Table of Contents
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FOREWORD
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
List of Contributors
Introduction
Abstract
Introduction
Parasites of goats
Life-cycle of Parasites
Transmission and dissemination of parasites
Harmful effects of parasites
Common Control Measures Against Parasites
Parasite and parasitic disease naming
Some of the important terminology related to parasitology
Refrences
Parasites of Gastrointestinal System
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
OESOPHAGUS
Gongylonema pulchrum
RUMEN/RETICULUM
Gongylonema
Gongylonema verrucosum
Gongylonema mönnigi
Cymbiforma
Cymbiforma Indica
Paramphistomum
ABOMASUM
Haemonchus
Haemonchus Contortus
Mecistocirrus
Mecistocirrus digitatus
Ostertagia
Ostertagia Ostertagi
Ostertagia Circumcincta
Ostertagia Trifurcata
Marshallagia
Marshallagia Marshalli
Trichostrongylus
Trichostrongylus Axei
SMALL INTESTINE
Trichostrongylus
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis
Trichostrongylus Falculatus
Trichostrongylus Vitrinus
Trichostrongylus Capricola
Trichostrongylus Probolurus
Trichostrongylus Rugatus
Nematodirus
Nematodirus Filicollis
Bunostomum
Bunostomum Trigonocephalum
Gaigeria
Gaigeria Pachyscelis
Skrjabinema
Skrjabinema Ovis
Capillaria
Trichuris
Trichuris Ovis
Trichuris Discolour
Trichuris Globulosa
Avitellina
Avitellina centripunctata
Thysaniezia
Thysaniezia Ovilla
Eimeria
Eimeria Christenseni
Eimeria Ninakohlyakimovae
Eimeria Hirci
Eimeria Alijevi
Eimeria Arloingi
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia
Giardia intestinalis
LARGE INTESTINE
Oesophagostomum
Oesophagostomum Columbianum
Oesophagostomum Venulosum
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Parasites of Urogenital Tract of Goat
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
General Information about Toxoplasma Gondii
Entero-Epithelial Cycle
Extra Intestinal Cycle
Genetic Diversity of T. gondii Population
Epidemiology of Toxoplasma Infection
Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis
Pathogenesis of Toxoplasmosis
Symptomatic Conditions are Classified as Acute, Subacute and Chronic
Clinical Infections in Sheep
Clinical Infection in Goat
Infection in Adult Goats
Neonatal Toxoplasmosis
Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
Treatment /Prophylaxis of Abortion
Immunity to T. gondii Infection
T. gondii and Public Health Significance
CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Parasites in the Cardiovascular System
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Importance of Cardiovascular System of Goat
Brief Description of Cardiovascular System of Goats
Harm by Parasites in Cardiovascular System
Parasites Involve in Cardiovascular System of Goats
Description of Parasites of Cardiovascular System
Elaeophora Schneideri
Life Cycle
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Family- Schistosomatidae
Schistosoma Bovis
Schistosoma Japonicum
Schistosoma Mattheei
Schistosoma Indicum
Schistosoma Nasalis
Orientobilharzia Turkstanicum
Life Cycle of Schistosoma Species
Pathogenesis
Clinical Sign
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma Brucei
Trypanosoma Congolense
Trypanosoma Vivax
Trypanosoma Simiae
Trypanosoma Melophagium
Treatment and Control
Babesia
Babesia Motasi
Treatment and Control
Babesia Ovis
Treatment and Control
Rickettsiales
Anaplasma Ovis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Pathology
Epidemiology
Treatment and Control
Eperythrozoon Ovis
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Rickettsia Conorii
Treatment
Anaplasma Marginale
Anaplasma Centrale
Ehrlichia Ruminantium
CONCLUDING REMARKS
References
Parasites in the Integumentary System of Goats
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Lice (Order: Phthiraptera)
Transmission
Control
Mites
Fleas
Ticks
Entomopathogenic Fungus
Hyphomycetes
Mode of Action
Nematodes
Predators
Parasitoids
Transgenic Pesticides Genetically Modified Organisms
Safety
Transgenic Insects/ Genetic Control for Insect Pests
Types of Genetic Pest Management
Conclusion
References
Parasitic infection of the nervous system of goats
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Cestode Causing Nervous Manifestations in Goats ("gid", "stagger", "sturdy" )
Definition
Definitive Host
Pathogenesis
Geographical Distribution
Life Cycle
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Clinical Signs and Case History
Necropsy Examination
Parasitological Examination
Histopathological Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Echinococcosis (Hydatid disease) Description
Etiological Agent
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Host
Geographical Distribution
Life Cycle
Diagnosis
Clinical Signs and Case History
Macroscopically Examination
