Optical and Digital Image Processing E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1607

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

In recent years, Moore's law has fostered the steady growth of the field of digital image processing, though the computational complexity remains a problem for most of the digital image processing applications. In parallel, the research domain of optical image processing has matured, potentially bypassing the problems digital approaches were suffering and bringing new applications. The advancement of technology calls for applications and knowledge at the intersection of both areas but there is a clear knowledge gap between the digital signal processing and the optical processing communities. This book covers the fundamental basis of the optical and image processing techniques by integrating contributions from both optical and digital research communities to solve current application bottlenecks, and give rise to new applications and solutions. Besides focusing on joint research, it also aims at disseminating the knowledge existing in both domains. Applications covered include image restoration, medical imaging, surveillance, holography, etc...


"a very good book that deserves to be on the bookshelf of a serious student or scientist working in these areas."
Source: Optics and Photonics News

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Related Titles

Copyright

Foreword

Optical and Digital Image Processing

Editors

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Contributors

Color Plates

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Optics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

1.3 Geometrical Optics

1.4 Maxwell's Equations and the Wave Equation

1.5 Wave Optics and Diffraction

1.6 Fourier Optics and Applications

1.7 The Human Visual System

1.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Photonics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Interference and Diffraction

2.3 Terms and Units: The Measurement of Light

2.4 Color

2.5 Basic Laser Physics

2.6 Basic Properties of Laser Light

2.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Basics of Information Theory

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Probability

3.3 Entropy and Mutual Information

3.4 Information Channel

3.5 Conclusion

3.6 Appendix 3.A: Application of Mutual Information

References

Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Image Processing

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Digital Image Representation

4.3 Image Filtering Paradigm

4.4 Frequency Domain

4.5 Filtering in the Image Domain

4.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Joint Spatial/Spatial-Frequency Representations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Fundamentals of Joint Representations

5.3 Other Distributions

5.4 The Pseudo-Wigner–Ville Distribution (PWVD)

5.5 2D Log-Gabor Filtering Schemes for Image Processing

5.6 Texture Segmentation

5.7 Hybrid Optical–Digital Implementation

5.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6: Splines in Biomedical Image Processing

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Main Theoretical Results about Splines

6.3 Splines in Biomedical Image and Volume Registration

6.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Wavelets

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Chasing Sherlock Holmes: How to Scrutinize an Image

7.3 A Natural Evolution: The Continuous Wavelet Transform

7.4 Theory into Practice: The Discrete Wavelet Transform

7.5 Mallat and Meyer Digging Deeper: Multiresolution Analysis

7.6 Going to Higher Dimensions: Directional Transforms

7.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Scale-Space Representations for Gray-Scale and Color Images

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Background

8.3 Representation

8.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs)

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Types of SLM

9.3 Fully Complex Modulation Methods

9.4 Applications

9.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Holographic Visualization of 3D Data

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Reproducing the Amplitude and the Phase

10.3 Different Types of Holograms

10.4 Holographic Approximations

10.5 Dynamic Holography

10.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Further Reading

Chapter 11: Holographic Data Storage Technology

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Holographic Data Storage Overview

11.3 Tolerances and Basic Servo

11.4 Data Channel Overview

11.5 Materials for Holography

11.6 Material for Data Storage

11.7 Media for Holographic Data Storage

11.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: Phase-Space Rotators and their Applications in Optics

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Signal Representation in Phase Space: The Wigner Distribution

12.3 Matrix Formalism for the Description of Phase-Space Rotations

12.4 Basic Phase-Space Rotators for Two-Dimensional Signals

12.5 Optical System Design for Phase-Space Rotators and their Experimental Implementations

12.6 Applications of Phase-Space Rotators in Optics

12.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 13: Microscopic Imaging

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Image Formation: Basic Concepts

13.3 Components of a Microscopic Imaging System

13.4 Types of Microscopy

13.5 Digital Image Processing in Microscopy

13.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14: Adaptive Optics in Microscopy

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Aberrations in Microscopy

14.3 Principles of Adaptive Optics

14.4 Aberration Correction in High-Resolution Optical Microscopy

14.5 Aberration Measurement and Wavefront Sensing

14.6 Control Strategies for Adaptive Microscopy

14.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15: Aperture Synthesis and Astronomical Image Formation

