

O

5

(a) and SnO

2

QD-garnish...

Figure 16.14 Depiction of the rGO@Ni

3

V

2

O

8

-linked vacuous microsphere composi...

Figure 16.15 CV curves of (a) the Ni

3

V

2

O

8

microspheres, (b) the rGO@Ni

3

V

2

O

8

...

Figure 16.16 Investigation of electrochemical characteristics. (a) At a temp...

Figure 16.17 (a) Discharge and charge curves (second cycle) and (b) the cycl...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Classification of hydrogels.

Figure 17.2 Formation of a conducting interpenetrating network hydrogel usin...

Figure 17.3 Formation of three-dimensional hydrogel network.

Figure 17.4 (a) Intrinsic and (b) indirect hydrogelation triggers.

Figure 17.5 XRD patterns of (a) LLTO framework.(b) CoO/RGO.(c) SA bi...

Figure 17.6 XRD patterns of (a) Cu/Cu

2

O.(b) HEF,

Figure 17.7 FTIR spectra of HEF.

Figure 17.8 Raman spectra (a) Cu/Cu

2

O.(b) CoO/RGO.

Figure 17.9 EIS of (a) LLTO framework.(b) HEF.

Figure 17.10 (a–c) Surface morphology of HEF at different magnifications....

Figure 17.11 TGA of (a) LLTO framework.(b) CoO/RGO.(c) Si/C composit...

Figure 17.12 The 180 °C peeling test results of different binders.

Figure 17.13 Tensile representation of (a) SA binder.(b) HEF.

Figure 17.14 (a) Stretchable and self-healing properties of poly(acrylic aci...

Figure 17.15 Charge–discharge curves of silicon electrode using (a) ESVCA bi...

Figure 17.16 (a) Cyclic stability performance of the electrode and discharge...

Figure 17.17 (a) Illustration of 3D Li-ion in a hydrogel polymer cage surrou...

Figure 17.18 (a) Photographs of LLTO hydrogel and dried LLTO framework, SEM ...

Figure 17.19 (a) SEM image of the lyophilized hydrogel electrolyte synthesiz...

Figure 17.20 (a) (i) SEM and (ii, iii) TEM images of silicon-PANI composite,...

Figure 17.21 Interdigitated solid-state Zn-metal batteries powering a watch ...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Graphical representation of the battery separator and Li ions tr...

Figure 18.2 (i) Morphology SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of (a) ...

Figure 18.3 Electrospinning method of producing nanofibers from their source...

Figure 18.4 (a) Comparing Celgard separator with sodium alginate/attapulgite...

Figure 18.5 (a) Electrolyte wettability, (b) thermal stability at high tempe...

Figure 18.6 Specific capacity of CC separators of (a) 10 μm, (b) 20 μm, and ...

Figure 18.7 Pictorial representation of Swagelok cell components.

Figure 18.8 (a) Plot of stress vs. strain, (b) Young’s modulus of all the se...

Figure 18.9 Charge and discharge cycle at (a) C/5 to 5C scan rate for SF-L s...

Figure 18.10 Pictorial representation of the preparation of cellulose nanofi...

Figure 18.11 (a) Charge–discharge curves and (b) thermal stability of the EC...

Figure 18.12 (a) Electrochemical impedance of the polyolefin and glass fiber...

Figure 18.13 Charge–discharge graph of (a) non-porous glass plate, (b) phase...

Figure 18.14 Nyquist plot of impedance spectra of microporous separators of ...

Figure 18.15 (a) Cyclic performance of ZIF8-CNF at 0.5C current density and ...

Figure 18.16 Cross-sectional FESEM images of (a) untreated PPS membrane and ...

Figure 18.17 Charging and discharging for 100 cycles of (a) MP-treated, (b) ...

Figure 18.18 Morphology of microstructures (a) non-patterned, (b) cross-sect...

Figure 18.19 (a) Nyquist plot of capacitance behavior and (b) ionic conducti...

Figure 18.20 Ionic conductivity of the fiber membrane with respect to the te...

Figure 18.21 (a) Linear sweep voltammetry of the PP-separator and poly(ethyl...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 SEM images of PVDF membranes with different additives such as (a...

Figure 19.2 SEM micrographs for PVDF/PU blend membranes (a) without additive...

Figure 19.3 The effect of temperature on the ionic conductivity of the PVDF ...

