Our Global Lingua Franca E-Book

Gregory Diehl

• Herausgeber: Identity Publications
• Kategorie: Für Kinder und Jugendliche
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 246

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Across continents and cultures, English has emerged as the shared bridge language that connects business, arts, sciences, and entertainment worldwide. In this thought-provoking and impassioned manifesto, a globally experienced EFL educator sheds light on the humanitarian importance of continuing to spread English as a universal means of communication—most notably in parts of the world where educational standards are lacking.
This polemical and informative guide challenges prevailing English as a Foreign Language programs that most often leave learners struggling to attain conversational English fluency, despite years of enforced study and superficially good grades, test scores, and other accolades. It boldly delves into the overlooked consequences of bad English education for cultural, economic, and individual growth that disempower foreign English learners everywhere.
Our Global Lingua Franca is an essential companion for both native and non-native English instructors navigating the challenges of sub-par language learning. It will validate your frustrations about learning and teaching under the conventional approach to EFL. Intelligent without being overly academic, it offers invaluable outside-the-box advice on reading, writing, listening, speaking, grammar, vocabulary, and pragmatics to help you impart conversational English fluency and beyond.

Leseprobe

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Copyright © 2023 Gregory V. Diehl

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Any perceived slight against any individual is purely unintentional. Although the author and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the information in this book was correct at press time, the author and publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. The content of this book is for entertainment purposes only. Neither author nor publisher accepts any responsibility for the results of any actions taken on the basis of information in this book. Author and publisher expressly disclaim all and any liability and responsibility to any person in respect of the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done by such person in reliance, whether wholly or partially, upon this book.

For permission requests, write to the publisher at contact@​identity​publications.​com.

Connect with the author at www.gregor​ydiehl.net

Library of Congress Control Number: 2023914527

Orders by U.S. trade bookstores and wholesalers. Please contact Identity Publications: Tel: [phone] or visit www.​Identity​Publications.​com

ISBN-13: 978-1-945884-77-1 (paperback)ISBN-13: 978-1-945884-78-8 (hardcover)ISBN-13: 978-1-945884-79-5 (ebook)

First Edition, published in Buffalo, Wyoming, by Identity Publications.

Cover art: The Tower of Babel, Flemish School, 17th Century, Sotheby’s Lot.14. Public Domain.

For Hasmik, who made me care about the world of teaching (and the world itself) again.

“A long habit of not thinking a thing wrong gives it a superficial appearance of being right.”

—THOMAS PAINE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction: The Doorway to Global Communication

Chapter 1: Why English?

Chapter 2: Broken EFL Conventions

Chapter 3: Conversational Fluency as the Metric for Success

Chapter 4: Learner Diagnosis and Treatment

Chapter 5: English Listening and Speaking

Chapter 6: English Reading and Writing

Chapter 7: English Grammar

Chapter 8: English Vocabulary

Chapter 9: Beyond Conversational Fluency

Takeaway: Putting It All into Practice

PREFACE

IN A RECENT small group English class, I asked my students, who ranged in age from late teens to early fifties, to describe the state of their country’s public English education. After a brief discussion, they unanimously agreed that despite years of mandatory English classes, relatively few people reached adulthood being comfortable speaking or understanding any practical level of English. Those who do acquire at least conversational fluency will usually credit their competence to extra-curricular influences. My students saw their schooling as, at best, a heavily drawn-out way to get primed with the fundamentals of the English language. At worst, it wasted years of their lives, taught them explicitly wrong things about English, and made them resent having to learn the language at all.

Sadly, I’ve heard similar sentiments and seen the same consequences in every country I’ve taught in. These and countless other learners recognized that their teachers didn’t speak enough English in class, so no real immersion occurred. When the teachers did speak English, they often did so with overt mistakes in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Consistent English use by a capable speaker should have been the classroom norm, with diversions into their native language only occurring to the extent necessary to facilitate understanding.

The same learners lamented that their teachers only taught from stale State-mandated books in an assigned fashion. They didn’t use diverse activities to get anyone interested in learning in ways that would stimulate them differently or tailor their teaching to individual student needs. They knew they had to take control of their own learning and stop waiting for teachers to tell them how to get better at English, finding personally engaging English activities on their own.