Parasitological Examination
Fertility (Fertile or Infertile)
Ultrasonography
Laboratory Examination
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
DNA Extraction
Differential Diagnosis
Prevention
Nematode Causing Nervous Manifestations in Goats
Meningeal Worm in Goats
Description
Definitive Host (Natural Host)
White-tailed Deer
Intermediate Host
Life cycle
Clinical Signs, Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Examination
Necropsy Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Physiotherapy
Prognosis
Prevention of Meningeal Worm
Protozoa Parasites Causing Nervous Manifestations in Goats
Toxoplasmosis
Definitive Host
Intermediated Host
Etiological Cause
Transmission
Life Cycle
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Serological Diagnosis
Post-mortem Examination
Histological Examination
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Neosprosis (Neospora caninum)
Causative agent
Geographical Distribution
Life Cycle and Transmission
Clinical Signs and Lesions
Macroscopic Lesions of Aborted Fetus's
Diagnosis
Clinical Signs
Laboratory Examination
Diagnosis Technique
Microscopic Examination
Molecular Diagnosis
DNA Detection by PCR
Serology Diagnosis
Sarcocystiosis (Sarcosporidiosis)
Causative Agents
Distribution
Transmission and Development
The Life Cycle of Sarcocystis
Clinical Sign
Diagnosis
Macroscopic Analysis
Microscopic Examination of Fresh Tissues
Histologic Examination
Electron Microscopy
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
References
Parasites in the Eyes and Ears
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy of the Eye
Parasites of Eye
Setaria Digitata
Morphology
Findings of Optical Microscope
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control
Thelazia Rhodesii
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical Sign
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control
Coenurus Gaigeri
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Parasites of Ear
Genus: Otobius
Otobius Megnini
Life-cycle
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Genus Amblyomma
Amblyomma Maculatum (Gulf Coast Ear Tick)
Life cycle
Treatment and Control
Mite
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Lesions
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae
Demodex Caprae
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Treatment and Control
Lices
The Life Cycle of Louse
Sucking Lice
Biting Lice
Harmful Effects of Louse on Goats
Fleas
Conclusion
References
Parasites of the Respiratory System of Goats
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Parasites Affecting the Nasal passage
Oestrus Ovis Larvae
Parasites Affecting the Lung Parenchyma
Cystic Pulmonary Hydatidosis
Muellerius Capillaris
Common Name
Taxonomy
Geographical Distribution
Morphology
Location in Definitive Host
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Treatment and Control
Developmental Stages of Nematodes
Parasites Affecting the Trachea and Bronchi
Dictyocaulus Filaria
Common Name
Taxonomy
Description, Gross
Description, Microscopic
Location in Definitive Host
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Treatment and Control
Protostrongylus Rufescens
Common Name
Geographical distribution
Description, Gross
Description, Microscopic
Location in the Definitive Host
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Treatment and Control
Cystocaulus Ocreatus
Taxonomy
Geographical Distribution
Morphology
Location in Definitive Host
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Pathology
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Treatment and Control
Taxonomy
Location in Definitive Host
Life Cycle
Pathology and pathogenicity
Neostrongylus Linearis
Common Name
Geographical Distribution
Taxonomy
Morphology
Life Cycle
Treatment and Control
Mammomonogamus Laryngeus
Common Name
Morphology
Life Cycle
Location in Host
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Treatment and Control
References
Parasites of Liver and Pancreas
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Parasites of Liver
Parasites of Pancreas
Fasciolosis
History
Introduction
Status of Fasciolosis
Economic Importance
Fasciola Hepatica
Morphology
Life Cycle
Description of Life Cycle
Miracidium
Sporocyst
Redia
Cercaria
Metacercaria
Snail Intermediate Hosts and Their Ecology
Pathogenesis of Fasciolosis
Acute Fasciolosis
Chemical Pathology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Clinical Paradigm
Evaluation of Parameters of Blood and Liver Enzyme
Parasitological based Diagnosis
Immunodiagnostic Methods
Treatment
Control
Snail Control
Control using Biological Methods
Control using Mechanical Methods
Snail Control using Chemicals
Metaldehyde
Carbamate
Organophosphorous Compounds
Synthetic Pyrethroids