Figure 19.4 The effect of time on the electrolyte absorption of PVDF-HFP ele...

Figure 19.5 LSV analyses of the PVDF-HFP GPEs doped with different content o...

Figure 19.6 Cycling performance of the LiCoO

2

/Li cells prepared using differ...

Figure 19.7 (a) Chemical route for the synthesis of SiO

2

-PAA@Li, (b) FT-IR a...

Figure 19.8 The stress–strain analyses of the PVDF-HFP membrane and the samp...

Figure 19.9 The effect of POSS doping on the ionic conductivity of the PMMA-...

Figure 19.10 The effect of Al

2

O

3

doping on the cyclic performance of the P(M...

Scheme 19.1 The chemical route for synthesis of TiO

2

-grafted PEGMEM/SMA nano...

Figure 19.11 Images of CPE membranes with different amounts of nanoparticles...

Figure 19.12 The electrochemical stability windows of P(MMA-AN-VAc) samples ...

Figure 19.13 The effect of fumed silica doping on the cyclic performance of ...

Figure 19.14 TEM images of (a) nano-SiO

2

and (b) vinyl-functionalized SiO

2

....

Figure 19.15 Nyquist plots according to the pristine LiV

3

O

8

electrodes and t...

Scheme 19.2 The route for the preparation of T-PVP/SnO

2

@D-PPy.

Figure 19.16 AC impedance analysis of Ag/PEDOT composites with Ag contents i...

Figure 19.17 The cyclic performance of Si NPs-PEDOT nanocomposites synthesiz...

Figure 19.18 Cycling performance of PANI/GO/CuS anode at a constant current ...

Figure 19.19 The cyclic performance of nanocomposite contained 100% Li

2

SO

3

(...

Figure 19.20 The comparison between the rate performance of LVP and PANI-LVP...

Figure 19.21 Comparing the cyclic performance of the SnO

2

/graphene anode mat...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Components of lithium batteries.

Figure 20.2 Some of GPE applications.

Figure 20.3 Preparation of PVDF/SiO

2

-g-P(MMA-co-HEMA) GPE.

Figure 20.4 (a) The impedance curves and (b) linear sweep voltammograms of P...

Figure 20.5 The charge–discharge plots of Li/LMO cells with (a) GPE1, (b) GP...

Figure 20.6 Cycling performance of the LMO/Li cells with GPE3 at 0.2 °C. Ins...

Figure 20.7 (a,b) Electron microscopy of PEO-based GPE, (c,d) are images of ...

Figure 20.8 SEM images of PVA nanofibers with diverse TEOS values of (a) 0%,...

Figure 20.9 (a–d) The mechanical integrity and flexibility of the Cs-IPN....

Figure 20.10 Ionic conductivity vs. temperature of Cs-IPN and s-IPN.

Figure 20.11 (a) Charge–discharge plots of cells based on the Cs-IPN electro...

Figure 20.12 A schematic of dendrite growth of Li metal batteries.

Figure 20.13 The Li anode morphologies of (a) cell containing GPE and (b) ce...

Figure 20.14 Li plating/stripping cycling at a current density on traditiona...

Figure 20.15 Dependence of ionic conductivity–temperature of the CGPE, 5 wt%...

Figure 20.16 Charge–discharge capacities and coulombic efficiency vs. cycle ...

Figure 20.17 Flammability of the s-IPN and the Cs-IPN electrolyte membrane....

Figure 20.18 The imine exchange (amino transfer) reaction to repair the dama...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 LIBs life cycle assessment.

Figure 21.2 Schematic presentation of LIB components.

Figure 21.3 Schematic representation of pollution and pathways of battery wa...

Figure 21.4 Representation of battery waste-contaminated areas.

Figure 21.5 Different methods of recycling LIB waste.

Figure 21.6 Recycling chain with process stages and unit processes for LIBs....

Figure 21.7 Process Stage 1 for recycling of LIBs.

Figure 21.8 Process Stage 2 for LIBs: pre-treatment.

Figure 21.9 Process Stage 3 for recycling of LIBs: processing.

Figure 21.10 Process stage 4 for recycling of LIBs: metallurgy.

Figure 21.11 Schematic diagram of the overall lithium recycling stages and m...

Figure 21.12 Schematic of detailed procedures involved in pyrometallurgy....

Figure 21.13 Different steps involved in battery failure.

Figure 21.14 Diagram of process involved in thermal explosion of batteries. ...

