OCP E-Book

Jeanne Boyarsky

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1039

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Complete, trusted preparation for the Java Programmer II exam OCP: Oracle Certified Professional Java SE 8 Programmer II Study Guide is your comprehensive companion for preparing for Exam 1Z0-809 as well as upgrade Exam 1Z0-810 and Exam 1Z0-813. With full coverage of 100% of exam objectives, this invaluable guide reinforces what you know, teaches you what you don't know, and gives you the hands-on practice you need to boost your skills. Written by expert Java developers, this book goes beyond mere exam prep with the insight, explanations and perspectives that come from years of experience. You'll review the basics of object-oriented programming, understand functional programming, apply your knowledge to database work, and much more. From the basic to the advanced, this guide walks you through everything you need to know to confidently take the OCP 1Z0-809 Exam and upgrade exams 1Z0-810 and 1Z0-813. Java 8 represents the biggest changes to the language to date, and the latest exam now requires that you demonstrate functional programming competence in order to pass. This guide has you covered, with clear explanations and expert advice. * Understand abstract classes, interfaces, and class design * Learn object-oriented design principles and patterns * Delve into functional programming, advanced strings, and localization * Master IO, NIO, and JDBC with expert-led database practice If you're ready to take the next step in your IT career, OCP: Oracle Certified Professional Java SE 8 Programmer II Study Guide is your ideal companion on the road to certification.

Leseprobe

OCP Oracle® Certified Professional Java® SE 8 Programmer II Study Guide

Jeanne Boyarsky

Scott Selikoff

Senior Acquisitions Editor: Kenyon Brown Development Editor: Gary Schwartz Technical Editors: Ernest Friedman-Hill and Matt Dalen Production Editor: Dassi Zeidel Copy Editor: Linda Recktenwald Editorial Manager: Mary Beth Wakefield Production Manager: Kathleen Wisor Associate Publisher: Jim Minatel Supervising Producer: Rich Graves Book Designers: Judy Fung and Bill Gibson Proofreader: Josh Chase, Word One New York Indexer: Ted Laux Project Coordinator, Cover: Brent Savage Cover Designer: Wiley Cover Image: ©Getty Images Inc./Jeremy Woodhouse

Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-1-119-06790-0 ISBN: 978-1-119-06788-7 (ebk.) ISBN: 978-1-119-06789-4 (ebk.)

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To the programmers on FIRST robotics team FRC 694 StuyPulse

— Jeanne

To my newborn daughters Olivia and Sophia, I love you both more and more every day.

— Scott

Acknowledgments

Jeanne and Scott would like to thank numerous individuals for their contribution to this book. Thank you, Gary Schwartz, for guiding us through the process and making the book better in so many ways. Thank you, Ernest Friedman-Hill, for being our Technical Editor as we wrote this book. Ernest pointed out many subtle errors in addition to the big ones. And thank you, Matt Dalen, for being our Technical Proofreader and finding the errors that managed to sneak by even Ernest. This book also wouldn't be possible without many people at Wiley, including Kenyon Brown, Dassi Zeidel, Mary Beth Wakefield, and so many others.

Jeanne would personally like to thank Chris Kreussling and Elena Felder for their feedback on early drafts of the trickier material. Elena even helped figure out a good way to explain upper bounds. Roel De Nijs reviewed the Java 8 date/time material for words that native English speakers take for granted, and he responded to lots of posts in the CodeRanch.com OCA forum on our first book. To all of the people at work and at CodeRanch.com who were so excited for me about writing this book, you made it even more exciting when we published our first book. Jeanne would like to thank the members of FIRST robotics FRC team 694 for their support. It was an awesome feeling seeing high school students pore over the book while waiting for dinner the night the hard copy arrived. Go StuyPulse! See if you can find JoeBot in this book. Finally, Jeanne would like to thank Scott for being a great co-author again.

Scott could not have reached this point without the help of a small army of people, led by his perpetually understanding wife Patti, the most wonderful mother their twin daughters could ask for. Professor Johannes Gehrke of Cornell University always believed in him and knew he would excel in his career. Jeanne's patience and striving for excellence was invaluable in creating this second book. A big thanks to fellow new father Matt Dalen, who has been a wonderful friend, sounding board, and technical reviewer over the last year. Joel McNary introduced Scott to CodeRanch.com and encouraged him to post regularly—a step that changed his life. Finally, Scott would like to thank his mother and retired teacher Barbara Selikoff, for teaching him the value of education, and his father Mark Selikoff, for instilling in him the benefits of working hard.

Finally, both Jeanne and Scott would like to give a big thank-you to the readers of our OCA 8 book. Hearing from all of you who enjoyed the book and passed the exam was great. We'd also like to thank those who pointed out errors and made suggestions for improvements in our OCA book. As of July 2015, the top three were Mushfiq Mammadov, Elena Felder, and Cédric Georges. Thank you for your attention to detail! We also would like to thank Mathias Bader, Maaike Zijderveld, Vincent Botteman, Edward Rance, Gabriel Jesus, Ilya Danilov, Marc ter Braak, Dominik Bauer, Saad Benbouzid, Evgeny Kapinos, Helen Colson, Alex Lord, and Kevin Abel.