Control by Chemicals of Plant Origin
Cow Urine for Snail Control
Joint Action of Molluscicide
Bait Formulations in Snail Control
Phytotherapy for Snail Control
Vaccination of Host Animals
Fasciola Gigantica
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control
Fascioloides Magna
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Control
Dicrocoelium Dendriticum
Epidemiology
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Eurytrema Pancreaticum
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Treatment and Control
Stilesia Hepatica
Morphology
Life Cycle
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Cysticercus tenuicollis (metacestode of Taenia hydatigena)
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Risk Factors
Treatment & Control
Hydatid cysts (metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Risk Factor
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
CONCLUDING REMARKS
References
Parasites Affecting the Musculoskeletal System of Goats
Abstract
Introduction
Life Cycle
Diagnosis
Control
Epidemiology
Sarcocystosis
Life Cycle
Definitive hosts
Sarcocystis Capracanis
Morphology
S.hircicanis
Prevalence
Pathogenecity
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Examination of Microscopic Cysts
Squash Preparation Method
Tissue Grinding
For Transmission Electron Microscopy
Epidemiology of Sarcocystis
Control
Genus: Besnoitia
Life Cycle
Histology
Clinical Signs
Epidemiology
Transmission
Pathogenesis, Lesions and Clinical Signs
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Control
Economic Impact
Hammondia
Hammondia Hammondi
Pathogenecity
Hammondia Heydorni
Comparison of Hammondia Species
Oestrus Ovis
Life Cycle
Clinical Signs
Pathogenesis
Cellular Immune Response
Diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Wohlfahrtia Magnifica
Clinical Signs
Control
Taenia Multiceps
Taenia Gaigeri
Location of Coenurus gaigeri
Treatment and Control
Taenia Ovis
Life Cycle
Control
Onchocerca
Trichinellosis
Trichinella spiralis
Diagnosis
References
Diagnostic Evaluation
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
CONVENTIONAL METHODS
Diagnosis of Parasites Located in Digestive (GI) Tract
Collection of Faeces
Transportation of the Sample
Gross Examination of Faeces
Microscopic Examination
QUALITATIVE EXAMINATION
Direct Smear Examination
Concentration Methods
Procedure for Examination of Faecal Samples
Procedure
QUANTITATIVE EXAMINATION
Procedure
Procedure
FAECAL CULTURE
EXAMINATION OF BLOOD
Methods for Blood Examination
Direct Fresh Mount of Blood
Thin Blood Smear Method
Staining of Blood Smear Giemsa Staining Procedure
Romanowsky (Leishman or Wright’s stain) Staining Procedure
Thick Blood Smear Method
EXAMINATION OF RESPIRATORY DISCHARGES
EXAMINATION OF SKIN FOR PARASITES
SEROLOGY-BASED TESTS
Falcon Assay Screening Test ELISA (FAST-ELISA)
Dot-ELISA
Rapid Antigen Detection System (RDTS)
Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS)
MOLECULAR BASED TECHNIQUES
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
Luminex
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Microsatellites
PROTEOMIC TECHNOLOGY
CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Parasitic Diseases in Goats: Therapeutics and Control Measures
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Endo-parasite Control
Chemical Control (Anthelmintics)
Benzimidazole and Probenzimidazole (Albendazole, Thiabendazole, Parbendazole, Netobimin and Oxfendazole)
Macrocyclic Lactones (Ivermectin, Doramectin, Abamectin and Moxidectin)
Amino-Acetonitrile Derivatives (Monepantel, Zolvix®, Elanco Animal Health)
Salicylanilides and Substituted Phenols (Closantel, Niclosamide, Oxyclozanide, Rafoxanide, Disophenol, Nitroxynil)
Imidazothiazoles (Levamisole, Tetramisole)
Tetrahydropyrimidines (Pyrantel, Morantel)
Spiroindoles (Derquantel)
Praziquantel
Chorsulon
Pasture Management
Bioactive Forages
Copper Oxide Wire Particles (COWP)
Biological Control
Control of Snail as Intermediate Host
Anthelmintic Intoxication in Goats
Control of Ecto-parasitic Diseases
Chemical Control (Insecticide/Acaricides)
Organochlorines (DDT, HCH, Dieldrin, Aldrin, Toxaphene
Organophosphates (Coumaphos, Diazinon, Dichlorvos and Malathion)
Carbamates (Carbaryl and Propoxur)
Trizepentadienes Formamidines (Amitraz)
Synthetic Pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenvalerate, Flumethrin and Permethrin)
Macrocyclic Lactones/ Macrolide Antibiotics (Ivermectin, Doramectin, Moxidectin)
Neonicotinoids (Imidacloprid)
Phenyl Pyrazoles (Fipronil)
Salicylanilide Ectoparasiticides (Closantel)
Synergists
Benzyl Benzoate
Semiochemicals Mediated Control
Allomones
Kairomones
Pheromones
Heterotelergones
Repellents
Insect Growth Regulators/ Insect Development Inhibitors
Herbal or Botanical Ectoparasiticides