Figure 21.15 Future scope of LIB in various fields of electronics.

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Closed-loop for battery materials.

Figure 22.2 This figure depicts the activity of a rechargeable LIB with lith...

Figure 22.3 Movement of Li

+

in an electrolyte in a lithium secondary bat...

Figure 22.4 Lithium secondary batteries come in a variety of shapes: (a) cyl...

Figure 22.5 Schematic of the reasons for LIB fire accidents.

Figure 22.6 Operation of the disassembly of cells: (a) cell header is cleare...

Figure 22.7 A chain reaction from abusing a lithium-ion battery.

Figure 22.8 A chain of reactions after abusing a lithium-ion battery.

Figure 22.9 Operating windows and related temperatures of some lithium-ion c...

Figure 22.10 The redox shuttle’s principle of operation for overcharge prote...

Figure 22.11 (a) Experimental flowchart.(b) closed-loop technique for re...

Figure 22.12 Example diagram and relationship of measuring, monitoring, calc...

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 (a) Schematic representation of electrostatic capacitors; (b) va...

Figure 23.2 Classification of SCs.

Figure 23.3 The Helmholtz model: (a) arrangement of ions; (b) distance from ...

Figure 23.4 Various redox mechanisms exhibited by pseudocapacitors: (a) unde...

Figure 23.5 Graphene in different dimensions.

Figure 23.6 (a,b) SEM image of tubular PANI; (c) SEM image of tubular PPy; (...

Figure 23.7 (a,b) SEM and TEM images of MnO

2

nanorods; (c,d) SEM and TEM ima...

Figure 23.8 (a) Schematic of a typical ABO

3

perovskite; (b) LaMnO

3

is used a...

Figure 23.9 (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of V

2

CT

x

MXene from V

2

AlC...

Figure 23.10 (a) GCD and (b) CV of a battery-type electrode; (c) GCD and (d)...

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Ragone plot for several electrochemical energy storage devices....

Figure 24.2 Schematic presentation of types of supercapacitors with their ch...

Figure 24.3 (a) Schematic diagram of two-step hydrothermal synthesis of Mn

3

O

Figure 24.4 (a) Fabrication method of RuO

2

nanorods grown on CNFs, (b) FE-SE...

Figure 24.5 (a) Synthesis process of M-PNPs/Nb

2

O

5

, (b) FE-SEM image of M-PNP...

Figure 24.6 (a) High magnification SEM image of MoS

2

spheres, (b) Nyquist pl...

Figure 24.7 (a) TEM image of MnO

2

–Ni(OH)

2

hybrid nanocomposite and (b) Schem...

Figure 24.8 (a) TEM image of ZnFe

2

O

4

nanoflakes@ZnFe

2

O

4

/C nanoparticle thin ...

Figure 24.9 (a) Synthesis process of Ni–Co–S@G hybrid and (b) TEM image of N...

Figure 24.10 (a) SEM image of sulfur-doped cobalt phosphate, (b) Comparative...

Figure 24.11 Schematic of HSC device (L-Co

3

O

4

//AC).

Figure 24.12 (a) schematic diagram of Ni

3

S

4

QDs/NF//AC/NF HSC and (b) Cycle ...

Figure 24.13 (a) CV curves of the CuCo

2

O

4

/NF and N-CCs/NF electrodes at a sc...

Figure 24.14 Schematic diagram of the (CoAl LDH@CNTs/CNHs//AC) HSC device....

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Relationship between intelligence AL, ML, and DL.

Figure 25.2 Basic neural network.

Figure 25.3 Machine learning methods.

Figure 25.4 Deep learning architecture.

Figure 25.5 Typical structure of (a) decision tree and (b) random forest mod...

Figure 25.6 Demonstration of prediction of capacitance in EDL by different M...

Figure 25.7 (a) Capacitances of various carbon-based electrodes, (b) compara...

Figure 25.8 Dependence of value of prediction with actual value for specific...

Figure 25.9 Correlation between (a) specific surface area, (b) pore size, (c...

Figure 25.10 SEM micrographs for optimized activated carbon.

Figure 25.11 Prediction of EDL capacitance of MLP model from the relative co...

Figure 25.12 Structure of the Tesla Model S P85 for battery supercapacitor e...

Figure 25.13 EDLC process of charging and discharging for electrodes.

Figure 25.14 (a–d) Poor performance prediction based on linear regression mo...

