Organisational Behaviour E-Book

Rittik Chandra

• Herausgeber: BookRix
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Organizational behaviour is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behaviour within an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization's effectiveness. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management; and it complements the academic studies of organizational theory and human resource studies.

Leseprobe

Rittik Chandra

Organisational Behaviour

TO THE YOUTH OF THE WORLDBookRix GmbH & Co. KG81371 Munich

Organizational behaviour

Organizational behaviour

BY

RITTIK CHANDRA

Published by:

RITTIK CHANDRA

RITTIK PUBLICATION

93, Mahatma Gandhi Road, 1st Floor

Kolkata- 700007, India

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E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.rittikpublication.in

Cover designed by: RITTIK CHANDRA

© All rights reserved by RITTIK CHANDRA

Dedicated to the youth of the world

Chapter 1: Introduction

Organizational behaviour:

A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups & structure have on behaviour within organisations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organisation’s effectiveness.

Major contributing disciplines to OB:

OB basically draws concepts and principles from behavioural sciences and the core disciplines of behavioural sciences are psychology, sociology, anthropology and social psychology. OB draws knowledge from all these disciplines but it does not draw the whole knowledge of these disciplines but only the relevant knowledge which helps in predicting and directing human behaviour in the organisation. The contribution of core disciplines of behavioural science to OB are as follows:-

Psychology: Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain and sometime change the behaviour of human beings. Psychologists concern themselves with studing and attempting to understand individual behaviour those who have contributed and continue to add to the knowledge of OB are learning theorists, personality theorists, counceling psychologists, and most important industrial and organisational psychologists.

Recently industrial/organizational psychologists concerned themselves with learning, perception, personality, emotions, training, leadership, effectiveness, needs and motivational forces, job satisfaction decision making processes, performance appraisals, attitudes measurement, employee-selection techniques, work design and job stress.

Sociology: While psychology focuses on the individual. Sociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture. Sociologists have contributed to OB through their study of group behaviour in organisations, particularly formal and complex organizations. Perhaps most importantly, sociology has contributed to research on organisational culture, formal organization theory and structure organization technology, communications, power and conflict.

Anthropology: Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. For instance, anthropologists work on cultures and environments has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behaviour between people in different countries and within different organisations. Much of our current understanding of organisational culture, organisational environments and differences between national cultures is a result of the work of anthropologists or those using their methods.

Social psychology : Social psychology blends concepts from both psychology

Roles of OB in today’s business organisations:

OB offers several ideas to management as to how human factor should be properly emphasized to achieve organisational objectives. Human factor is not merely an instrument in the organisation but the very core of organisational existence. Since organisation is the interaction of persons, they should be given adequate importance in managing the organization. This becomes more important because of the changing dimensions of human behaviour, changing from money motivated behaviour to multimotivated behaviour. Organisational behaviour helps the managers in the following areas:-

(1) Understanding Human Behaviour -

For shaping human behaviour in definite direction for achieving certain predetermined objectives, managers must know how the people in the organisation behave. OB provides way for understanding human behaviour in all the directions in which human beings interact. Thus, behaviour can be understood at the individual level, interpersonal level, group level, and intergroup level.

Individual Level – The behaviour of human beings as a social man is the first issue in behavioural science. It provides for analysing why and how an individual behaves in a particular way. Human behaviour is a complex phenomenon and is affected by a large number of factors- psychological, social, cultural and others. OB integrates these factors to provide simplicity in understanding human behaviour.

Interpersonal Level – Human behaviour can be understood at the level of interpersonal interaction. Such interpersonal interaction is normally in paired relationship which represents man’s most natural attempt at socialization. When one focuses on the influence of one’s peer and its affect in working relationship, or examines the superior – subordinate relationships, it is obvious that the two- person is inevitable in the organisation. OB provides means for understanding the interpersonal relationship in the organisation. Analysis of reciprocal relationship, role analysis, and transactional analysis are some of the common methods which provide such understanding.

Group Level – Though people interpret anything at their individual level, they are often modified by group pressure which, thus, becomes a force in shaping human behaviour. Thus individuals should be studied in group also. Research in group dynamics has contributed vitally to OB and shows how a group behaves in terms of its norms, cohesion, goals, procedures, communication pattern, leadership and membership. These research results are furthering managerial knowledge ofunderstanding group behaviour which is very important for organisational morale and productivity.

Intergroup Level – The organisation is made up of many groups that develop a complex of relationship to build its process and substance. Understanding of

the effect of group relationships is important for managers in today’s organisation. Intergroup relationships may be in the form of cooperation or competition the cooperative relationships help the organisation in achieving its objectives. The cooperative relationships help the organisation in achieving its objectives. OB provides means to understand and achieve cooperative group relationships through interaction, rotation of members among groups, avoidance of win-lose situation, and focus on total group objectives.

Controlling and Directing Human Behaviour –

After understanding the mechanism of human behaviour, managers are required to control and direct the behaviour so that it confirms to standards required for achieving organisational objectives. For this purpose, OB helps managers in many areas: use of power and sanction, leadership, communication and building organisational climate conducive for better interactions.

Use of Power and Sanction- Organisational behaviour can be controlled and directed by the use of power and sanction which are formally prescribed by the organisation. Power is referred to as capacity of an individual to take certain action and may be utilized in many ways. Mere use of power and sanction in the organisation is not enough for directing human behaviour. OB explains how various means of power and sanction can be utilized so that both organisational and individual objectives are achieved simultaneously.

Leadership- OB brings new insights and understanding to a manager and analyses which style is more appropriate in a given situation. Thus managers can adopt styles keeping in view the various dimensions of organisations, individuals, and situations.

Communication – Communication is the building block of an organisation. It is communication through which people come in contact with others people in the organisation, particularly at higher level spend considerable time in communicating to achieve organisational effectiveness, the communication must be effective. The communication process and how it works in interpersonal dynamics has been evaluated by OB. The factors that affect communication have been analysed so as to make it more effective.

Organisational Climate – It refers to the total organizational situations affecting human behaviour. Organisational climate time a systems perspective and affects human behaviour. OB suggests the approach to create organisational climate in totality rather than merely improving the physiological conditions or increasing employee satisfaction by changing isolated work processes satisfactory working conditions, adequate compensation, and the necessary equipments for the job are viewed as only small part of the requirements for sound motivational climate. It greater importance are the creation of an atmosphere of effective supervision, the opportunity for the realisation of personal goals, congenial relations with others at the work place, and a sense of accomplishment. Thus OB has discovered a new approach of managing people in the organisation.