Non Chemical Control
Biological Control
Managemental Control
Immunological Control
Genetic Control
Integrated Parasite Management
Therapeutic and Control of Protozoan Parasites of Goats
Goat Babesiosis
Goat theileriosis
Goat Trypanosomosis
Goat Sarcocystosis
Goat Coccidiosis
Conclusion
References
Parasitic Diseases of Goat
Edited by
Tanmoy Rana
Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex
West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences
Kolkata, India
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FOREWORD
Parasitic infections can represent a serious obstacle to goat farming, reducing productive performance or even causing deaths. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose parasitic diseases correctly, apply the right treatment, and adopt effective prophylactic measures to raise goats efficiently. Unfortunately, it is common to adopt appropriate measures for other animals, but those are inadequate for goats. These inadequate procedures are the result of a gap in the literature regarding parasitic diseases of goats. The book "Parasitic Diseases of Goats" should contribute to filling that gap. In this book, veterinarians will find information specific to the species, which will assist them in making informed decisions. Veterinary professionals and goat producers should benefit from this book's description of parasitic diseases' etiopathogenesis, clinical effects, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. In light of all the knowledge presented in this book, I congratulate its editor, Tanmoy Rana. I hope that everyone who reads it finds it both interesting and informative.
Benito Soto-Blanco
Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery
Veterinary School Federal University of Minas Gerais
Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
PREFACE
Goats play a significant role in the economy of small and marginal families. They also play a key role in the upliftment of the socio-economic status of marginal farmers. Generally, goats are resistant to various diseases. However, they suffer mostly from parasitic diseases. They are selective feeders and require a lot of managemental practices that safeguard their health. This book generally focuses on system-wise parasitic diseases, clinical signs, advanced diagnosis, and management of parasitic diseases. The book constituents of a considerably larger amount of color photographs, illustrations, and diagrams to attract the reader. The handbook is intended for students, academicians, progressive farmers, veterinary practitioners, and extension personnel. This handbook will provide useful information for a better understanding of the parasitism of goats.
The book "Parasitic Diseases of Goats" is divided into 12 chapters emphasizing the clinical parasitic evaluation, diagnosis, and management of goats. It describes parasites of the digestive system, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, circulatory system, nervous system, reproductive/urogenital system, locomotory system, and the integument of goats. Additionally, it explores various aspects of parasitological interventions and provides recent information to veterinary professionals and farmers regarding their parasitological questions. I hope that the readers will enjoy the amazing world of parasites of goats. The control of caprine parasite infections through various endoparasite and ectoparasite management strategies has become routine for veterinary professionals, farm managers, and progressive farmers. The therapeutics and preventive management are based on clinical diagnosis of the parasites based on the detection of eggs, antigens from the parasite, seroconversion by the host, and molecular indices of the parasites. The application of drugs is based on their chemical form rather than proprietary. I am also thankful to the authors involved in parasitological research for their consultation. It is the responsibility of the veterinarian to recommend the drugs correctly based on local laws and legislation governing drugs in the practicing field. Neither any publisher nor the authors have any liability for any damage/ injury to persons or property with the application of all information and material(s) constraints for the diseases in this book. The use of any trade names or commercial products in this book is purely for the purpose of distinct information and also does not evaluate any finalization and/or recommendation by the publisher or authors. Scientists, researchers, industry veterinarians, government veterinarians, laboratory diagnosticians, veterinary technicians, and veterinary practitioners throughout the globe can consult this book to acquire knowledge about the parasitic diseases of goats.