Figure 25.15 Conventional and high-performance development techniques for en...

Figure 25.16 General structural representation of LIBs.

Figure 25.17 Variation of specific capacitance vs. scan rate as per the pred...

Figure 25.18 The graph of comparison for error values to the actual values o...

Figure 25.19 Plot of pH on adsorption capacity and pH of the solution after ...

Figure 25.20 Structure of LDHs.

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Representation of Ragone plot with various electrochemical energ...

Figure 26.2 Historical development of electrochemical supercapacitor technol...

Figure 26.3 Representation of capacitors. (a) An electrostatic, (b) EDLC, (c...

Figure 26.4 Diagram illustration of nanomaterial synthesis through the top-d...

Figure 26.5 (a) Schematic representation of single-step plasma-enhanced appr...

Figure 26.6 Scanning electron microscope images of hydrothermally approached...

Figure 26.7 Represents the TEM images of (a) rGO, (b) CeO

2

, (c) CdS, (d) CdS...

Figure 26.8 Represents the preparation of the MoS

2

/g-C

3

N

4

/rGO nanocomposite ...

Figure 26.9 Displays the FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy)...

Figure 26.10 Schematic mechanism of supercapacitor application.

Figure 26.11 Illustration of preparation of nanoreactor template-assisted. (...

Figure 26.12 Flexible and solid-state single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-b...

Figure 26.13 (I) Depiction of the preparation of mSiO

2

@NiS

2

-600, NiS

2

-600, a...

Figure 26.14 Schematic representation of types of supercapacitors.

Figure 26.15 Schematic representation of most commonly used electrode materi...

Figure 26.16 (I) Scanning electron microscope morphology of NS-CSE and HNF-C...

Figure 26.17 (I) Illustration of the preparation of hierarchical nanostructu...

Figure 26.18 (I) Hydrothermal preparation of Co

3

O

4

@ RuO

2

/NGO nanocomposite. ...

Figure 26.19 Schematic representation of pros and cons of the individual mat...

Figure 26.20 FESEM nanostructure morphology of VS

4

(a) PEG-0, (b) PEG-15, (c...

Figure 26.21 (a) Cyclic voltagramms of VS

4

nanostructures at a scan rate of ...

Figure 26.22 (I) (a–c) Morphology of e MoO

3

-rGO nanohybrid fiber through SEM...

Figure 26.23 Schematic presentation of classification of electrolytes.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 SEM micrographs of prepared (a) gold, (b) gold-TGA nanoparticles...

Figure 27.2 Schematic illustration of functionalized MWCNT-based biosensor f...

Figure 27.3 CV plots of SWCNT and pyrrole-modified SWNTs with scan rate (10 ...

Figure 27.4 XRD of β-Ni

1−

x

(OH)

2

and Co

x

Ni

1−

x

(OH)

2

composites....

Figure 27.5 SEM micrograph of Co

x

Ni

1−

x

(OH)

2

with

x

values of (a) 0, (b...

Figure 27.6 SEM micrograph of (a–c) NiCo

2

O

4

ingredient prop up on CF. Inset ...

Figure 27.7 TEM micrographs of (a) cyclodextrin-modified PANI–CNT and (b) PA...

Figure 27.8 HR-TEM micrographs of FeO

4

W with various magnification (a,b) and...

Figure 27.9 (a–c) TEM images of carbon-embedded Fe

3

O

4

nanostructured materia...

Figure 27.10 Electrochemical cyclic performance of CNT-based Fe

3

O

4

nanocompo...

Figure 27.11 Room temperature charge/discharge plot and cyclic stability of ...

Figure 27.12 Electrochemical rate performance of Co

3

O

4

/NPCS nanocomposites....

Figure 27.13 (a) Cyclic voltammetry curves of CFF–MnO

2

composite electrodes ...

Figure 27.14 Cyclic voltmeter plot of AD-RuO

2

-Trp-GQD-G electrode (1 mol l

−1

...

Figure 27.15 Electrochemical analysis for preparation of ZnCo

2

O

4

using vario...

Figure 27.16 Electrochemical performance of (a) GO nanosheet, (b) CMC fiber,...

Figure 27.17 Cyclic voltammograms of (a) Cl, S, P, and F-doped PANI–CC in a ...

Figure 27.18 A schematic fabrication of FPPY hybrid nanomaterials via polyme...