About the Authors

Jeanne Boyarsky has worked as a Java developer for more than 13 years at a bank in New York City, where she develops, mentors, and conducts training. Besides being a senior moderator at CodeRanch.com in her free time, she leads the team that works on the forum's code base. Jeanne also mentors the programming division of a FIRST robotics team, where she works with students just getting started with Java.

Jeanne got her Bachelor of Arts degree in 2002 in Computer Science and her Master's in Computer Information Technology in 2005. She enjoyed getting her Master's degree in an online program while working full time. This was before online education was cool! Jeanne is also a Distinguished Toastmaster and a Scrum Master. You can find out more about Jeanne at http://www.coderanch.com/how-to/java/BioJeanneBoyarsky.

Scott Selikoff is a professional software consultant, author, and owner of Selikoff Solutions, LLC, which provides software development solutions to businesses in the tri-state New York City area. Skilled in a plethora of software languages and platforms, Scott specializes in database-driven systems, web-based applications, and service-oriented architectures.

A native of Toms River, New Jersey, Scott achieved his Bachelor of Arts from Cornell University in Mathematics and Computer Science in 2002, after three years of study. In 2003, he received his Master of Engineering in Computer Science, also from Cornell University.

As someone with a deep love of education, Scott has always enjoyed teaching others new concepts. He's given lectures at Cornell University and Rutgers University, as well as conferences including The Server Side Java Symposium. Scott lives in New Jersey with his loving wife, amazing twin baby girls, and two very playful dogs. You can find out more about Scott at http://www.linkedin.com/in/selikoff.

Jeanne and Scott are both moderators on the CodeRanch.com forums, and they can be reached there for questions and comments. They also co-author a technical blog called Down Home Country Coding at http://www.selikoff.net.

Contents

Introduction

The OCP Exam

Scheduling the Exam

The Day of the Exam

Finding Out Your Score

Exam Questions

Getting Started

Getting Help

Who Should Buy This Book

How This Book Is Organized

Conventions Used in This Book

OCP Exam Objectives

Assessment Test

Answers to Assessment Test

Chapter 1 Advanced Class Design

Reviewing OCA Concepts

Using

instanceof

Understanding Virtual Method Invocation

Annotating Overridden Methods

Coding

equals

,

hashCode

, and

toString

Working with

Enum

s

Creating Nested Classes

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Chapter 2 Design Patterns and Principles

Designing an Interface

Introducing Functional Programming

Implementing Polymorphism

Understanding Design Principles

Working with Design Patterns

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Chapter 3 Generics and Collections

Reviewing OCA Collections

Working with Generics

Using Lists, Sets, Maps, and Queues

Comparator

vs.

Comparable

Searching and Sorting

Additions in Java 8

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Chapter 4 Functional Programming

Using Variables in Lambdas

Working with Built-In Functional Interfaces

Returning an

Optional

Using Streams

Working with Primitives

Working with Advanced Stream Pipeline Concepts

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Chapter 5 Dates, Strings, and Localization

Working with Dates and Times

Reviewing the

String

class

Adding Internationalization and Localization

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Chapter 6 Exceptions and Assertions

Reviewing Exceptions

Creating Custom Exceptions

Using Multi-catch

Using Try-With-Resources

Rethrowing Exceptions

Working with Assertions

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Chapter 7 Concurrency

Introducing Threads

Creating Threads with the

ExecutorService

Synchronizing Data Access

Using Concurrent Collections

Working with Parallel Streams

Managing Concurrent Processes

Identifying Threading Problems

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Chapter 8 IO

Understanding Files and Directories

Introducing Streams

Working with Streams

Interacting with Users

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Chapter 9 NIO.2

Introducing NIO.2

Interacting with Paths and Files

Understanding File Attributes

Presenting the New Stream Methods

Comparing Legacy

File

and NIO.2 Methods

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Chapter 10 JDBC

Introducing Relational Databases and SQL

Introducing the Interfaces of JDBC

Connecting to a Database

Obtaining a

Statement

Executing a

Statement

Getting Data from a

ResultSet

Closing Database Resources

Dealing with Exceptions

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Appendix A Answers to Review Questions