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Image Formation from Optical Telescopes

15.3 Single-Aperture Radio Telescopes

15.4 Aperture Synthesis

15.5 Image Formation

15.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 16: Display and Projection

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Direct View Displays

16.3 Projection Displays

16.4 Applications

16.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 17: 3D Displays

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Planar Stereoscopic Displays

17.3 Planar Multiview Displays

17.4 Signal Processing for 3D Displays

17.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 18: Linking Analog and Digital Image Processing

18.1 Introduction

18.2 How Should One Build Discrete Representation of Images and Transforms?

18.3 Building Continuous Image Models

18.4 Digital-to-Analog Conversion in Digital Holography. Case Study: Reconstruction of Kinoform

18.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 19: Visual Perception and Quality Assessment

19.1 Introduction

19.2 The Human Visual System

19.3 Human-Visual-System-Based Models

19.4 Feature-Based Models

19.5 Structural and Information-Theoretic Models

19.6 Motion-Modeling-Based Algorithms

19.7 Performance Evaluation and Validation

19.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 20: Digital Image and Video Compression

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Typical Architecture

20.3 Data Prediction and Transformation

20.4 Quantization

20.5 Entropy Coding

20.6 Image and Volumetric Coding

20.7 Video Coding

20.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 21: Optical Compression Scheme to Simultaneously Multiplex and Encode Images

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Optical Image Compression Methods: Background

21.3 Compression and Multiplexing: Information Fusion by Segmentation in the Spectral Plane

21.4 Optical Compression of Color Images by Using JPEG and JPEG2000 Standards

21.5 New Simultaneous Compression and Encryption Approach Based on a Biometric Key and DCT

21.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 22: Compressive Optical Imaging: Architectures and Algorithms

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Compressive Sensing

22.3 Architectures for Compressive Image Acquisition

22.4 Algorithms for Restoring Compressively Sensed Images

22.5 Experimental Results

22.6 Noise and Quantization

22.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 23: Compressed Sensing: “When Sparsity Meets Sampling”

23.1 Introduction

23.2 In Praise of Sparsity

23.3 Sensing and Compressing in a Single Stage

23.4 Reconstructing from Compressed Information: A Bet on Sparsity

23.5 Sensing Strategies Market

23.6 Reconstruction Relatives

23.7 Some Compressive Imaging Applications

23.8 Conclusion and the “Science 2.0” Effect

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter 24: Blind Deconvolution Imaging

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Image Deconvolution

24.3 Single-Channel Deconvolution

24.4 Multichannel Deconvolution

24.5 Space-Variant Extension

24.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 25: Optics and Deconvolution: Wavefront Sensing

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Deconvolution from Wavefront Sensing (DWFS)

25.3 Past and Present

25.4 The Restoration Process

25.5 Examples of Application

25.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter 26: Image Restoration and Applications in Biomedical Processing

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Classical Restoration Techniques

26.3 SPERRIL: Estimation and Restoration of Confocal Images

26.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 27: Optical and Geometrical Super-Resolution

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Fundamental Limits to Resolution Improvement

27.3 Diffractive Optical Super-Resolution

27.4 Geometrical Super-Resolution

References

Chapter 28: Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction considering Inaccurate Subpixel Motion Information

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Fundamentals of Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction

28.3 Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction considering Inaccurate Subpixel Motion Estimation

28.4 Development and Applications of Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction

28.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 29: Image Analysis: Intermediate-Level Vision

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Pixel- and Region-Based Segmentation

29.3 Edge-Based Segmentation

29.4 Deformable Models

29.5 Model-Based Segmentation

29.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 30: Hybrid Digital–Optical Correlator for ATR

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Miniaturized Gray-Scale Optical Correlator

30.3 Optimization of OT-MACH Filter

30.4 Second Stage: Neural Network for Target Verification

30.5 Experimental Demonstration of ATR Process

30.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 31: Theory and Application of Multispectral Fluorescence Tomography

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (FMT)

31.3 Spectral Tomography

31.4 Multitarget Detection and Separation

31.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 32: Biomedical Imaging Based on Vibrational Spectroscopy

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy and Imaging

32.3 Analysis of Vibrational Spectroscopic Images

32.4 Challenges for Image Analysis in CARS Microscopy

32.5 Biomedical Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging: Tissue Diagnostics

32.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 33: Optical Data Encryption