Figure 27.19 (a) The CV plots for the FPPY hybrid nanomaterials series were ...

Figure 27.20 (a) Specific capacitance (Cs) as a function of current density ...

Figure 27.21 (a) CV plots of f-MWCNT-reinforced FeWO

4

solid-state supercapac...

Figure 27.22 (a) Shows the specific capacity coulombic efficiency of the FeO

Figure 27.23 Comparison of specific capacitance as a function of frequency f...

Figure 27.24 (a) Specific capacitance as a function of sweep rates for the F...

Figure 27.25 Charge–discharge curves of PANI-cyclodextrin-CNT composite (1.0...

Figure 27.26 (a) CV plots for synthesized FSC by PANI-rGO-PEDOT-PP electrode...

Figure 27.27 (a) Current density of 8 mA cm

−2

and test for cyclic stab...

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Structures of armchair and zigzag CNTs.

Figure 28.2 Scheme of the synthesis of (a) knotted CNTs and (b) MXene-knotte...

Figure 28.3 (a) Rate capability of the electrodes with varying CNT percentag...

Figure 28.4 Schematic representation of the synthesis of MnO

2

@MXene on CNT....

Figure 28.5 (a) GCD at 1 A g

−1

and (b) Specific capacitances of differ...

Figure 28.6 (a) Nyquist plot, (b) cyclic stability of MM-3/CNTF electrode, (...

Figure 28.7 (a) Fabrication of the hybrid electrode of RGO/HCNT. (b) Digital...

Figure 28.8 (a) CV profile at the scan rate of 7 mV s

−1

for GC3, GC2, ...

Figure 28.9 (a) CV and (b) GCD profiles of GC2 at different voltage windows ...

Figure 28.10 (a–c) Optical images GO, basified GO, and basified GO/CNT (d–f)...

Figure 28.11 SEM of RGO and RGO

4

CNT

1

fiber. Surface topography of RGO (a,b) ...

Figure 28.12 (a) CV profile at different scan rates, (b) GCD profile at vari...

Figure 28.13 (a) Folded, (b) wave, (c) flat modes of energy storage system (...

Figure 28.14 GCD of (a) series and (b) parallel connected single and three d...

Figure 28.15 (a) Synthesis of sponge-like GO/CNT foams (SGCFs), (b–d) SEM of...

Figure 28.16 Specific capacitance of rSGCF6 with respect to frequency (a) re...

Figure 28.17 Ragone plot of rSGCF6 in organic and aqueous electrolytes.

Figure 28.18 Fabrication of symmetric supercapacitor with CNT-MnO

2

web paper...

Figure 28.19 (a) CV and (b) areal and specific capacitances of MnO

2

/CNT in 0...

Figure 28.20 (a) Cross-sectional view of MnO

2

/CNT web paper, CV of the symme...

Figure 28.21 CV of rolled, bent, and flat-modes symmetric supercapacitor dev...

Figure 28.22 Representation of three supercapacitors arranged symmetrically ...

Figure 28.23 (a) Representation of CNT/MnO

2

@CF, SEM of (b) outer surface and...

Figure 28.24 (a) CV and (b) volumetric capacitance of four 5/5-layered CNT/M...

Figure 28.25 (a) CV, (b) GCD, and (c) volumetric capacitance at different sc...

Figure 28.26 (a) CV and (b) GCD of the FSC cells connected in single and thr...

Figure 28.27 Schematic synthetic procedure for PPy/CNT composite.

Figure 28.28 FESEM of PPy (a–c) and PPy/CNT (d–f).

Figure 28.29 (a) CV and (b) GCD of PPy and PPy/CNT at 10 and 100 mV s

−1

...

Figure 28.30 GCD of (a) PPy and (b) PPy/CNT at various current densities, (c...

Figure 28.31 Specific capacitance of PPy and PPy/CNT in various cycles at 1 ...

Figure 28.32 (a) Schematic of suction filtration device, (b) synthetic proce...

Figure 28.33 (a) CV at 50 mV s

−1

, (b) areal capacitance of CNF/ZnO/CNT...

Figure 28.34 (a) CV at 50 mV s

−1

and (b) areal capacitance of CNF/ZnO/...

Figure 28.35 The synthesis and electrochemical performance of MnCoC

x

-MWCNT....

Figure 28.36 Comparison of CVs (a) MnCoO

x

and (c) MWCNTs in different propor...

