Table of Contents
New Trends In Biomarkers and
Diseases Research: An Overview
Edited by
Juan Antonio Vílchez
María Dolores Albaladejo-Otón
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use)
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Disclaimer:
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DEDICATION
FOREWORD
PREFACE
List of Contributors
NEW BIOMARKERS OF GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Biomarkers in Pre-eclampsia: Is it Possible to Predict it?
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF pre-eclampsia
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOPATHOLOGY OF pre-eclampsia
PREDICTION OF pre-eclampsia
MANAGEMENT OF pre-eclampsia
PREVENTION OF pre-eclampsia
BIOMARKERS
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF)
Soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1)
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A)
Soluble Endoglin (sEng)
Inhibin A and Activin A
Placental Protein-13 (PP-13)
A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 12 (ADAM 12)
Renin Angiotensin System (RAS)
Vifastin
Cystatin C
Pentraxin 3
P-Selectin
Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF)
Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA)
PROTEOMICS
METABOLOMICS
DISCUSSION
First Trimester Combined Screening
Recents Developments
CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation: Interrelated Aspects and Biomarkers Involved
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Metabolic Syndrome
Definition
Pathophysiology:
Epidemiology
Inflammation as a Bond between Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
BIOMARKERS
Proinflammatory Biomarkers
Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α)
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-6
Interleukin-18
Angiotensinogen (AGT)
Leptin
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Uric Acid
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1)
Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (OxLDL)
Anti-inflammatory Biomarkers
Adiponectin
Ghrelin
Resistin, a Biomarker to Understand
CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Liver Fibrosis Biomarkers
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
THE BIOLOGY OF LIVER FIBROSIS
Types and Causes of Acquired Liver Fibrosis
Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)
Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Cholestatic Liver Diseases
DIAGNOSTICS OF LIVER FIBROSIS
Liver Biopsy Scoring Techniques
Imaging Techniques
Ultrasonography (US)
Elastography and Fibroscan
Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Imaging Sonoelastography
Biomarkers for Assessing Liver Fibrosis
The Ideal Biomarker of Liver Fibrosis
Direct Biomarkers
(i) Direct Markers Linked to Matrix Deposition
▪ Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
▪ Laminin
▪ YKL-40 Chondrex
(ii) Direct Markers Linked to Matrix Degradation
▪ Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
▪ Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases (TIMPs)
(iii) Cytokines and Chemokines Linked to Liver Fibrosis
▪ Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1)
▪ Transforming Growth Factor Alpha (TGF-α)
Indirect Biomarkers
▪ Serum Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
▪ The Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)/ALT (AAR)
▪ The AST/Platelet Ratio (APRI)
▪ The Forns Index
▪ The PGA Index
▪ The FIB-4 Score
▪ The FibroQ Test
▪ The FibroTest and FibroSure
▪ The FibroIndex
Combination of Direct and Indirect Biomarkers
▪ The FibroMeter
▪ Fibrospect II Test
▪ SHASTA Index
▪ The HepaScore
▪ European Liver Fibrosis Panel (ELF) Test
DISCUSSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Iron Metabolism: New Biomarkers Implicated
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
IRON METABOLISM (see Fig. (1))
Absorption
Transport
Cellular Uptake
Transferrin-Dependent Pathway
Transferrin-Independent Pathway
Excretion
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Overload
Deficit
Other Clinical Implications
Infection
Inflammatory States
Endocrine Alterations
Cardiovascular Risk
Others
RELATED BIOMARKERS
Proteins Function In Iron Metabolism
Ferritin
Transferrin (Tf)
Structure:
Synthesis:
Function:
Total Capacity of Transferrin Saturation (CTS):
Percentage Saturation of Transferrin:
Transferrin Saturation Index (TSI):
Transferrin Receptor
Soluble Transferrin Receptor (sTfR)
Hemosiderin
HFE
Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT1 or Nramp 2)
Ferroportin 1
Hephaestin
Haptoglobin
Hemopexin
Ferroxidase
Hepcidin
Lactoferrin
Hemoglobin
Structure:
Synthesis:
Function:
Biological Determination of Erythropoiesis
Red Blood Cells Variables
Percentage of Hypochromic Red Cells
Reticulocytary Hemoglobin
Immature Reticulocyte Fraction
DISCUSSION
Ferropenic Deficiency
Anemia of Chronic Diseases
Iron Overload
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Other Ferric Overloads
CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Equations of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Biomarkers to Evaluate Renal Function: A Perspective
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Kidney Diseases and Disorders
Chronic Kidney Disease
EQUATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
BIOMARKERS TO EVALUATE RENAL FUNCTION
Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury
Cystatin-C (Cys-C)
Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins (FABPs)
Interleukin-18 (IL-18)
Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)
Microalbumin
N-Acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG)
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL)
α1-microglobulin(α1M)
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP-2)
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 7 (IGFBP7)
Retinol Binding Protein (RBP)
Netrin-1
Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease
Cystatin C
Microalbumin
β-Trace Protein (BTP)
Uric Acid (UA)
NGAL
KIM-1
NAG
L-FABP
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF-23)
Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA)
Tenascin and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1)
Nephrin, Podocin and Podocalyxin
DISCUSSION
Biomarkers of AKI
Biomarkers of CKD
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Biomarkers of Bone Turnover: Molecular Approaches and Clinical Relevance
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Bone Properties
Cellular Component
Extracellular Bone Matrix
Bone Turnover
Osteoporosis
BONE TURNOVER MARKERS
Bone Formation Markers
Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase
Osteocalcin
Total N-Terminal Propeptide of Type I Procollagen
Bone Resorption Markers
Hydroxyproline
Collagen Cross-Link Molecules: Pyridinoline And Deoxypyridinoline
Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
Cross-Linked Telopeptides of Type I Collagen
Bone Sialoprotein
Markers of Osteoclastogenesis
Osteocyte Markers
Important Parameters which Regulate Bone Metabolism
SOURCES OF VARIABILITY
Pre-Analytical Variability
Technical Factors
Biological Factors
Analytical Variability
CLINICAL UTILITY OF BTMs
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES DISCUSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Vitamin D: from Bone Metabolism to New Applications
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
VITAMIN D AND DIABETES MELLITUS
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
VITAMIN D AND CANCER
Colorectal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
VITAMIN D AND PREGNANCY
Gestational Diabetes
Preeclampsia
Bacterial Vaginosis
Cesarean Section
Preterm Delivery
Low Birth Weight and Small For Gestational Age
VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Coronary Heart Disease and Heart Failure
Stroke
Peripheral Arterial Disease
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
BIOMARKERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGIES
New Research About Biomarkers and Atrial Fibrillation
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF AF DEVELOPMENT
ESTABLISHED BIOMARKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY
Biomarkers of Myocardial Injury: Cardiac Troponins
Biomarkers of Heart Wall Stress: Natriuretic Peptides
Biomarkers of Renal Function
Biomarkers of Inflammation
Biomarkers of Prothrombotic State
Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction
Platelets
NEW PROPOSED BIOMARKERS
MicroRNAs
miRNAs and Cardiac Structural Changes
miRNAs and Electrical Remodeling
Microparticles
Adiponectin
Growth Differentiation Factor 15
USE OF BIOMARKERS FOR RISK STRATIFICATION IN AF
NEW CHALLENGES FOR BIOMARKERS IN AF
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Current Trends in Biomarkers of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Incidence of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Definition and Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Definition of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Pathogenesis of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Atherosclerosis
Arterial Remodeling
Plaque Destabilisation
Inflammation
Renin-Angiotensin System
Plaque Rupture
Plaque Erosion
Early Evaluation of Cardiac Chest Pain–Beyond History and Electrocardiograph
Biomarkers for Myocardial Infarction
TROPONIN
Classification of Troponin Assays
Clinical Implications of hs cTn Assays
High Sensitivity Troponin Assays for Prognostic Use
COPEPTIN
Copeptin Assays for Diagnostic Use
Copeptin Assays for Prognostic Use
INTERLEUKIN-6
Interleukin-6 Assays for Diagnostic Use
Interleukin-6 Assays for Prognostic Use
DISCUSSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Physiopathology of Thrombotic Diseases and Platelet Derived Biomarkers
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Platelets, a Reliable Biomarker?
PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF VENOUS THROMBOSIS
Associations between VTE and Polymorphisms of Platelet Glycoproteins
Glycoprotein Ia
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
Glycoprotein VI
Platelet Function Testing
Platelet Functional Assay (PFA-100®)
Thrombelastography and Rotational Thrombelastometry
P-selectin
Other Platelet Parameters and Venous Thromboembolism
Platelet Count
Mean Platelet Volume
Microparticles
PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF THROMBOSIS IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS
Novel Effectors in Atherosclerosis
Physiological Role of Microparticles in Atherothrombosis
miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers
Monocytes-Platelet Aggregates in Atherothrombosis
CONCLUSION
FUNDING
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Importance of Biomarkers in Heart Failure: Classic and New Aspects
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Systolic Dysfunction
Diastolic Dysfunction
BIOMARKERS
Biomarkers Related to Myocardial Stretch
Wall Stress Markers: Natriuretic Peptides
Diagnosis and Prognosis of Acute Heart Failure
Diagnosis and Prognosis of Stable Heart Failure
Biomarkers Related to Neurohormonal Activation
Endothelin-1
Adrenomedullin and Midregional Proadrenomedullin
Copeptin
Neprilysin
Biomarkers Related to Renal Dysfunction
C-Type Natriuretic Peptide
Biomarkers Related to Inflammation
Growth Factors:
Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15)
ST2
Biomarkers Related to Myocardial Damage
Cardiac Troponins
Biomarkers Related to Cardiac Remodeling and Fibrosis Biomarkers
Collagen Peptides
Galectin-3
Biomarkers Related to Oxidative Stress
Urate
Future Directions and Conclusions
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Emerging Biomarkers in Peripheral Artery Disease
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Peripheral Artery Disease: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics
Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Atherosclerosis Onset and Development
BIOMARKERS
Biomarkers of Peripheral Artery Disease
Definition of “Biomarker”
Established Biomarkers
C-Reactive Protein
β-2-Microglobulin
Emerging Biomarkers
Isoprostanes
PON1
CCL2
Protein Carbonyls
Homocysteine
Metabolomics and the Search for New Biomarker Candidates
β-hydroxybutyrate
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Products
Amino Acids Arginine and Cysteine Related to TCA Cycle
Other Biochemical Candidates
Hydroxycholesterol
Galectin-3
Melatonin
8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxy Guanosine
CONCLUSION
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
BIOMARKERS IN SEPSIS
Early Neonatal Sepsis Biomarkers
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis (EONS)
Sepsis of Late Submission
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
Β-hemolytic Streptococcus group B (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus Epidermidis
DIAGNOSIS
Difficulty in Diagnosing
Etiologic Diagnosis
Blood Microbiologic Culture
Sepsis Biomarkers
Haematological Parameters
C-Reactive Protein
Procalcitonin
Interleukins
CORD BLOOD SEPSIS BIOMARKERS
Cell Surface Markers
Molecular Biology
When to Perform the Diagnosis
FUTURE AREAS OF RESEARCH
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX: FUTURE DISCOVERIES
Sepsis: Traditional and Emergent Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Pathophysiology of Sepsis
Sepsis Definitions
SEPSIS BIOMARKERS
Definition
Classification of Sepsis Biomarkers
Acute-Phase Protein Biomarkers
C-Reactive Protein
Procalcitonin
PCT as a Diagnostic Marker
PCT as a Guide for Antibiotic Decisions
PCT as a Prognostic Marker in ICU Patients with Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock
Limitations of PCT
Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
Pentraxin 3
Pancreatic Stone Protein
Cytokine And Chemokines Biomarkers
Cytokines
Cell Surface Markers and Soluble Receptors Biomarkers
Soluble Cluster of Differentiation 14 Subtype (Presepsin)
Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 (sTREM-1)
Neutrophil CD64
Soluble Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR)
Biomarkers of Endothelial Activation
The Angiopoietin System
Biomarkers Related to Vasodilatation