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Optical Techniques in Encryption Algorithms

33.3 Applications to Security Systems

33.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 34: Quantum Encryption

34.1 Introduction

34.2 The Principle of Quantum Cryptography

34.3 State-of-the-Art Quantum Key Distribution Technologies

34.4 Security of Practical Quantum Key Distribution Systems

34.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 35: Phase-Space Tomography of Optical Beams

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Fundamentals of Phase-Space Tomography

35.3 Phase-Space Tomography of Beams Separable in Cartesian Coordinates

35.4 Radon Transform

35.5 Example: Tomographic Reconstruction of the WD of Gaussian Beams

35.6 Experimental Setup for the Measurements of the WD Projections

35.7 Reconstruction of WD: Numerical and Experimental Results

35.8 Practical Work for Postgraduate Students

35.9 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 36: Human Face Recognition and Image Statistics using Matlab

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Neural Information-Processing and Image Statistics

36.3 Face Image Statistics and Face Processing

36.4 Amplitude Spectra

36.5 Making Artificial Face Recognition “More Human”

36.6 Student Assignments

References

Chapter 37: Image Processing for Spacecraft Optical Navigation

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Geometric Basis for Optical Navigation

37.3 Optical Navigation Sensors and Models

37.4 Dynamical Models

37.5 Processing the Camera Data

37.6 Kalman Filtering

37.7 Example Deep Space Mission

37.8 Student Assignment

37.9 Conclusion

References

Chapter 38: ImageJ for Medical Microscopy Image Processing: An Introduction to Macro Development for Batch Processing

38.1 Introduction

38.2 Installation

38.3 Plugin Collections

38.4 Opening Images

38.5 Developing a Macro

38.6 Further Practical Exercises

38.7 Important Websites

Appendix 38.A: Analyzing a Single Image

Appendix 38.B: Including Intensity Measurements

Appendix 38.C: Making a Function

Appendix 38.D: Batch Processing a Folder

Appendix 38.E: Adding a Dialog and Batch Processing a Folder

Appendix 38.F: Batch Processing Subfolders

References

Index

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The Editors

Dr. Gabriel Cristóbal

Instituto de Optica (CSIS)

Imaging and Vision Dept.

Serrano 121

28006 Madrid

Spain

Prof. Dr. Peter Schelkens

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Department of Electronics and

Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Prof. Hugo Thienpont

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Cover

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

ISBN: 978-3-527-40956-3

ePDF: 978-3-527-63526-9

ePub: 978-3-527-63525-2

mobi: 978-3-527-63527-6

Foreword

Optical and Digital Image Processing

There is a tendency these days for scientists and engineers to be highly specialized. It is therefore a pleasure to see a book covering a truly broad set of topics. Granted that all the topics relate in one way or another to the field of optics, broadly interpreted; however, within that broad category, this book certainly covers a breadth of subjects.

The first element of breadth lies in the joint coverage of both optical signal processing and digital signal processing. In fact, many modern signal processing systems depend on both optics and digital technologies. Images are usually the entity to be processed, and most often these images are formed by optical systems. The methods for processing such images are numerous and diverse, depending in large part upon the application.

At one time, optical analog processing held sway as the fastest method for performing linear operations on 2D signals, but the relentless progress in digital processing, a consequence of Moore's law, has displaced optical processing in many applications. However, the most interesting and complex optical systems often entail some optical preprocessing followed by digital manipulation. Good examples are found in the field of adaptive optics, in which optical methods for wavefront sensing are followed by digital methods for determining appropriate changes for an adaptive mirror.

The subject matter covered in this book ranges over many topics, which can be broadly classified as follows: (i) fundamentals of both optics and digital signal processing; (ii) optical imaging, including microscopy and holography; (iii) image processing including compression, deconvolution, encryption, and pattern recognition; (iv) signal representation, including time-frequency, spline, and wavelet representations; and (v) miscellaneous applications, including medical imaging and displays. The authors are drawn internationally, thus allowing a window into the research interests of scientists and engineers in many countries.

As mentioned above, it is refreshing to see such breadth under one cover. This book should provide interesting and informative reading to those wishing to see the broad picture of image processing and its applications through an international lens.