Their schools, likewise, didn’t offer enough opportunities for the learners to speak and express themselves in English. The English they put into practice was always a simplified and repetitive version of the language that relied on the same basic words and constructions that did not reflect real-world use. They realized they needed to put themselves in situations requiring them to use English in ways the phony conditions of the classroom did not prepare them for.

Finally, my students recognized their schools offered little motivation to want to learn English. Those in charge of their education primarily employed the threat of punishment for not receiving passing scores to graduate to the next level of schooling. Instead, the learners should have been encouraged with strong personal motivators to learn English well. Their teachers should have opened their eyes to how English would benefit them and made the learning rewarding at every stage.

One thing was clear: The system of EFL education they withstood was fundamentally flawed. Any approach to teaching English that consistently fails to produce English speakers is, in simple terms, not working. If we wish to improve our success rate and receive all the personal and social benefits that will arise from it, we must be willing to reconsider the standards and motivations for teaching English everywhere around the world.

INTRODUCTION

The Doorway to Global Communication

WHAT IS THE most important skill people worldwide can acquire to improve their material quality of life? What knowledge could we disperse virtually everywhere that would positively impact global society, regardless of cultural or economic circumstances? The answer most often overlooked is the vital skill of communication. For members of non-English-speaking countries, learning English offers the greatest potential for improving their communication and bears the fewest costs.

Like other universally useful areas of study (e.g., basic math and physics), people in virtually every position in life can benefit from learning to communicate better. It is a critical component of a universal education and a competent worldview. Those who learn to communicate with the rest of the world can be substantially happier, wealthier, and more connected than those who don’t—all for a relatively small investment of time and effort.

The Modern Uniting of Tongues

In our modern age, communication is still commonly neglected across the globe. Relatively few people who stand to reap its benefits are actively doing so. How many problems could be fixed by little more than improving how we communicate? All knowledge and ability are affected and enabled by the power to communicate with others. Through mutual communication, we benefit from others’ knowledge and ability while offering them the benefits of our own.

We can hardly apply what we know and can do if we cannot collaborate with others. Good communication skills form the catalyst that actualizes the social value of all other skills. Limiting your communication to only a relatively small population delineated by arbitrary borders diminishes your options to acquire what you want. How differently would a world where everyone could communicate effectively with each other look and operate? How might presently unsolved problems quickly be improved or resolved?

The Confusion of Tongues (otherwise known as the Babylonian Confusion of Languages or the Tower of Babel story) is a shared narrative template that has persisted across religious and historical texts, including the Bible1 and ancient Greek2 and Mesopotamian3 myths. It tells of a time when everyone spoke a single language and, thus, could understand one another and work together and achieve common goals. Due to their pride and ambition, the gods became angry, “confounded the one language of the Earth into many, and scattered them abroad.” The once-unified people could no longer cooperate for the common good and had the progress of their civilization stifled by the forces in power over them. This myth illustrates how it becomes impossible for groups to collaborate on complex tasks once they can no longer communicate due to distance or differences in language and culture. We have been paying the price of unnecessary struggle and inefficiency brought about by poor communication.

The Growing Need for Global English

Because English is the most widely used and accessible language globally, its continuing spread as the global lingua franca4 is our best option for dismantling arbitrary barriers to communication and the problems that stem from them. If we seek a future where all people can work to achieve common goals with equal opportunities, we should recognize that improving English education is among the most viable means to attain it. Our humanitarian duty is to consider improving EFL a top priority among other efforts to reduce suffering and raise living standards by empowering people to do more than they could before.

If people claim that they or their children don’t have any use for English, it is another way of saying that they have learned to live in such a way that English is, apparently, not useful. They don’t see how adding the ability to speak the world’s most popular second language would aid them.

The same can be true of anything, however. If you never learn how to cook, you will structure your life so you never have to cook. If no one around you can show you how to drive a car, you will learn to get around without driving, just like people did for millions of years before cars were invented. People who are blind or confined to wheelchairs can still navigate the world despite these objective limitations. People anywhere may have already learned to live well without the ability to communicate with the rest of the world, but that doesn’t mean they would not still benefit from having the option and the opportunities it would bring.

The ability to communicate in English removes the most limitations from life with the smallest investment of time and effort compared to any other general skill. The ability to speak, write, and understand language is one of those generalized abilities that virtually everyone can benefit from. Still, an effective English teacher must understand that most people will only learn English if they see a pressing need for it.5 A major part of an effective EFL teacher’s job is to stoke interest and make their students aware of the benefits of learning. But the way English is conventionally taught virtually guarantees that only an exceptional minority of self-directed learners will ever achieve working fluency.