Chapter 1: Advanced Class Design

Chapter 2: Design Patterns and Principles

Chapter 3: Generics and Collections

Chapter 4: Functional Programming

Chapter 5: Dates, Strings, and Localization

Chapter 6: Exceptions and Assertions

Chapter 7: Concurrency

Chapter 8: IO

Chapter 9: NIO.2

Chapter 10: JDBC

Appendix B Study Tips

Studying for the Test

Taking the Test

Appendix C Upgrading from Java 6 or Earlier

Enhancing the Java Language

Formatting and Parsing

Applying Locks

Working with Directories

Summary

Exam Essentials

Review Questions

Answers to Review Questions

Advert

EULA

List of Tables

Introduction

Table I.1

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 3.7

Table 3.8

Table 3.9

Table 3.10

Table 3.11

Table 3.12

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6

Table 4.7

Table 4.8

Table 4.9

Table 4.10

Table 4.11

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6

Table 5.7

Table 5.8

Table 5.9

Table 5.10

Table 5.11

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 7.6

Table 7.7

Table 7.8

Table 7.9

Table 7.10

Table 7.11

Table 7.12

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Table 10.6

Table 10.7

Table 10.8

Appendix B

Table B.1

Appendix C

Table C.1

Table C.2

Table C.3

List of Illustrations

Introduction

Figure I.1

Names for the exam

Figure I.2

Exam prerequisites

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1

Lambda syntax omitting optional parts

Figure 2.2

Lambda syntax, including optional parts

Figure 2.3

Object vs. reference

Figure 2.4

Good design—A

Cat

is-a

Pet

, because

Cat

extends

Pet

.

Figure 2.5

Poor design—A

Tiger

is-a

Pet

, because

Tiger

extends

Pet

.

Figure 2.6

Still poor design—All

Pet

s are now

Feline

s.

Figure 2.7

Good design-Pet is now an interface.

Figure 2.8

Bird

has-a

Beak

.

Figure 2.9

FoodFactory

data model

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1

The

Collection

interface is the root of all collections except maps.

Figure 3.2

Example of a

List

Figure 3.3

Example of a

Set

Figure 3.4

Examples of a

HashSet

and

TreeSet

Figure 3.5

Example of a

Queue

Figure 3.6

Working with a queue

Figure 3.7

Working with a stack

Figure 3.8

Example of a

Map

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1

Optional

Figure 4.2

Stream pipeline

Figure 4.3

Steps in running a stream pipeline

Figure 4.4

A stream pipeline with a limit

Figure 4.5

Stream pipeline with multiple intermediate operations

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1

Period format

Figure 5.2

How daylight savings time works

Figure 5.3

Locale

string formats

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1

Categories of exceptions

Figure 6.2

The syntax of a try statement

Figure 6.3

The syntax of multi-catch

Figure 6.4

The syntax of a basic try-with-resources

Figure 6.5

The syntax of try-with-resources including

catch

/

finally

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1

Process model

Figure 7.2

ExecutorService

life cycle

Figure 7.3

Lack of thread synchronization

Figure 7.4

Thread synchronization using atomic operations

Figure 7.5

Race condition on user creation

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1

Directory and file hierarchy

Figure 8.2

Visual representation of a stream

Figure 8.3

Diagram of

java.io

classes

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1

NIO.2 class and interface relationships

Figure 9.2

File and directory as a tree structure

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1

Tables in our relational database

Figure 10.2

Key JDBC interfaces

Figure 10.3

The JDBC URL format

Figure 10.4

The

ResultSet

cursor

Figure 10.5

First and last

Figure 10.6

Absolute rows

Figure 10.7

Negative absolute rows

Figure 10.8

Animal table

Appendix B

Figure B.1

Tracking objects and references

Figure B.2

Marking indices

Appendix C

Figure C.1

The structure of a

switch

statement

Guide

Cover

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Introduction

Java recently celebrated its 20th birthday, since it was “born” in 1995. As with anything 20 years old, there is a good amount of history and variation between different versions of Java. Over the years, the certification exams have changed to cover different topics. The names of the exams have even changed. This book covers the Java 8 OCP exam along with the upgrade exams to Java 8.

If you read about the exam on the web, you may see information about the older names for the exam. The name changes are shown in Figure I.1. Here’s what happened. Back when Sun Microsystems owned Java, they used to have two exams. The SCJA (Sun Certified Java Associate) was meant for new programmers and the SCJP (Sun Certified Java Programmer) was meant for those who wanted broader knowledge. When Oracle bought Sun Microsystems, they renamed all of the exams from Sun to Oracle, giving us the OCJA (Oracle Certified Java Associate) and OCJP (Oracle Certified Java Programmer).

Figure I.1 Names for the exam

Then Oracle made two strategic decisions with Java 7. They decided to stop updating the OCJA exam. They also decided to cover more in the programmer space, and they split it into two exams. Now you first take the OCAJP (Oracle Certified Associate Java Programmer), also known as Java Programmer I or OCA. Then you take the OCPJP (Oracle Certified Professional Java Programmer), also known as Java Programmer II or OCP, and that’s what this book is about. Most people refer to the current exams as OCA 8 and OCP 8.

Oracle also has upgrade exams in case you took an older version of the SCJP or OCPJP and you want to upgrade. While most people refer to them as the Java 8 upgrade exam, there are really two exams, and you choose the correct one based on the certification you currently hold. Table I.1 describes the exams that this book covers, while Figure I.2 helps you decide what exam to take next, assuming that you have passed a prior Java certification exam. Our book is designed to help you prepare for any of these three exams, all of which result in you being OCP 8 certified.