Joseph W. Goodman

Editors

Gabriel Cristóbal received his degree in electrical engineering from Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain) in 1979. Thereafter, he obtained a PhD degree in telecommunication engineering at the same University in 1986. He held several research positions there between 1982 and 1989. During 1989–1991 he was a visiting scholar at the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) and, from 1989 to 1992, an assistant research engineer at the Electronic Research Lab (UC Berkeley). During the period 1995 to 2001, he headed the Department of Imaging and Vision at the Instituto de Optica Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC). He is currently a research scientist at the same institute. His current research interests are joint representations, vision modeling, multidimensional signal processing, and image quality assessment. He has been responsible for several national and EU research and development projects. He has published more than 125 papers in international journals, monographs, and conference proceedings. He has been a senior member of the IEEE Signal Processing Society since 1996, a member of the Optical Society of America (OSA), EURASIP Spanish liaison officer during the period 2009–2010 and a member of the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 (JPEG2000) and WG11 (MPEG) committees.

Correspondence address:

Instituto de Optica (CSIC)

Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain

Tel: [phone] x942319; FAX: [phone]

Email: [email protected]; Alternative email: [email protected]

Peter Schelkens received his degree in electronic engineering in VLSI-design from the Industriële Hogeschool Antwerpen-Mechelen (IHAM), Campus Mechelen. Thereafter, he obtained an electrical engineering degree (MSc) in applied physics, a biomedical engineering degree (medical physics), and, finally, a PhD degree in applied sciences from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Peter Schelkens currently holds a professorship at the Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and, in addition, a postdoctoral fellowship with the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (FWO), Belgium. Peter Schelkens is a member of the scientific staff of the Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (www.IBBT.be), Belgium. Additionally, since 1995, he has also been affiliated to the Interuniversity Microelectronics Institute (www.IMEC.be), Belgium, as scientific collaborator. He became a member of the board of councilors of the same institute recently. Peter Schelkens coordinates a research team in the field of multimedia coding, communication, and security and especially enjoys cross-disciplinary research. He has published over 200 papers in journals and conference proceedings, and standardization contributions, and he holds several patents. He is also coeditor of the book, “The JPEG 2000 Suite,” published in 2009 by Wiley. His team is participating in the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 (JPEG), WG11 (MPEG), and ITU-T standardization activities. Peter Schelkens is the Belgian head of delegation for the ISO/IEC JPEG standardization committee, editor/chair of part 10 of JPEG 2000: “Extensions for Three-Dimensional Data” and PR Chair of the JPEG committee. He is a member of the IEEE, SPIE, and ACM, and is currently the Belgian EURASIP Liaison Officer.

Correspondence address:

Vrije Universiteit Brussel – Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology

Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: [phone]; FAX: [phone]

Email: [email protected]

Hugo Thienpont is a full professor at the Faculty of Engineering of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). He chairs the Applied Physics and Photonics Department and is director of its photonics research group B-PHOT, which he built over the years and which today counts about 50 scientists, engineers, and administrative and technical staff. He graduated as an electrotechnical engineer with majors in applied physics in 1984, and received his PhD in applied sciences in 1990, both at the VUB. Over the years, Hugo and his team have made research efforts in various fundamental and applied research topics, most of them in the domain of microphotonics and micro-optics. With the results of this work, he has authored around 200 SCI-stated journal papers and around 400 publications in international conference proceedings. He has edited more than 15 conference proceedings and authored 7 chapters in books. He was invited to or was keynote speaker at more than 50 international conferences and jointly holds 20 patents.

His research work has been internationally recognized by way of several awards. In 1999, he received the International Commission for Optics Prize ICO'99 and the Ernst Abbe medal from Carl Zeiss for “his noteworthy contributions in the field of photonics and parallel micro-optics.” In 2003, he was awarded the title of “IEEE LEOS Distinguished Lecturer” for serving as international lecturer from 2001–2003 on the theme “Optical Interconnects to Silicon Chips.” In 2005, he received the SPIE President's Award 2005 for meritorious services to the Society and for his leadership in photonics in Europe. In 2006, he was nominated SPIE Fellow for his research contributions to the field of micro-optics and microphotonics. In 2007, he received the award “Prof. R. Van Geen” for his scientific achievements during his research career at VUB and is nominated as EOS Fellow. In October 2007, he received the International Micro-Optics Award MOC'07 from the Japanese Optical Society. In 2008, he obtained the prestigious status of Methusalem top scientist from the Flemish government for his research track record in photonics.