Figure 28.37 Comparison of GCD (a) MnCoO

x

and (b) MWCNTs in different propor...

Figure 28.38 (a) CVs of MnCoO

x

-MWCNTs with various scan rates, (b) relations...

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 (a) Ragone’s plot, CV plots of (b) EDLC behavior of electrode ma...

Figure 29.2 Classification of supercapacitors depending on electrode materia...

Figure 29.3 Schematic representation of charge storage mechanism involved in...

Figure 29.4 Schematic representation of mechanism involved in adsorption of ...

Figure 29.5 (I) Schematic demonstration of formation of carbon nanofibers fr...

Figure 29.6 (a) Schematic representation of synthesis of MEPCM-PANI/CNT shel...

Figure 29.7 (a) Schematic presentation of development of pore structure in f...

Figure 29.8 (a) Proposed reaction process for the one-step method under NH

3

...

Figure 29.9 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of n-doped carbons t...

Figure 29.10 (a) Schematic illustration of synthesis of AC via microwave rad...

Figure 29.11 (a) Synthesis of carbon material from rice husk and composition...

Figure 29.12 (a) Effect of different concentrations on activation process, (...

Figure 29.13 (a) Illustration of synthesis of carbon from onion, (b–d) SEM i...

Figure 29.14 (a) Hydrothermal synthesis of MoO

3

/NiCO

3

-NS//FeOOH/rGO, (b) CV ...

Figure 29.15 SEM graphs of (a,b) PANI and (c,d) PANI/PBF-NPs electrodes, (d)...

Figure 29.16 (a) Schematic representation of synthesis process of ACN from W...

Figure 29.17 (a) CV plot in three-electrode system and inset figure is GCD p...

Figure 29.18 (a) Synthesis of porous carbon material, (b–d) TEM images of pr...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 The periodic table describing the composition of the MXenes and ...

Figure 30.2 The number of literature published with the key term “Mxene” sin...

Figure 30.3 The MXene compositions reported, where the top row exhibits MXen...

Figure 30.4 (i) Figure illustrating the crystal structure of

C

2/

c i

-MAX phase...

Figure 30.5 Schematic diagram illustrating the synthesis of binder-free K-MX...

Figure 30.6 Illustration of the molten salt etching method showing the fabri...

Figure 30.7 Illustration shows the development of MXene derived from Ti

3

AlC

2

Figure 30.8 Illustration shows the performance requirements to develop MXene...

Figure 30.9 (a) A schematic to show the intercalation of the polypyrrole in ...

Figure 30.10 Representative illustration of the MXene particle possessing sh...

Figure 30.11 The influence of water molecules in regulating the electrochemi...

Figure 30.12 (a,b) The XRD pattern of MXene sheets along with its QD and the...

Figure 30.13 The number of literature published with the key terms “Polymer/...

Figure 30.14 Schematic illustration of the electric double-layer capacitor....

Figure 30.15 The cyclic voltammograms of MXene supercapacitors. (a) HF-treat...

Figure 30.16 CV curves of the diethanolamine-modified MXene electrodes at va...

Figure 30.17 Cyclic voltammetry curves of the Ti

3

C

2

T

x

/PANI electrode at scan...

Figure 30.18 Various systems currently employed to fabricate MXene-based nan...

Figure 30.19 Scanning electron micrograph of (a) CoFe

2

O

4

/Mxene, (b) CoFe

2

O

4

/...

Figure 30.20 The CV loops of CoF NPs, MXene, and CoF/MXene composite (Scan r...

Figure 30.21 CV curves of the (PPy-MXene and PPy-MXene-IL-mic ([EMIm][NTf

2

] ...

Figure 30.22 The CV curves of CPCM/MXene symmetrical supercapacitor when app...

Figure 30.23 (a,b) shows the SEM and the TEM images of Ti

3

C

2

T

x

MXene, (c,d) ...

Figure 30.24 Illustration to demonstrate the fabrication of Ti

3

C

2

T

x

/PEDOT: P...

Figure 30.25 Electrochemical tests on the Ti

3

C

2

T

x

/PEDOT: PSS Mxene where (a)...

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 Conventional flow diagrams for the preparation of nanoparticles....

Figure 31.2 The synthesis of solid-phase method (a) chemical vapor depositio...

Figure 31.3 The synthesis of liquid-phase method (a) sol–gel (b) coprecipita...