Pro-Adrenomedullin (proADM)
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Biomarkers in Saliva as a Tool for Health Diagnosis
Abstract
Definitions of Words and Terms
INTRODUCTION
Nature of Human Saliva
Saliva and the Salivary Glands
Saliva Composition
Salivary Secretion Control
The Main Functions of the Saliva:
Collecting Saliva Samples
Factors Affecting Salivary Flow Rate
APPLICATIONS OF SALIVARY BIOMARKERS
Salivary Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases
Salivary Biomarkers for Renal Disease
Salivary Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases
Salivary Tests for Forensics Sciences and Drugs Abuse
Salivary Diagnostics for Autoimmune Diseases
Salivary Biomarkers for Endocrine Diseases
Salivary Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Salivary Diagnosis on Stress Assessment
Salivary Diagnostics in Oncology
Salivary Diagnostics of Common Oral Diseases
SALIVARY PROTEOME
Salivary Transcriptome
Salivary Metabolome
Salivary Microbiome
CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Endocrine Disruptors: What Do We Know about the Effects and Risk Factors in Humans?
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
What are Endocrine Disruptors?
Pesticides
Chemicals in Products
Food Contact Materials
History of Endocrine Disruption
Role of Edcs in the Environment
Source and Stability of EDCs
Important Issues in Endocrine Disruption
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION IN THE HUMAN BODY
Mechanisms of Action
Biotransformation
Excretion
Effects on the Human Body
The Thyroid Hormone System
The Nervous system
The Reproductive System
Cancer
Diabetes and Obesity
IMPORTANCE OF EDCS IN MEDICAL LABORATORIES AND MECHANISMs OF DETECTION
CONCLUSIONS
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATONS
REFERENCES
Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies, A New Window in the Use of Biomarkers in Pharmacology
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
TNF ALPHA: A MAIN ROLE IN INFLAMMATION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn’s Disease
THERAPY WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Infliximab
Adalimumab
Etanercept
MONITORING AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ANTI-TNF ALPHA THERAPY
LABORATORY METHODS AND TESTING
DISCUSSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
New Trends In Biomarkers and
Diseases Research: An Overview
Edited by
Juan Antonio Vílchez
Clinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucía General University Hospital,
Cartagena, Spain
Co-Edited by
María Dolores Albaladejo-Otón
Head of Service of Clinical Analysis Department,
Santa Lucía General University
Hospital, Cartagena, Spain
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
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DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to all who love laboratory medicine and especially to each of the authors who have participated in this exciting project.
FOREWORD
The concept of biomarker applies to any biological characteristic that can be objectively measured and evaluated to improve the clinical ability to evaluate different aspects of health or disease status.
Referring to a disease, a biomarker can help to evaluate the susceptibility of developing a disease in which case the biomarker is a risk factor; to recognize its existence both in the subclinical (screening biomarker) or clinical (diagnostic biomarker) stage, to control the progression or regression (staging biomarker), to prognoses the disease (prognostic biomarker) or its response to therapy (monitoring biomarker). Furthermore, a biomarker could be the measure of a biological variable, such as blood pressure, the result of a scanning technique as an X-ray or a biological variable measured in the clinical laboratory. And it is in this latter type of variables where the term of biomarker is more widely applied.
The literature is full of new biomarkers which are claimed to add value to clinical practice and, hence to be a part of the clinical laboratory portfolio. The aim of the current book is to summarize the existing evidence on the role that classical and some novel biomarkers can play in the most prevalent diseases.
Jordi Ordoñez-Llanos, MD, Ph.D.