Table I.1 Exams this book covers

Exam Code

Name

Who Should Take

1Z0–809

Java Programmer II

Holders of the OCA

8

certification

1Z0–810

Upgrade Java SE 7 to Java SE 8 OCP Programmer

Holders of the OCPJP

7

certification

1Z0–813

Upgrade to Java SE 8 OCP (Java SE 6 and all prior versions)

Holders of any of the following certifications:

SCJP/OCJP 6

SCJP/OCJP 5

SCJP 1.4

Any older SCJP certs

Figure I.2 Exam prerequisites

We try to keep the history to a minimum in this book. There are some places on the exam where you need to know both an old way and a new way of doing things. When that happens, we will be sure to tell you what version of Java introduced which way. We will also let you know about topics that are not on the exam anymore, in case you see questions on them in the older free online mock exams.

The OCP Exam

All you need to do to become an Oracle Certified Professional for Java 8 is to pass an exam! That’s it.

Oracle has a tendency to fiddle with the length of the exam and the passing score once it comes out. Since it’s pretty much guaranteed that whatever we tell you here will become obsolete, we will instead give you a feel for the range. The OCP exam has varied between 60 and 90 questions since it was first introduced. The score to pass the exam has varied between 60 percent and 80 percent. The time allowed to take the exam has varied from two hours to two-and-a-half hours.

Oracle has a tendency to tweak the exam objectives over time as well. They do make minor additions and deletions from what is covered on the exam. For example, serialization has been added and removed from the objectives many times over the life of the OCP. As of this writing, it is on the exam.

While there will likely be minor changes to the scope of the exam, they certainly aren’t a secret. We’ve created a book page on our blog: http://www.selikoff.net/ocp. If there are any changes to the topics on the exam after this book is published, we will note them there.

That book page also contains a link to the official exam page, so you can check the length and passing score that Oracle has chosen for the moment. Finally, all known errata and links to discussion can be found at http://www.coderanch.com.

Scheduling the Exam

Pearson VUE administers the exam, and it can be taken at any Pearson VUE testing center. To find a testing center or to register for the exam, go to http://pearsonvue.com. Choose IT and then Oracle. If you haven’t been to the test center before, we recommend visiting in advance. Some testing centers are nice and professionally run. Others stick you in a closet with lots of people talking around you. You don’t want to be taking the test with someone complaining about his or her broken laptop nearby!

At this time, you can reschedule the exam without penalty until up to 24 hours in advance. This means that you can register for a convenient time slot well in advance knowing that you can delay taking the exam if you aren’t ready by that time. Rescheduling is easy and can be done completely on the Pearson VUE website. This may change, so check the rules before paying.

The Day of the Exam

When you go to take the exam, remember to bring two forms of ID, including one that is government issued. See Pearson’s list of what is an acceptable ID at http://www.pearsonvue.com/policies/1S.pdf. Try not to bring too much extra with you, because it will not be allowed into the exam room. While you will be allowed to check your belongings, it is better to leave extra items at home or in your car.

You will not be allowed to bring paper, your phone, and so on into the exam room with you. Some centers are stricter than others. At one center, tissues were even taken away from us! Most centers allow you to keep your ID and money. They watch you taking the exam, though, so don’t even think about writing notes on money. Some centers place these articles in a locker and give you the key, whereas others just throw them in an administrator’s desk drawer. Suffice it to say, if you have something that you really don’t want to lose, we recommend that you leave it at home.

The exam center will give you writing materials to use during the exam. These are to be used as scratch paper during the exam to figure out answers and to keep track of your thought process. The exam center will dispose of them at the end. Notice how we said “writing materials” rather than “pen and paper.” Actually getting pen and paper is rare. Most centers provide a small erasable board and a dry erase marker. Before going into the exam room, we recommend testing that the marker writes and erases.

As we alluded to earlier, some exam centers are more professionally run than others, so we recommend visiting your local exam center before scheduling the exam if you have never been there before. Some exam centers also have problems keeping the temperature at a comfortable level. Regardless of whether it is winter or summer, when you take the exam, we strongly recommend that you dress in layers, such as a long-sleeve shirt or sweatshirt over a short-sleeve shirt. This way, you can add/remove layers of clothing to adjust for your own comfort. 

Some exam centers are located in quiet suburban areas while others are near busy city streets with noisy traffic. Furthermore, you might get lucky and be the only person in your exam room the day you show up, or you might be unlucky and have 10 other people in the room coming and going at different times. If you are someone who gets easily distracted by noise and other people moving around, we recommend that you bring a pair of earplugs for the exam. Some exam centers will even offer you a pair of sterile earplugs if you ask. Double-check with your test administrator before using your own, so that they don’t think you’re trying to cheat!

While many exam centers permit bathroom breaks during the exam with permission, very few allow you to bring drinks inside. Since these exams are at least two hours long, make sure that you are well hydrated before you arrive. Just be aware that if you do need to use the facilities, your exam clock will not be paused.

Finally, if you have any issues like it being unbearably hot, cold, or noisy in your exam room, you should contact Oracle after you finish taking the exam to let them know the quality of the particular testing center was poor. Some exam centers have shown improvement after receiving such reports.

Finding Out Your Score

In the past, you would find out whether you passed or not right after finishing the exam. Now you have to wait nervously until you can check your score online.