Hugo Thienpont is also appreciated by his peers for his service to the photonics community. Indeed, Hugo has been member of many technical and scientific program committees of photonics-related conferences organized by international societies such as SPIE, IEEE, OSA, EOS, and ICO. One of his major achievements is the conception and initiation of SPIE's flagship symposium in Europe, “Photonics Europe.” Hugo has been general chair of this pan-European conference, which was held in Strasbourg for the years from 2004 until 2008 and in Brussels since 2010, drawing more than 2000 attendees. He has served as associate editor of Optical Engineering and Opto-Electronics Review and was guest editor of several special issues on Optics in Computing and on Optical Interconnects for applied optics and the IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics. Since 2008 he has been a member of the editorial board of the online journal SPIE Reviews. He currently serves on the board of directors of SPIE and is a member of the Board of Stakeholders of the Technology Platform Photonics21, a high-level advisory board for optics and photonics in EC FP 7.

Correspondence address:

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Department of Applied Physics and Photonic – Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT)

Pleinlaan, 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: [phone]; FAX: [phone]

Email: [email protected]

Preface

Good composition is like a suspension bridge – each line adds strength and takes none away.

Robert Henri

It should be possible to explain the laws of physics to a barmaid.

Albert Einstein

In recent years, Moore's law has fostered the steady growth of the field of digital image processing, though computational complexity remains a significant problem for most of the digital image processing applications. In parallel, the research domain of optical image processing has also matured, potentially bypassing the problems digital approaches are facing and bringing in new applications. This book covers the fundamentals of optical and image processing techniques by integrating contributions from both research communities to enable resolving of bottlenecks that applications encounter nowadays, and to give rise to new applications. Therefore, this book, “Optical and Digital Image Processing – Fundamentals and Applications,” has a broad scope, since, besides focusing on joint research, it additionally aims at disseminating the knowledge existing in both domains. A precedent of the current book can be traced back to the mid-1980s when one of the coeditors (G. Cristobal) organized a series of annual courses on the topic of “Optical and Digital Image Processing” (see Figure 1).

Figure 1 The book “Tratamiento Óptico and Digital de Imágenes” (in Spanish), edited by G. Cristóbal and M.A. Muriel and published in 1984 by the Publications department of the ETS Ing. Telecomunicacion (Polytechnic Univ. of Madrid), ISBN: 84-7402-156-1, can be considered as a predecessor to this book.

In 2008, a joint conference on optical and digital image processing was organized for the first time as part of the SPIE Photonics Europe meeting in Strasbourg. Later on in 2010, a second conference was organized at SPIE Photonics Europe in Brussels on the same topic.

Image processing using optical or digital approaches are mature fields covered by many monographs. However, in the literature, a gap exists in terms of monographs that cover both domains. The current, interdisciplinary book is intended to be a valuable source reference to bridge the gap between the optical and digital worlds and to enable better communication between them. The artwork on the cover of this book serves as a good illustration of this idea. In addition to traditional aspects of optics and digital image processing, this book includes the state-of-the-art methods and techniques currently used by researchers as well as the most significant applications. It is necessary to emphasize that a book that covers both optical and digital domains including the fundamentals, the current state of the art, and a selected range of applications has not been published so far.

The book has been structured in five different parts:

Chapters 1–4 introduce the basic concepts in optics, photonics, information theory, and digital image processing.Chapters 5–17 include the basic methodologies and techniques that serve as the foundation upon which the remainder of the book has been built.Chapter 18 serves as a bridge between the analog and digital image processing approaches.Chapters 19–34 include a selection of the most representative applications following an optical and/or digital approach. In most of the cases, the editors'intention has been to illustrate how the different applications areas have been solved by optical, digital, or even hybrid optical–digital approaches.Chapters 35–38 describe four hands-on projects allowing the reader to experiment with some of the described techniques.

This book can be used as a textbook in a two-semester course on the topic, primarily in computer science and electrical engineering departments but also in physics and medicine. This book will be a valuable reference for physicists, engineers, computer scientists, and technologists, in general, due to its integration in a single monograph of information that is usually spread across many sources.

For the reader's convenience, there is an accompanying website with supplementary material at www.wiley-vch.de. It contains selected MATLAB codes, testing images, and errata.