Senior Consultant, Hospital de Sant Pau. Professor Clinical Biochemistry
IIB-Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona,
Spain
PREFACE
Biomarkers, whether measured in peripheral fluids (blood, serum or urine) may improve our knowledge of the pathophysiology of many diseases. Moreover, and most importantly, biomarkers could help in the assessment of diagnosis, prognosis and surviving. The aim of this book was to summarize published data about new emerging and classic biomarkers studied in prevalent diseases, with focus on data from clinical trials and large community based cohorts.
The use of biomarkers has become a fundamental practice in medicine, involving significantly greater scope of laboratory medicine. Biomarkers are measurable characteristics of an organism reflecting a particular physiological state. In medicine, biomarkers considered as compounds isolated from serum, urine, or other fluids, can be used as indicators of the presence or severity of a particular disease state.
Biomarkers can take many different forms including particular proteins or peptides, antibodies, cell types, metabolites, hormones, enzyme levels, compounds related to genomics, etc. A biomarker can also be a substance introduced into a patient to assess the internal organ systems role/function. Moreover, biomarkers facilitate the adaptation of treatment to the specific needs of each patient, which is known as personalized medicine. In this way, using biomarkers to monitor a patient's reaction to a particular drug, it is possible to determine whether a treatment is effective for an individual or has to be changed due to toxic adverse effects. Also, this aspect could lead to their convenient use in terms of cost-efficiency. Biomarkers are also important to manage new disease therapies through the use of biomarkers of progression to delineate the development and course of a disease, thus focusing on the risk or progression of a disease or with the susceptibility of a disease to a given treatment.
Nowadays, the way to diagnose general pathologies and diseases has changed importantly due to the development of high throughput technologies, such as microarrays or large-scale studies of proteins (proteomics, genomics, metabolomics etc). These investigations have allowed the discovery of new biomarkers of diseases. Also, the use of established biomarkers to other aspects in the progression of diseases, as the inclusion of biomarkers in many stratification schemes of severity to stratify the risk in patient’s state.
A single biomarker is often inconclusive or ambiguous because diseases with very different pathophysiological mechanisms can affect the same molecule or marker. Therefore, it is crucial to study and manage patterns of biomarkers with respect to disease state, prognosis and treatment. This complex scenario is the main focus of this book. We tried to summarize, relating to principal groups of pathologies with respect to blood biomarkers, a compilation of the present and upcoming knowledge about biomarkers and diseases. The chapters cover a wide number of areas including those in which biomarkers could mainly add clear information about the illness. This book includes, reviews about sepsis, nutrition, liver state, cancer, cardiology, bone metabolism, etc. The chapters are written by experts and specialists in general laboratory medicine.
Dr. Juan Antonio Vílchez
Clinical Analysis Department,
Santa Lucía General University Hospital,
Cartagena,
Spain
List of Contributors
Ana M. Moreno-Fuentes, BScClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucía General University Hospital, Cartagena, Murcia, SpainAfrica de Béjar-Almira, BScClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainAnna Hernández-Aguilera, MScUnitat de Recerca Biomèdica, and Laboratori de Referència SUD, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201-, Reus, SpainAna Martínez-Ruiz, Pharm, PhDClinical Analysis Department, Reina Sofia General University Hospital, Murcia, SpainAna Hernando-Holgado, PharmClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainAlice Charlotte Viney, PharmPharmacy Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainCarmen Nieto-Sánchez, Pharm. PhDClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucía General University Hospital, Cartagena, Murcia, SpainCarmen María Puche-Morenilla, PhDClinical Analysis Department, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, SpainDiana Hernández-Romero, PhDDepartment of Cardiology, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital Instituto de Investigación Biomédica-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, SpainEnrique Jiménez-Santos, ChemClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainFrancisco Marín, PhDDepartment of Cardiology, . Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital, Murcia, Spain. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica-Virgen de la Arrixaca. IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, SpainIria Cebreiros-López, Pharm, PhDClinical Analysis Department, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, SpainIrene De Miguel-Elízaga, BScClinical Analysis Department Unilabs Laboratory, Torrevieja Salud Hospital, Alicante, SpainIsabel Fort-Gallifa, MScUnitat de Recerca Biomèdica, and Laboratori de Referència SUD, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201-, Reus, SpainIrene Gutiérrez-García, BScClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainJuan Antonio Vílchez, Pharm, PhDClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucía General University Hospital, Murcia, SpainJordi Ordóñez-Llanos, MD, PhDIIB-Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, , Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, SpainJorge Joven, MScUnitat de Recerca Biomèdica, and Laboratori de Referència SUD, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201-, Reus, SpainJordi Camps, PhDUnitat de Recerca Biomèdica, and Laboratori de Referència SUD, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201-, Reus, SpainJose Pedregosa-Díaz, ChemClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainLuis García de Guadiana-Romualdo, PharmClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainNatalia Sancho-Rodríguez, Pharm, PhDSanta Lucía, General University Hospital, Cartagena, Murcia, SpainMarta Sancho-Rodríguez, PharmPharmaceutical, Production Team in MSD, Oss, The, NetherlandsMaría Dolores Albaladejo-Otón, PhDClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainMaría Henar García-Lagunar, PharmPharmacy Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainM. Pilar Gallego-Hernanz, MD, PhDHématologie Oncologique et Thérapie cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, FranceMiriam Martínez-Villanueva, Pharm, PhDClinical Analysis Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital, Murcia, SpainMarta M. Castañeda San Cirilo, PhDClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainMaria S García-Simón, PharmPharmacy Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainMariano Valdés, MD, PhDDepartment of Cardiology, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital Instituto de Investigación Biomédica-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, SpainPatricia Esteban-Torrella, PharmClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Cartagena, SpainPablo Perez-Cañadas, PharmClinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucía General University Hospital, Murcia, SpainSilvia Montoro-García, PhDDepartment of Cardiovascular Risk, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Murcia, SpainSara María Sánchez-Martínez, PharmDepartment of Cardiovascular Risk, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Murcia, SpainVanessa Roldán, PhDDepartment of Hematology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital Instituto de Investigación Biomédica-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, SpainVicente Martín-Paredero, MScUnitat de Recerca Biomèdica, and Laboratori de Referència SUD, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201-, Reus, Spain
NEW BIOMARKERS OF GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Biomarkers in Pre-eclampsia: Is it Possible to Predict it?
Ana Martínez-Ruiz1,*,Irene De-Miguel-Elízaga2,Natalia Sancho-Rodríguez1
1 Clinical Analysis Department, Reina Sofia General University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
2 Clinical Analysis Department Unilabs Laboratory, Torrevieja Salud Hospital, Alicante, Spain
Abstract
pre-eclampsia is a syndrome with high maternal and fetal mortality. The pathophysiology remains unknown. Prediction, diagnosis and management of the disease has allowed the identification of multiple biomarkers, some of which help to predict those at risk. Some of these biomarkers have demonstrated, even in isolation, an effi-ciency of the test that allows to incorporate them into clinical practice. The combi-nation of these biomarkers and clinical factors may help predict pre-eclampsia risk by developing integrated clinical risk models. This chapter aims to delve into the literature related to biomarkers in pre-eclampsia and its possible clinical applications.
Keywords: A disentigrin and Metalloprotease 12, Activin A, Cell-free DNA, Cystatin C, Fetal hemoglobin, First trimester, Inhibin A, Metabolomics, P-selectin, Pentraxin 3, Placental growth factor, Placental protein-13, Preclampsia, Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, Proteomics, Renin angiotensin system, Soluble endoglin, Soluble fms-like tyrosine Kinase, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Vifastin.
*Corresponding author Ana Martínez-Ruiz: Clinical Analysis Department, Reina Sofia General University Hospital, Murcia, Spain; Tel/Fax: 0034968359000; E-mail:
[email protected]CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author (editor) declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Declared none.
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