If you go to the Pearson VUE website, it will just show a status of “Taken” rather than your result. Oracle uses a separate system for scores. You’ll need to go to http://certview.oracle.com to find out whether you passed and your score. It doesn’t update immediately upon taking the test, but we haven’t heard of it taking more than an hour. In addition to your score, you’ll also see objectives for which you got a question wrong and instructions on how to get a hardcopy certificate.

At some point, you’ll get an electronic certificate, and some more time after that, you’ll receive a printed certificate. Sound vague? It is. The times reported to receive certificates vary widely.

Exam Questions

The OCP exam consists of multiple-choice questions. There are typically four to six possible answers for each question. If a question has more than one correct answer, the question specifically states exactly how many correct answers there are. This book does not do that. We say “choose all that apply” if there might be more than one correct answer to make the questions harder. This means that the questions in this book are generally harder than those on the exam. The idea is to give you more practice so that you can spot the correct answer more easily on the real exam.

You can right-click questions to cross out answers. This lets you mark answers as incorrect as you go so that you have less to think about as you read. It also helps you remember what you’ve eliminated when you go back to questions.

The exam uses two different formats for identifying line numbers. We use both approaches in this book to get you prepared. The first approach is a comment at the end of a line such as this:

list.stream() .map(s-> s.length()) // k1 .forEach(System.out::println);

One or more answer choices will refer to k1. With this approach, imports will be provided for any class definitions. For code snippets, you can assume that all necessary surrounding code is implied. The other approach is placing line numbers at the beginning of each line, like so:

4: list.stream() 5: .map(s-> s.length()) 6: .forEach(System.out::println); With this approach, the line numbers often begin with numbers higher than 1. This is to indicate that you are looking at a code snippet rather than a complete class.

If you read about older versions of the exam online, you might see references to drag-and-drop questions. These questions had you do a puzzle on how to complete a piece of code. There was also a bug in the exam software that caused your answers to be lost if you reviewed them. Luckily, these are no longer on the exam.

Getting Started

We recommend reading Appendix B, “Study Tips,” before diving into the technical material in this book. Knowing how to approach studying will help you make better use of your study time.

Next, make sure that you have downloaded version 8 of the JDK. If you learned Java some time ago, you might have version 7 or even earlier. Many of the examples won’t even compile in Java 7.

Also, please check our book page to make sure that Oracle hasn’t changed the objectives. For example, if Oracle changed their mind on whether to include serialization yet again, you’d want to know that before studying. We will post any updates that you should know about at http://www.selikoff.net/ocp.

Getting Help

Both of the authors are moderators at CodeRanch.com, a very large and active programming forum that is very friendly toward Java beginners. It has a forum just for this exam called “SCJP/OCPJP.” It also has a forum called “Java in General” for non-exam-specific questions. As you read the book, feel free to ask your questions in either of those forums. It could be that you are having trouble compiling a class or that you are just plain confused about something. You’ll get an answer from a knowledgeable Java programmer. It might even be one of us.

Who Should Buy This Book

If you want to become Oracle Certified Java Programmer, this book is definitely for you. If you want to acquire a solid foundation in Java, and your goal is to prepare for the exam, this book is also for you. You’ll find clear explanations of the concepts you need to grasp and plenty of help to achieve the high level of professional competency you need in order to succeed in your chosen field.

This book is intended to be understandable to anyone who knows basic Java. Since the exam has a prerequisite of the Associate exam, we assume that you have a good handle on that much Java. We don’t assume that you know the Java 8–specific parts of the Associate exam, since some readers are taking the upgrade exam and are new to Java 8.

This book is for anyone from high school students to those beginning their programming journey to experienced professionals who need a review for the certification.

How This Book Is Organized

This book consists of 10 chapters plus supplementary information: a glossary, this introduction, four appendices, and the assessment test after this introduction. You might have noticed that there are more than 10 exam objectives. We split up what you need to know to make it easy to learn and remember. Each chapter begins with a list of the objectives that are covered in that chapter.

Java 8 lambdas and functional programming streams are prevalent throughout the exam and appear in questions on many topics. You have to know this topic as well as you knew loops on the OCA exam. We’ve made sure to use them in many chapters so that you will be ready. For example, Chapter 2 reviews functional interfaces and Chapter 3 introduces method references. Chapter 4 covers the Streams API in detail. Later chapters use “the new approach” to writing code often so that you keep using it and become fluent.

The chapters are organized as follows:

Chapter 1: Advanced Class Design This chapter covers inheritance, including abstract classes and the final keyword. It also discusses inner classes and enums.

Chapter 2: Design Patterns and Principles This chapter teaches you best practices for designing and writing applications that lead to code that is easier to understand and more maintainable.

Chapter 3: Generics and Collections This chapter goes beyond ArrayList and shows Sets, Maps, and Queues. It also shows new methods in Java 8 on these classes.

Chapter 4: Functional Programming This chapter explains lambdas and stream pipelines in detail. It also covers the built-in functional interfaces and the Optional class.