Gabriel Cristóbal, Peter Schelkens, and Hugo Thienpont

The Editors

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our appreciation for the quality of chapters delivered by the authors and for their efforts to keep the chapter length within the given limits. This project could not have been achieved without the valuable contributions made by a significant number of experts in the field from both the academia and industry. We are grateful to them for their willingness to contribute to this groundbreaking resource. Special thanks to Prof. J. Goodman for agreeing to write the foreword for this book.

We would like to extend thanks to all the Wiley VCH members and in particular to Nina Stadthaus, who helped us in managing the project, and to Val Molière for her enthusiastic support.

February 2011

Gabriel Cristóbal, Peter Schelkens, and Hugo Thienpont

The Editors

List of Contributors

Tatiana Alieva

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Facultad de Ciencias Fìsicas

Avda. Complutense s/n

28040 Madrid

Spain

Ayman Alfalou

ISEN Brest

Institut Supérieure de l'Electronique et du Numérique

20 rue Cuirassé Bretagne

C.S. 42807

29228 Brest Cedex 2

France

Justo Arines

Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

Departamento de Física Aplicada (área de óptica)

Escola Universitaria de óptica e Optometría (Campus Vida)

15782 Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña)

Spain

and

Universidad de Zaragoza

Facultad de Ciencias

Depto. De Física Aplicada Pedro Cerbuna 12

50009 Zaragoza

Spain

Salvador Bará

Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

Departamento de Física Aplicada (área de óptica)

Escola Universitaria de óptica e Optometría (Campus Vida)

15782 Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña)

Spain

Joeri Barbarien

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT)

Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Martin J. Bastiaans

Eindhoven University of Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

P. O. Box 513

5600 MB, Eindhoven

The Netherlands

Pradeep Bhatta

Princeton Satellite Systems

33 Witherspoon Street

Princeton, NJ 08542-3207

USA

Philip M. Birch

University of Sussex

Engineering and Design

Sussex House

Brighton BN1 9RH

UK

Pierre-Alexandre Blanche

University of Arizona

College of Optical Sciences

1630 E. University Blvd.

Tucson, AZ 85721

USA

Martin J. Booth

University of Oxford

Department of Engineering Science

Parks Road

Oxford OX1 3PJ

UK

Alan C. Bovik

University of Texas at Austin

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Austin, TX 78712

USA

Christian Brosseau

Laboratoire en Sciences et Technologies de l'Information

de la Communication et de la Connaissance

6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu

C.S. 93837 29238 Brest Cedex 3

France

Gloria Bueno

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

E.T.S.Ingenieros Industriales

Avda. Camilo Jose Cela s/n

13071 Ciudad Real

Spain

Alejandro Cámara

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Facultad de Ciencias Físicas

Avda. Complutense s/n

28040 Madrid

Spain

María L. Calvo

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Facultad de Ciencias Físicas

Avda. Complutense s/n

28040 Madrid

Spain

Patrick Candry

Barco NV

Pres. Kennedypark 35

8500 Kortrijk

Belgium

Tien-Hsin Chao

California Institute of Technology

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Mail Stop 303-300

4800 Oak Grove Drive

Pasadena, CA 91109-8099

USA

Chris Chatwin

University of Sussex

Engineering and Design

Sussex House

Brighton BN1 9RH

UK

Jongseong Choi

Yonsei University

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

134 Sinchon-dong

Seodaemun-gu

Seoul 120-749

South Korea

Leon Cohen

Hunter College and Graduate Center

695 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10021

USA

Tony Collins

McMaster University

Department Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences HSC 4H21A

McMaster Biophotonics Facility

1200 Main St. W. Hamilton

ON L8N 3Z5

Canada

Jan Cornelis

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Elsene

Belgium

and

Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT)

Zuiderpoort Office Park

Gaston Crommenlaan 8 (box 102)

9050 Ghent-Ledeberg

Belgium

Gabriel Cristóbal

Imaging and Vision Department

Instituto de óptica (CSIC)

Serrano 121

28006 Madrid

Spain

Kevin Curtis

InPhase Technologies Inc.