Tanmoy Rana
Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex
West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences
Kolkata, India
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India, for providing me the opportunity to edit the book. I would also like to thank all my contributors who wrote and finished the book within the stipulated time. Moreover, I would like to convey my sincere regards to Humaira Hashmi, editorial manager of publications, Bentham Books, and other members who actively or indirectly provided me with the opportunity to edit the book. Lastly, I would like to express my special thanks to my family, who supported me in editing the book.
Tanmoy Rana
Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex
West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences
Kolkata, India
List of Contributors
Atul PrakashU.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), – 281 001, India, Mathura (U.P.)– 281 001, IndiaAbhinov VermaDepartment of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, 281001, (UP), IndiaAmit Kumar JaiswalDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura (U.P.) – 281 001, IndiaAmit SinghDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Narendra Dev University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj- 224229, Faizabad, U.P., IndiaBinod KumarDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat, IndiaBanothu DasmabaiDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, CVSc, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU, Hyderabad, Telangana-500030, IndiaBiswa Ranjan MaharanaReferral Veterinary Diagnostic and Extension Centre (LUVAS) , Uchani, Karnal, Haryana, IndiaDiksha SharmaDepartment of Physiology and Biochemistry, COVS, LUVAS, Hisar (Haryana)-125004, IndiaFathy Ahmad OsmanAnimal Health Research Institute, Doki, EL-Giza, Egypt, Agriculture Research Center, EL-Giza, EgyptG. Jyothimol1GVHSS East Marady, Ernakulam, Kerala, IndiaGaurav Kumar VermaCollege of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, 281001,(UP), IndiaH. DhanalakshmiDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, IndiaJitendra TiwariDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, DUVASU, Mathura, IndiaLunavat GopalaDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology, CVSc, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU, Hyderabad, Telangana-500030, IndiaMadhu SwamiNanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaManaswini DehuriDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Odisha, IndiaMukesh ShakyaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Mhow, Indore-453446, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaPradeep KumarU.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), – 281 001, India, Mathura (U.P.)– 281 001, IndiaRenu SinghDepartment of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, 281001, (UP), IndiaRajender KumarParasitology Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar (Haryana)-125001, IndiaShanker Kumar SinghAcharya Narendra Deva University Of Agriculture And Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya 224229, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSnehil GuptaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, COVS, LUVAS, Hisar (Haryana)-125004, IndiaSurbhi GuptaDepartment of Physiology and Biochemistry, COVS, LUVAS, Hisar (Haryana)-125004, IndiaTanmoy RanaDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, IndiaVivek AgrawalDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Mhow, Indore-453446, Madhya Pradesh, India
Introduction
Binod Kumar1,Biswa Ranjan Maharana2,Tanmoy Rana3,*
1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat, India
2 Referral Veterinary Diagnostic and Extension Centre (LUVAS), Uchani, Karnal, Haryana, India
3 Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
Abstract
Goats are livestock, which is very popular among the poor people of developing countries who cannot afford to raise large ruminants. However, small ruminant producers face significant economic threats due to parasitism. Both ecto- and endo-parasites cause significant damage to the animals that either reduces the performance or may cause death of animals. These parasites are either single-cell, protozoa or multicellular, helminths and arthropods. They enter into the host by various means, such as foods, water, penetration of the skin, from mother to foetus via placenta and/or milk, etc. A number of parasites affect the goats, leading to different kinds of diseases. Some are very serious in nature, while others cause mild to moderate kinds of diseases. Furthermore, the severity of the disease depends upon different factors associated with the animals, like age, sex, and breed, parasites like species/strain, quantum of infection, virulence, and environment factors like temperature, humidity, soil type, food, management, etc. Management of parasites is somewhat challenging in the extensive system, while it can be well managed in the intensive system of animal rearing by following the good practices of management.
Keywords: Arthropod, Goat, Helminth, Host, Parasite, Protozoa, Parasitism.
*Corresponding author Tanmoy Rana: Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India; E-mail:
[email protected]