Chapter 5: Dates, Strings, and Localization This chapter shows the improved date and time classes in Java 8. It also covers more advanced String concepts that you need to know and how to make your application work in multiple languages.

Chapter 6: Exceptions and Assertions This chapter shows more advanced syntax for exceptions than what appears on the OCA. It also covers how to use assertions to verify the state of your program.

Chapter 7: Concurrency This chapter introduces the concept of thread management, and it teaches you how to write multi-threaded programs using the Concurrency API.

Chapter 8: IO This chapter introduces you to managing files and directories using the java.io API. It also instructs you on how to read and write file data using I/O streams.

Chapter 9: NIO.2 This chapter shows you how to manage files and directories using the newer NIO.2 API. It includes techniques for reading and writing file attributes, as well as traversing and searching for files using lambdas and streams.

Chapter 10: JDBC This chapter provides the basics of working with databases in Java including different types of ResultSets.

Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions This appendix lists the answers to the Review Questions along with explanations.

Appendix B: Study Tips This appendix covers how to approach studying for the exam.

Appendix C: Upgrading from Java 6 or Earlier This appendix covers topics that are on the upgrade exam for those holding a Java 6 or earlier programmer certification. These topics are not on the main OCP 8 exam, nor are they on the upgrade exam for holders of the OCP 7 certification.

At the end of each chapter, you’ll find a few elements that you can use to prepare for the exam:

Summary This section reviews the most important topics that were covered in the chapter, and it serves as a good review.

Exam Essentials This section summarizes the main points that were covered in the chapter. You should be able to convey the information requested.

Review Questions Each chapter concludes with at least 20 Review Questions. You should answer these questions and check your answers against the ones provided after the questions. If you can’t answer at least 80 percent of these questions correctly, go back and review the chapter, or at least review those sections that seem to be giving you difficulty.

    The Review Questions, Assessment Test, and other testing elements included in this book are not derived from the real exam questions, so don’t memorize the answers to these questions and assume that doing so will enable you to pass the exam. You should learn the underlying topic, as described in the text of the book. This will let you answer the questions provided with this book and pass the exam. Learning the underlying topic is also the approach that will serve you best in the workplace—the ultimate goal of a certification.

To get the most out of this book, you should read each chapter from start to finish before going to the end-of-chapter elements. They are most useful for checking and reinforcing your understanding. Even if you’re already familiar with a topic, you should at least skim the chapter. There are a number of subtleties to Java that you may not encounter even when working with Java for years.

Interactive Online Learning Environment and Test Bank

The interactive online learning environment that accompanies OCP Oracle Certified Professional SE 8 Programmer II: Exam 1Z0-809 provides a test bank with study tools to help you prepare for the certification exam, and it increases your chances of passing it the first time! The test bank includes the following:

Sample Tests All of the questions in this book are provided, including the Assessment Test, which you’ll find at the end of this introduction, and the Chapter Tests, which include the Review Questions at the end of each chapter. In addition, there are three Practice Exams—180 questions in total! Use these questions to test your knowledge of the study guide material. The online test bank runs on multiple devices.

Flashcards Over 250 questions are provided in digital flashcard format (a question followed by a single correct answer). You can use the flashcards to reinforce your learning and provide last-minute test prep before the exam.

Other Study Tools Several bonus study tools are included:

Glossary A glossary of key terms from this book and their definitions is available as a fully searchable PDF.

Nashorn Materials Early drafts of the exam objectives had Nashorn on the exam for using JavaScript with Java. Since it isn’t on the exam anymore, this topic isn’t in the printed book. The appendix is available in the bonus contents in case you want to learn about this topic, independent of the exam.

    Go to http://sybextestbanks.wiley.com to register and gain access to this interactive online learning environment and test bank with study tools.

Conventions Used in This Book

This book uses certain typographic styles in order to help you quickly identify important information and to avoid confusion over the meaning of words such as on-screen prompts. In particular, look for the following styles:

Italicized text

indicates key terms that are described at length for the first time in a chapter. (Italics are also used for emphasis.)

A monospaced font

indicates code or command-line text.

Italicized monospaced text

indicates a variable.

In addition to these text conventions, which can apply to individual words or entire paragraphs, a few conventions highlight segments of text:

    A note indicates information that’s useful or interesting. It is often something to which you should pay special attention for the exam.

Sidebars

A sidebar is like a note but longer. The information in a sidebar is useful, but it doesn’t fit into the main flow of the text.

    Real World Scenario

A real world scenario is a type of sidebar that describes a task or an example that’s particularly grounded in the real world. This is something that is useful in the real world but is not going to show up on the exam.

OCP Exam Objectives

This book has been written to cover every objective on the OCP 8 exam along with both upgrade exams.

OCP 8 (1Z0–809)

The following table provides a breakdown of this book’s exam coverage for the OCP 8 (1Z0–809) exam, showing you the chapter where each objective or sub-objective is covered:

Exam Objective

Chapter

Java Class Design

Implement encapsulation

2

Implement inheritance including visibility modifiers and composition

1,2

Implement polymorphism

2

Override hashCode, equals, and toString methods from Object class

1

Create and use singleton classes and immutable classes

2

Develop code that uses static keyword on initialize blocks, variables, methods, and classes

1

Advanced Java Class Design

Develop code that uses abstract classes and methods

1

Develop code that uses final keyword

1

Create inner classes including static inner class, local class, nested class, and anonymous inner class

1

Use enumerated types including methods and constructors in an enum type

1

Develop code that declares, implements and/or extends interfaces and use the @Override annotation.