2000 Pike Road

Longmont, CO 80501-6764

USA

Ingrid Daubechies

Duke University

Box 90320

Durham, NC 27708-0320

USA

Rudi Deklerck

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Elsene

Belgium

and

Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT)

Zuiderpoort Office Park

Gaston Crommenlaan 8 (box 102)

9050 Ghent-Ledeberg

Belgium

Oscar Déniz

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

E.T.S.Ingenieros Industriales

Avda. Camilo Jose Cela s/n

13071 Ciudad Real

Spain

Lisa Dhar

InPhase Technologies Inc.

2000 Pike Road

Longmont, CO 80501-6764

USA

Benjamin Dietzek

Friedrich Schiller-University Jena

Institute of Physical Chemistry

Lessingstr. 10

07743 Jena

Germany

Michal Dobes

Palacky University

Computer Science Department

Tr. Svobody 26

771 46 Olomouc

Czech Republic

Ann Dooms

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 9

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Marwa Elbouz

ISEN Brest

Institut Supérieure de l'Electronique et du Numérique

20 rue Cuirassé Bretagne

C.S. 42807

29228 Brest Cedex 2

France

Rosy Favicchio

Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas

Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser

Vassilika Vouton

71110 Heraklion, Crete

Greece

Salvador Gabarda

Imaging and Vision Department

Instituto de óptica (CSIC)

Serrano 121

28006 Madrid

Spain

Anikitos Garofalakis

Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas

Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser

Vassilika Vouton

71110 Heraklion, Crete

Greece

and

Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM)

Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot

Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale - INSERM U803

4 place du général Leclerc

CEA, DSV

91401 Orsay Cedex

France

Roberto González-Morales

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

E.T.S.Ingenieros Industriales

Avda. Camilo Jose Cela s/n

13071 Ciudad Real

Spain

Bart Goossens

Ghent University

Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing (TELIN-IPI-IBBT)

St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41

9000 Gent

Belgium

Zachary T. Harmany

Duke University

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Box 90291

3463 FCIEMAS

Durham, NC 27708

USA

Vaclav Hlavac

Czech Technical University

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Department of Cybernetics

Karlovo namesti 13

121 35 Prague~2

Czech Republic

Laurent Jacques

Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)

Information and Communication Technologies

Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM)

Place du Levant

1348 Louvain-la-Neuve

Belgium

and

Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS2)

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)

1015 Lausanne

Switzerland

Peter Janssens

Barco NV

Pres. Kennedypark 35

8500 Kortrijk

Belgium

Slavica Jonic

Centre National de la récherche scientifique (CNRS)

IMPMC-UMR 7590

Campus Jussieu

Tour 22/23–5e étage

Case courier 115

4 place Jussieu

75252 Paris Cedex 05

France

Moon Gi Kang

Yonsei University

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

134 Sinchon-dong

Seodaemun-gu

Seoul 120-749

South Korea

Matthias S. Keil

University of Barcelona

Basic Psychology Department

Campus Mundet Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 171

08035 Barcelona

Spain

and

University of Barcelona

Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior (IR3C)

Campus Mundet Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 171

08035 Barcelona

Spain

Tom Kimpe

Barco NV

Pres. Kennedypark 35

8500 Kortrijk

Belgium

Janusz Konrad

Boston University

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

8 Saint Mary's Street

Boston, MA 02215

USA

Christoph Krafft

Institute of Photonic Technology Jena

Albert-Einstein-Straße 9

07745 Jena

Germany

Jung-Ping Liu

Feng Chia University

Department of Photonics

100 Wenhwa Rd

Taichung 40724

Taiwan

Hoi-Kwong Lo

University of Toronto

Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control

Toronto, Ontario

Canada

and

University of Toronto

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

10 King's College Road

Toronto

Ontario M5S 3G4

Canada

and

University of Toronto

Department of Physics

Toronto

Ontario M5S 1A7

Canada

and

University of California

Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics

Kohn Hall

Santa Barbara, CA 93106

USA

Thomas Lu

California Institute of Technology

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Mail Stop 303-300

4800 Oak Grove Drive

Pasadena, CA 91109-8099

USA

Ali Mansour

Curtin University of Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

GPO Box U1987

Perth, WA 6845

Australia

Roummel F. Marcia

University of California, Merced

School of Natural Sciences

5200 N. Lake Road

Merced, CA 95343

USA

Aneta Markova

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Elsene

Belgium

and

Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT)

Zuiderpoort Office Park

Gaston Crommenlaan 8 (box 102)