Figure 31.4 (a–d) SEM of electrochemically exfoliated graphite sheet (E-EGS)...

Figure 31.5 Cyclic voltammetry of (a) E-EGS, (b) PHQ/E-EGS, (c) h-RuO

2

/E-EGS...

Figure 31.6 CV plot of symmetric gel electrolyte (PVA/H

2

SO

4

)-based symmetric...

Figure 31.7 Symmetrical solid-state PHQ/hRuO

2

/E-EGS-based supercapacitor ben...

Figure 31.8 SEM image of MnO

2

, which is synthesized by constant DC potential...

Figure 31.9 (a) CV plot at different potential windows of MnO

2

-DCP, (b) CV c...

Figure 31.10 (a) Schematic of fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor (b) CV pl...

Figure 31.11 (a) Stability test of MnC (Na

2

SO

4

electrolyte) and MnC-0.1 M (N...

Figure 31.12 Schematic of formation of Co

3

O

4

nanoparticle.

Figure 31.13 (a,b) TEM, (c) HRTEM showing the interlayer space, and (d) SAED...

Figure 31.14 Co

3

O

4

samples S-I-S-IV (a) CV at a scan speed of 5 mV s

−1

Figure 31.15 (a) CV at different scan speeds (2, 5, 10, 20, 50 mV s

−1

)...

Figure 31.16 CV graph of (a) NiO-300, (b) NiO-400, (c) NiO-500, and (d) scan...

Figure 31.17 Charge–discharge graph of (a) NiO-300, (b) NiO-400, (c) NiO-500...

Figure 31.18 (a) Low charge and high discharge current density characteristi...

Figure 31.19 The two-step method for synthesizing V

2

O

5

nanorods is illustrat...

Figure 31.20 (a) CV profile for three various electrodes (b) CV profile for ...

Figure 31.21 (a) GCD profile for different current densities, (b) IR drop an...

Figure 31.22 (a) CV curve for different coin cells, (b) CV profile for diffe...

Figure 31.23 (a) Nyquist plot, (b) GCD profile for 1st and 10,000th cycle at...

Figure 31.24 Accidentally designed V

2

O

5

with established 3D network morpholo...

Figure 31.25 (a) Scheme diagram of SSSc device, with varying time intervals,...

Figure 31.26 The LEDs lighted up with charged CFAC/Ni&Co oxides//AC device. ...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Specific power density dependent specific energy density plots f...

Figure 32.2 Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) preparation by electrospinning process....

Figure 32.3 Simplified power and energy density comparison of various storag...

Figure 32.4 Schematic illustration of the fabrication procedure of solid-sta...

Figure 32.5 Variation in values of specific capacitance at different (a) nit...

Figure 32.6 FESEM images of (a) CNF, (b) XCNF, and (c) TCNF; (e) GCD plots a...

Figure 32.7 (a) Rectangular shape CV curves, (b) galvanic charge-discharge c...

Figure 32.8 (a) CV and (b) the capacitance retention curves.

Figure 32.9 Schematic representation for the fabrication of NCCNF@MnO

2

NS and...

Figure 32.10 (a) CV curves and (b) cycling performance of FeO

x

/CNFs (inset s...

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Illustration of (a) EDLC and (b) redox pseudo-capacitors.

Figure 33.2 Different types of electrode materials.

Figure 33.3 (a) Adsorption/desorption of AC at 77 °K nitrogen and (b) pore-s...

Figure 33.4 Schematic comparison of various carbon materials as electrodes f...

Figure 33.5 (a,b) Magnifying image of FESEM of PEDOT: PSS, (c,d) graphene, (...

Figure 33.6 Magnifying TEM images of (a) GO, (b) GO/PANI, and (c,d) GNS/PANI...

Figure 33.7 (a) SEM micrographs of rGO, (b) PANI, and (c,d) nanocomposites o...

Figure 33.8 (a) TEM image of CuCr

2

O

4

nanoparticles (histogram of size distri...

Figure 33.9 The charging mechanisms of PANI Emeraldine.

Figure 33.10 The discharging mechanisms of PANI Emeraldine.

Figure 33.11 Illustration of connecting bridge between PANI and metal ions....

Figure 33.12 Improvement of electrical conductivity with dopant concentratio...

Figure 33.13 Formation of PANI/h-BN composite by oxidation polymerization me...

Figure 33.14 Illustrative comparison in chemical, electrochemical, and photo...