1,2

Create and use Lambda expressions

2,3

Generics and Collections

Create and use a generic class

3

Create and use ArrayList, TreeSet, TreeMap, and ArrayDeque objects

3

Use java.util.Comparator and java.lang.Comparable interfaces

3

Collections Streams and Filters

4

Iterate using forEach methods of Streams and List

3,4

Describe Stream interface and Stream pipeline

4

Filter a collection by using lambda expressions

3

Use method references with Streams

3,4

Lambda Built-in Functional Interfaces

Use the built-in interfaces included in the java.util.function package such as Predicate, Consumer, Function, and Supplier

2,4

Develop code that uses primitive versions of functional interfaces

4

Develop code that uses binary versions of functional interfaces

4

Develop code that uses the UnaryOperator interface

4

Java Stream API

Develop code to extract data from an object using peek() and map() methods including primitive versions of the map() method

4

Search for data by using search methods of the Stream classes including findFirst, findAny, anyMatch, allMatch, noneMatch

4

Develop code that uses the Optional class

4

Develop code that uses Stream data methods and calculation methods

4

Sort a collection using Stream API

4

Save results to a collection using the collect method and group/partition data using the Collectors class

4

Use of merge() and flatMap() methods of the Stream API

3,4

Exceptions and Assertions

Use try-catch and throw statements

6

Use catch, multi-catch, and finally clauses

6

Use Autoclose resources with a try-with-resources statement

6

Create custom exceptions and AutoCloseable resources

6

Test invariants by using assertions

6

Use Java SE 8 Date/Time API

Create and manage date-based and time-based events including a combination of date and time into a single object using LocalDate, LocalTime, LocalDateTime, Instant, Period, and Duration

5

Work with dates and times across time zones and manage changes resulting from daylight savings including Format date and times values

5

Define and create and manage date-based and time-based events using Instant, Period, Duration, and TemporalUnit

5

Java I/O Fundamentals

Read and write data from the console

8

Use BufferedReader, BufferedWriter, File, FileReader, FileWriter, FileInputStream, FileOutputStream, ObjectOutputStream, ObjectInputStream, and PrintWriter in the java.io package.

8

Java File I/O (NIO.2)

Use Path interface to operate on file and directory paths

9

Use Files class to check, read, delete, copy, move, manage metadata of a file or directory

9

Use Stream API with NIO.2

9

Java Concurrency

Create worker threads using Runnable, Callable, and use an ExecutorService to concurrently execute tasks

7

Identify potential threading problems among deadlock, starvation, livelock, and race conditions

7

Use synchronized keyword and java.util.concurrent.atomic package to control the order of thread execution

7

Use java.util.concurrent collections and classes including CyclicBarrier and CopyOnWriteArrayList

7

Use parallel Fork/Join Framework

7

Use parallel Streams including reduction, decomposition, merging processes, pipelines and performance.

7

Building Database Applications with JDBC

Describe the interfaces that make up the core of the JDBC API including the Driver, Connection, Statement, and ResultSet interfaces and their relationship to provider implementations

10

Identify the components required to connect to a database using the DriverManager class (including the JDBC URL)

10

Submit queries and read results from the database (including creating statements, returning result sets, iterating through the results, and properly closing result sets, statements, and connections)

10

Localization

Read and set the locale by using the Locale object

5

Create and read a Properties file

5

Build a resource bundle for each locale and load a resource bundle in an application

5

Upgrade from Java 7 (1Z0–810)

This table shows the chapter where each objective or sub-objective is covered for the upgrade exam from Java 7 to Java 8 OCP (1Z0–810):

Exam Objective

Chapter

Lambda Expressions

Describe and develop code that uses Java inner classes, including nested class, static class, local class, and anonymous classes

1

Describe and write functional interfaces

2

Describe a lambda expression; refactor the code that uses an anonymous inner class to use a lambda expression; describe type inference and target typing

4

Using Built-in Lambda Types

Describe the interfaces of the java.util.function package

4

Develop code that uses the Function interface

4

Develop code that uses the Consumer interface

4

Develop code that uses the Supplier interface

4

Develop code that uses the UnaryOperator interface

4

Develop code that uses the Predicate interface

4

Develop code that uses the primitive and binary variations of the base interfaces of the java.util.function package

4

Develop code that uses a method reference, including refactoring a lambda expression to a method reference

3,4

Filtering Collections with Lambdas

Develop code that iterates a collection by using the forEach() method and method chaining

3

Describe the Stream interface and pipelines

4

Filter a collection by using lambda expressions

3

Identify the lambda operations that are lazy

4

Collection Operations with Lambda

Develop code to extract data from an object by using the map() method

3

Search for data by using methods such as findFirst(), findAny(), anyMatch(), allMatch(), and noneMatch()