9050 Ghent-Ledeberg

Belgium

Maria Sagrario Millán García-Varela

Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya

Departament d'óptica i Optometria

Violinista Vellsolá 37

08222 Terrassa

Spain

Anush K. Moorthy

University of

Texas at Austin

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Austin, TX 78712

USA

Javier Garcia Monreal

Universitat de Valencia

Departamento de Optica

c/Dr. Moliner 50

46100 Burjassot

Spain

Adrian Munteanu

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT)

Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Michael A. Paluszek

Princeton Satellite Systems

33 Witherspoon Street

Princeton, NJ 08542-3207

USA

Elisabet Pérez-Cabré

Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya

Departament d'óptica i Optometria

Violinista Vellsolá 37

08222 Terrassa

Spain

Wilfried Philips

Ghent University

Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing (TELIN-IPI-IBBT)

St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41

9000 Gent

Belgium

Aleksandra Pižurica

Ghent University

Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing (TELIN-IPI-IBBT)

St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41

9000 Gent

Belgium

Ting-Chung Poon

Virginia Tech

Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Blacksburg, VA 24061

USA

Jürgen Popp

Institute of Photonic Technology Jena

Albert-Einstein-Straße 9

07745 Jena

Germany

and

Friedrich Schiller-University Jena

Institute of Physical Chemistry

Lessingstr. 10

07743 Jena

Germany

Ioannis Pratikakis

National Center for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’

Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications

Computational Intelligence Laboratory

P.O. BOX 60228

153 10 Agia Paraskevi

Athens

Greece

and

Democritus University of Thrace

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

12 Vas. Sofias Str.

67100 Xanthi

Greece

Bing Qi

University of Toronto

Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control

Toronto, Ontario

Canada

and

University of Toronto

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

10 King's College Road

Toronto

Ontario M5S 3G4

Canada

Li Qian

University of Toronto

Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control

Toronto, Ontario

Canada

and

University of Toronto

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

10 King's College Road

Toronto

Ontario M5S 3G4

Canada

Jorge Ripoll

Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas

Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser

Vassilika Vouton

71110 Heraklion, Crete

Greece

José A. Rodrigo

Instituto de óptica (CSIC)

Imaging and Vision Department

Serrano 121

28006 Madrid

Spain

Filip Rooms

Ghent University

Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing (TELIN-IPI-IBBT)

St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41

9000 Gent

Belgium

Hichem Sahli

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

and

Interuniversitair Micro- Elektronica Centrum (IMEC)

Kapeldreef 75

3001 Leuven

Belgium

Jesús Salido

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

E.T.S.Ingenieros Industriales

Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n

13071 Ciudad Real

Spain

Carlos Oscar Sánchez Sorzano

National Center of Biotechnology (CSIC)

Biocomputing Unit

c/Darwin 3

28049 Cantoblanco

Madrid

Spain

Anna Scaife

University of Cambridge

Cavendish Laboratory

JJ Thomson Avenue

Cambridge CB3 0HE

UK

Peter Schelkens

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT)

Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Michal Šorel

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

Institute of Information Theory and Automation

Department of Image Processing

Pod Vodárenskou vží 4

182 08 Prague 8

Czech Republic

Filip Šroubek

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

Institute of Information Theory and Automation

Department of Image Processing

Pod Vodárenskou vží 4

182 08 Prague 8

Czech Republic

Erik Stijns

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Hugo Thienpont

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Pierre Vandergheynst

Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS2)

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)

Station 11

1015 Lausanne

Switzerland

Iris U. Vanhamel

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Juan Vidal

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

E.T.S.Ingenieros Industriales

Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n

13071 Ciudad Real

Spain

Zhou Wang

University of Waterloo

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

200 University Avenue West

Ontario N2L 3G1

Canada

Rebecca M. Willett

Duke University

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Box 90291

3463 FCIEMAS

Durham, NC 27708

USA

Leonid P. Yaroslavsky

Tel Aviv University

School of Electrical Engineering

Department of Physical Electronics

Ramat Aviv

Tel Aviv 69978

Israel

Rupert Young

University of Sussex

Engineering and Design

Sussex House

Brighton BN1 9RH

UK

Giannis Zacharakis

Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas

Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser

Vassilika Vouton

71110 Heraklion, Crete

Greece