Governments throughout history have sought to promote literacy as a means of controlling and regulating populations through propaganda and indoctrination. I hope to demonstrate by the end of this book that just because something is a good idea, the way to implement it does not have to be through force and authoritarian oversight. I will argue that the path to sustainable progress in English education lies with self-aware educators finding better ways to present the benefits of learning and adopting better techniques for teaching. In time, more people will choose to learn English and other major world languages because they see it as a good way to achieve their wants and values.

A Note on Cultural Sensitivities

Nothing I have to say here directly relates to the cultural value of being able to speak a local native language. The ubiquity of English is undeniably linked to the checkered history of imperialism, as it was first introduced to many parts of the world through British colonialism, often being imposed on local populations, with both positive and negative consequences.6 But we must maintain the mentality that its present ability to fill the planet’s need for a universal bridge language extends beyond that incidental past for the good of everyone. And we must realize that there are better ways to spread new ways of thinking, acting, and communicating than through authoritarian force.

Rather than seeing this as a book about why everyone should favor global English over local languages, consider it a book about improving how the human race communicates and cooperates. Adopting modern globalized methods of thinking and acting does not contradict maintaining more traditional skills and approaches if that’s what one chooses for themselves.7 The will and autonomy of the individual must be held in the highest regard when evaluating the ethics of cross-cultural linguistic influence.

It’s not my goal to promote negative stereotypes of any given country or culture. Accordingly, I will sometimes refer to specific incidents and common practices in generalized ways. I will try to only specify the places, people, or languages involved when I consider it relevant to deriving the meaning from the experience or data I am referencing. Exactly where and among whom these things take place is mostly irrelevant to my points. What matters is that they are commonplace enough to be worth addressing.

I spent the first 18 years of my life in America. I was raised in American culture and still eagerly consume a good deal of it now. I speak American English and favor it above other variants.8 This makes me unavoidably biased in teaching and evaluating the English language and foreign learners’ competence in it. I trust the reader to discern how the advice I give and the lessons from my experiences best apply to their own situation—not that they will take my word as gospel and attempt to become my clone and mindlessly copy my approach to improving English education.

A Note on EFL Training and Credentials

This book is not intended to serve as comprehensive training on how to teach English as a foreign language. It is not meant to replace TESOL/TEFL or any common EFL language training programs or certifications. It is meant only to complement and supplement the individual teacher’s approach to and experience of helping foreign learners attain practical, conversational English fluency in whatever ways they see fit.

A lack of conventional credentials should not stop skilled English teachers from practicing their craft and contributing to English fluency. Technical certifications and even university degrees do not necessarily confer relevant knowledge and ability for teaching English. Under the wrong circumstances, they can detract from it because they might delude the credentialed teacher into assuming flawless competence for following instructions provided to them. So long as they are doing what they have been officially trained to do, they might feel they can do no wrong. They abdicate responsibility and stop analyzing the validity of their instruction. It’s a major part of why EFL is in its present predicament worldwide.

This book references “traditional” or “conventional” English education worldwide. This generalization simplifies the poor global state of how English is taught to non-native speakers without having to go into the details behind every EFL approach on the planet (a task that would be impossible in the span of this book, anyway). My experience has been that mainstream language institutions almost always hold the same vital shortcomings in common, despite the diversity of schooling institutions worldwide. If the problems I describe here do not apply where you practice EFL, feel free to ignore what I have to say about them and focus on what’s most relevant to your situation.

No one can offer a one-size-fits-all approach to language instruction. I’ve taught English or trained EFL instructors in a dozen countries9 worldwide for all levels. I’ve traveled to and lived in dozens more than that. I’ve been exposed to all kinds of official and non-official educational circumstances, from elite schools in wealthy countries to indigenous communities in jungled settings. I’ve taught young children, teenagers, adults, and those approaching their elder years in private sessions and groups of several dozen. I’ve been given strict educational doctrines to follow and allowed free rein. You, too, can employ these principles in novel ways as you explore your educational settings.

1 Genesis 11:5-8 KJV “And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech. So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.”

2 In the myth of the Titans, one of the punishments enacted by the Olympian gods for the Titans’ rebellion was forcing them to speak different languages so that they no longer understood each other. As well, in the story of Prometheus, who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humans, Zeus punished mankind by creating different languages so that they would not be able to work together against the gods.