4

Describe the unique characteristics of the Optional class

4

Perform calculations by using Java Stream methods, such as count(), max(), min(), average(), and sum()

4

Sort a collection by using lambda expressions

4

Develop code that uses the Stream.collect() method and Collectors class methods, such as averagingDouble(), groupingBy(), joining(), and partitioningBy()

4

Parallel Streams

Develop code that uses parallel streams

7

Implement decomposition and reduction in streams

4,7

Lambda Cookbook

Develop code that uses Java SE 8 collection improvements, including Collection.removeIf(), List.replaceAll(), Map.computeIfAbsent(), and Map.computeIfPresent() methods

3

Develop code that uses Java SE 8 I/O improvements, including Files.find(), Files.walk(), and lines() methods

9

Use the merge() and flatMap() methods

3,4

Develop code that creates a stream by using the Arrays.stream() and IntStream.range() methods

Method Enhancements

Add static methods to interfaces

2

Define and use a default method of an interface and describe the inheritance rules for the default method

2

Use Java SE 8 Date/Time API

Create and manage date- and time-based events, including a combination of date and time in a single object, by using LocalDate, LocalTime, LocalDateTime, Instant, Period, and Duration

5

Work with dates and times across time zones and manage changes resulting from daylight savings, including Format date and times values

5

Define, create, and manage date- and time-based events using Instant, Period, Duration, and TemporalUnit

5

Upgrade from Java 6 or lower (1Z0–813)

If you are studying for the 1Z0–813 exam, you must read Appendix C. It covers topics that are on your exam but not the other exams covered by the book.

This table shows the chapter where each objective or sub-objective is covered for the upgrade exam from a Java 6 or lower certification to Java 8 OCP (1Z0–813).

Exam Objective

Chapter

Language Enhancements

Develop code that uses String objects in the switch statement, binary literals, and numeric literals, including underscores in literals

Appendix C

Develop code that uses try-with-resources statements, including using classes that implement the AutoCloseable interface

6

Develop code that handles multiple Exception types in a single catch block

6

Use static and default methods of an interface including inheritance rules for a default method

2

Concurrency

Use collections from the java.util.concurrent package with a focus on the advantages over and differences from the traditional java.util collections

7

Use Lock, ReadWriteLock, and ReentrantLock classes in the java.util.concurrent.locks and java.util.concurrent.atomic packages to support lock-free thread-safe programming on single variables

Appendix C

Use Executor, ExecutorService, Executors, Callable, and Future to execute tasks using thread pools

7

Use the parallel Fork/Join Framework

7

Localization

Describe the advantages of localizing an application and developing code that defines, reads, and sets the locale with a Locale object

5

Build a resource bundle for a locale and call a resource bundle from an application

5

Create and manage date- and time-based events by using LocalDate, LocalTime, LocalDateTime, Instant, Period, and Duration, including a combination of date and time in a single object

5

Format dates, numbers, and currency values for localization with the NumberFormat and DateFormat classes, including number and date format patterns

5, Appendix C

Work with dates and times across time zones and manage changes resulting from daylight savings

5

Java File I/O (NIO.2)

Operate on file and directory paths by using the Path class

9

Check, delete, copy, or move a file or directory by using the Files class

9

Recursively access a directory tree by using the DirectoryStream and FileVisitor interfaces

Appendix C

Find a file by using the PathMatcher interface, and use Java SE 8 I/O improvements, including Files.find(), Files.walk(), and lines() methods

9

Observe the changes in a directory by using the WatchService interface

Appendix C

Lambda

Define and write functional interfaces and describe the interfaces of the java.util.function package

3,4

Describe a lambda expression; refactor the code that uses an anonymous inner class to use a lambda expression; describe type inference and target typing

3,4

Develop code that uses the built-in interfaces included in the java.util.function package, such as Function, Consumer, Supplier, UnaryOperator, Predicate, and Optional APIs, including the primitive and binary variations of the interfaces

4

Develop code that uses a method reference, including refactoring a lambda expression to a method reference

3

Java Collections

Develop code that uses diamond with generic declarations

Appendix C

Develop code that iterates a collection, filters a collection, and sorts a collection by using lambda expressions

3

Search for data by using methods, such as findFirst(), findAny(), anyMatch(), allMatch(), and noneMatch()

4

Perform calculations on Java Streams by using count, max, min, average, and sum methods and save results to a collection by using the collect method and Collector class, including the averagingDouble, groupingBy, joining, partitioningBy methods

4

Develop code that uses Java SE 8 collection improvements, including the Collection.removeIf(), List.replaceAll(), Map.computeIfAbsent(), and Map.computeIfPresent() methods

3

Develop code that uses the merge(), flatMap(), and map() methods on Java Streams

4

Java Streams

Describe the Stream interface and pipelines; create a stream by using the Arrays.stream() and IntStream.range() methods; identify the lambda operations that are lazy

4

Develop code that uses parallel streams, including decomposition operation and reduction operation in streams

7