3 Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta is a Sumerian epic poem from the 21st century BC that includes an account of building a tower to the heavens and confusing the tongues of the people.

4 “Lingua franca” is an Italian term that translates to “Frankish language.” It refers to a shared language used as a means of communication between different cultures of people, usually who do not share a native language in common, enabling them to communicate for trade, diplomacy, or other purposes. English has a history of borrowing terms like this from other languages because it has influences from many old language groups, such as Latin, Old Norse, French, and German. This contributes to its expressiveness and versatility as a shared language.

5 Linguistic constructivism proposes that learners actively construct their understanding of the world through experiences and interactions with their environment. Learning is most effective when learners can see the relevance and practical application of what they are learning and when they can apply their knowledge and skills to real-world, practical situations.

6 Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford University Press.

7 Unless those traditions forbid operating outside them, in which case, they are, in my humble opinion, coercive and should be disregarded for the good of the future generations whose personal development would be unfairly limited because of them.

8 As well, it’s been my experience that American English spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and terminology tend to be the most in-demand to learn and are seen as somewhat of an international standard for English in most countries (outside of Europe, where British English is largely preferred). The economic and cultural influence of the United States makes American English the preferred choice for casual, business, and scholarly communication.

9 Armenia, China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Ghana, Georgia, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Mexico, the Philippines, Spain, and Thailand are the countries in which I’ve been directly involved with foreign English education thus far. I’ve also taught learners from many other countries online and gotten glimpses into how the English learning process works where they live. And I’ve managed to do all this without even acquiring a university degree.

CHAPTER 1

WHY ENGLISH?

ALL LANGUAGES ARE useful. Some are much more useful than others in specific circumstances. Learning any of them should be encouraged whenever someone has a valid external reason or internal passion for doing so. But lacking other inputs for deciding which language is definitively “best” to learn, English occupies a special place above all the rest.

English is the most objectively useful language in the world. The most people speak it in the widest variety of settings (as opposed to a language like Mandarin Chinese, which, while having a higher number of native speakers, is more limited to use within China). Speaking and understanding English, therefore, offers more new opportunities in travel, commerce, employment, relationships, art, and culture that are not available to people who only speak other lesser-used languages.10

We can think of languages as currencies of information. Major currencies like the dollar and euro are the most useful in our world economy. Virtually anyone you wish to buy things from anywhere in the world will either directly accept dollars or euros or accept a currency that dollars and euros can easily be converted into. This is a direct analog of being able to speak English with people all over the world. Even if the people you want to communicate with don’t speak English, you are not often far from someone who does and can translate for you. In the same way, you can exchange your dollars and euros for other currencies everywhere except in the most remote and underdeveloped places. That’s not the case with most of the world’s minor currencies. They will only ever be accepted in commerce within their nation of origin. You might have to go to great trouble even to find someone willing to exchange them for other currencies unless you are in a major city with international financial institutions.

The international community might poke fun at Americans and Britons for only speaking English instead of being multilingual (as is the norm in many other countries). However, their multilingual proficiency might not be due to their schools being better or their people having a stronger inherent passion for language. Their countries are smaller and closer to nations that speak other languages. It’s a necessity of their geography, economy, and politics. There isn’t an organic reason for most American and British people to become conversationally fluent in other languages. For most, English already suits their needs.

English Enhances Social and Economic Opportunities

English offers a lifeline to the people of the world who need opportunities the most. If even one member of a community, social circle, or family is conversationally fluent in English, it affords everyone connected to them new social and economic opportunities. The ability to form bonds of friendship, love, and culture depends on how well we can communicate. How are we supposed to share our values, philosophies, concerns, and wants in life if we cannot articulate our thoughts and emotions to people who might feel the same way?

What if you meet your soulmate and they speak a different language than you? Finding someone to love is hard enough already. Why should we limit our prospects to only those who live near us and speak the same language? We can only marry someone who speaks English if we also speak English, even if it’s the second or third language for both of us. And suppose you happen to be living in a culture with relationship values incompatible with your own. You then have extra incentive to focus your search for a partner outside your home country.

The opportunities opened up by speaking a major world language are even more clear in the professional world. A world-class doctor who doesn’t know English might be quite limited in how they can practice. Their medical knowledge and skill alone won’t enable them to communicate with patients and other doctors. An English-speaking doctor can practice in other countries or offer their services to foreigners who come to their country seeking treatment. Indeed, they may even monopolize the English-speaking market in their field if no one else offers their services in English. Their options for studying new developments in their field also increase, such as the types of treatment and technology they can offer, meaning their business will be more profitable and their patients healthier.

Consider the potential for improvement to the state of the global economy. How much unemployment and underemployment result from simple misalignment between which skills are perceived to be in demand and which are perceived to be available in the global labor force? The inability to communicate prevents simple and mutually beneficial economic exchanges from occurring. With even a rudimentary ability to speak a shared language, job opportunities might be more quickly filled by the people most qualified to do them who would otherwise be overlooked.

Speaking English is vital to many freelancers, self-employed workers, and entrepreneurs in the modern age. English is widely used in professional settings internationally and online. It is even a requirement of many modern types of in-office employment because employers want their staff to be prepared to deal with customers worldwide. For instance, English has been the standardized international language of air travel since 2001. All pilots, flight crews, air traffic controllers, etc., must be proficient in the language to do their jobs. Virtually any professional skill will be valued higher and more competitively on the market when a larger market of buyers can communicate in the language necessary to use it. This is just a manifestation of the economic law of supply and demand. Many workers are limited to employment at whatever rates are available in their local economy. By perusing job and freelancing sites in English, skilled people have many more opportunities to exchange their abilities for competitive wages.

Similarly, English spearheads many new technologies that are developed by speakers of major world languages and designed for speakers of major world languages. Though they may eventually be localized for members of every country who speak every language, people who can understand and use them earlier than those who cannot have a powerful social and economic advantage. Think of a new type of software that increases the efficiency of or obsoletes an entire class of human workers. Suppose Company A in Canada can accomplish the same thing by purchasing and implementing one new program that Company B in Cambodia requires hundreds of workers to do. There is nothing Company B can do to compete unless they, too, gain access to such revolutionary technology, which is likely to be available in English long before Khmer.11

English is even a pathway to learning other world languages. Suppose you only speak a local, uncommon language. Your options for finding a teacher who can teach some other local, uncommon languages in your native language will likely be limited. The probability that a teacher will happen to speak the two uncommon languages you require is small. What’s much more likely is that a teacher of an uncommon language will cater primarily to people who speak one of the major world languages, English being the most prominent among them. You gain indirect access to the world’s most obscure languages by having access to English. What if you want to learn Thai, Basque, or Swahili and speak only Welsh, Mongolian, or Pirahã? English is, in a way, a universal translator of languages. Learning it opens the door to all the other languages you might want to learn.

English Publishes More Information

Hundreds of years ago, the ability to read made little difference to the average person. There was not enough written information available. An illiterate today is at a major disadvantage for not being able to directly access all the valuable written information available to the rest of us. The same arguments for the merit of general literacy can be extended to a greater degree to English literacy. The modern non-speaker of English is in a similar state of information disconnect. More material is originally published in English or translated from other languages than any other world language. This includes the most philosophically and scientifically influential books from throughout history. Any modern English speaker can read a book, watch a video, or listen to an audio recording and receive information that can change their life—information they would otherwise have had no direct access to.

People who speak even a conversational level of English have considerably more opportunities for entertainment and education than those who don’t. What should you do if you desperately want to watch, read, or listen to something not localized for your country?12 As an English speaker with internet access, I can look up virtually anything I want to know how to do in mere moments. I can learn how a car engine works or how to clean a toilet. I can buy a tool I’ve never used and start building things I’ve never built before. I can look up the history of another country or begin studying the anatomy of the human brain. Attempting anything of the same sort is significantly harder in a less-prevalent language because the same educational resources aren’t as available, and so the growth of local mentalities might be unfairly and unnecessarily bridled.

Have you ever tried to use a non-English version of Wikipedia? The difference in the number of articles and the quality/amount of information per article is staggering. At this time, Wikipedia’s English database hosts 6.5 million articles. Meanwhile, the Armenian version of the site has only 300 thousand. There are more than 20 times as many English articles as Armenian ones. Already, we can see that Armenian-exclusive speakers are operating at a significant information disadvantage when they access a database like Wikipedia.

And what about the length and quality of those relatively few Armenian articles compared to their English counterparts? If I choose a broad and common topic of study at random, such as art history, it’s easy to compare the Wikipedia articles in each language. The Armenian-language article13