Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds A complete reference for veterinary pathologists, residents, and students interested in avian diseases The revised third edition of Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds delivers a comprehensive reference to gross and microscopic lesions found in birds, as well as the implications of these diseases. This third edition includes improved coverage of normal anatomy and of advanced diagnostic techniques, including special stains, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and molecular diagnostics. The authors offer an extensive collection of more than 1200 high-quality, full-color images. New chapters cover the postmortem examination; gross and microscopic anatomy; advanced diagnostics; and cytology. Specific chapters address diseases of passerines, Columbidae, and raptors, and other chapters are intuitively organized by body system. The book also provides: * A thorough introduction to the preparation and interpretation of cytological samples * Comprehensive tables of infectious diseases and published avian primers and IHC markers * Practical discussion of diseases of the liver, urinary system, reproductive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, alimentary system, integument, special senses, and more. * High-quality and annotated macroscopic and microscopic images that bolster the text and benefit the reader Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds is an essential resource for veterinary pathologists and pathology residents, and will also benefit avian practitioners and veterinary students with an interest in diseases of pet birds and birds in avicultural collections. As many diseases in captive birds also manifest in wild birds, the book will appeal to those interested in the diseases and pathology of wild birds.
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Seitenzahl: 1737
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
1 Anatomy and Postmortem Examination
Avian Anatomy
Postmortem Procedures
Additional Reading
2 Cardiovascular System
Congenital Anomalies
Pericardial Disease
Heart Disease
Vascular Disease
Additional Reading
3 Respiratory System
Normal Structure
Upper Respiratory Disease
Lower Respiratory Disease
Additional Reading
4 Gastrointestinal System and Pancreas
Normal Microscopic Anatomy
Gastrointestinal Disease
Beak
Oral Cavity
Esophagus and Crop
Proventriculus
Ventriculus
Small and Large Intestines
Cloaca
Exocrine Pancreas
Additional Reading
5 Liver
Normal Anatomy
Congenital Disease
Infectious Disease
Noninfectious Disease
Gallbladder
Neoplasia
Non‐neoplastic Epithelial Proliferative Lesions
Additional Reading
6 Urinary System
Normal Structure
Systemic Effects of Renal Failure
Renal Disease
Additional Reading
7 Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Additional Reading
8 Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreatic Islets
Ultimobranchial Bodies
Carotid Bodies, Aortic Bodies, Pineal Gland, and Gastrointestinal Endocrine System
Additional Reading
9 Lymphatic and Hematopoietic System
Normal Structure
Immunity
Disease
Additional Reading
10 Musculoskeletal System
Skeletal Muscle
Tendons and Ligaments
Bone and Cartilage
Disease of the Joints
Additional Reading
11 Nervous System
Unique Anatomy of the Avian Neurological System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Additional Reading
12 Integument
The Normal Anatomy of the Skin and Feathers
External Examination: Skin and Subcutis
Congenital and Acquired Malformations
Infectious Disease
Noninfectious Disease
Additional Reading
13 Special Sense Organs
Eye
Ear
Olfactory/Taste Organs
Somatosensory Receptors
Additional Reading
14 Peritoneum and Mesenteries
Structure
Effusions
Inflammatory Disease
Infectious Disease
Noninfectious Diseases
Disclaimer
Additional Reading
15 Doves and Pigeons
Congenital Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Non‐infectious Conditions
Additional Reading
16 Passerine Birds
Normal Structure
Congenital Disease
Infectious Disease
Noninfectious Disease
Neoplasia
Non‐neoplastic Proliferative Lesions
Additional Reading
17 Raptors
Normal Structure
Congenital Malformations
Infectious Disease
Parasites
Noninfectious Disease
Neoplastic Disease
Miscellaneous
Additional Reading
18 Cytology
Part I: Normal Cytology
Part II: Diagnostic Cytology
Additional Reading
19 Advanced Diagnostics
Introduction
Special Histologic Stains Used as Ancillary Diagnostic Testing in Avian Species
Immunohistochemistry
In Situ Hybridization
Molecular Diagnostics
Targeted Molecular Diagnostics
Sequencing Technologies
Future Diagnostics
Additional Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Checklist for system evaluation during the postmortem examination...
Table 1.2 Checklist for sample collection during the postmortem examination...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Features of select brain neoplasia diagnosed in bird species.
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Morphologic characteristics of viral inclusion bodies in cytolog...
Table 18.2 Cytologic characteristics of bacterial pathogens.
Table 18.3 Cytologic characteristics of fungal pathogens.
Table 18.4 Cytolgic characteristics of parasitic pathogens.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Commonly used special histologic stains in avian species.
Table 19.2 Antigen markers to investigate neoplasia.
Table 19.3 List of selected antigen markers identified in formalin‐fixed pa...
Table 19.4 Immunohistochemical diagnosis of infectious diseases in birds.
Table 19.5 Infectious agents detected in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded a...
Table 19.6 Molecular primer and probe sequences for detection of avian dise...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Brood patch (incubation patch) in a female Cedar Waxwing (
Bombyci
...
Figure 1.2 Normal wing feather (remex—plural remiges). Proximal umbilicus (A...
Figure 1.3 Base of normal developing feather. Feather sheath (A), pulp (B), ...
Figure 1.4 Herbst corpuscles beneath the epidermis of the beak.
Figure 1.5
Amazona
sp. parrot with setae (bristles) covering the cere.
Figure 1.6 Operculum or bony tubercle in the left nare of a Turquoise‐fronte...
Figure 1.7 Normal uropygial (preen) gland above the base of the rectrices. T...
Figure 1.8 Avian long bone illustrating the interconnecting spicules in the ...
Figure 1.9 Lateral view and cross‐section of the casque from a Rhinoceros Ho...
Figure 1.10 Pectoral girdle. The coracoids (A) articulate and extend between...
Figure 1.11 Six sternal ribs with intercostal joints (arrow) that articulate...
Figure 1.12 Pituitary gland (star) in the sella turcica of the pneumatized s...
Figure 1.13 Thyroid (A) and parathyroid (B) glands. Note the similarity in s...
Figure 1.14 Topography of the thyroid gland (TG), parathyroid gland (PG), ul...
Figure 1.15 Location of avian adrenal glands (B). Head of the bird is to the...
Figure 1.16 Adrenal gland with intermingled cortex (interrenal cells) (C) an...
Figure 1.17 Heart from a Common Ostrich (
Struthio camelus
). Image A: Right a...
Figure 1.18 The Harderian gland with interstitial plasma cells (stars), adja...
Figure 1.19 Normal thymus in a young bird. The trachea is visible in the bot...
Figure 1.20 Normal bursa of Fabricius (arrow) in a young
Amazona
sp. parrot....
Figure 1.21 Bursal follicle from a Costa’s Hummingbird (
Calypte costae
) with...
Figure 1.22 Normal oval spleen in a psittacine bird (A) and linear spleen (a...
Figure 1.23 Topography of the spleen (S) relative to the liver (L), duodenum...
Figure 1.24 Splenic histology. Capsule (arrow), penicillary arterioles/capil...
Figure 1.25 Bone marrow from the vertebral body of an adult male Brewer’s Sp...
Figure 1.26 The v‐shaped choanal fissure with caudally projecting keratinize...
Figure 1.27 Oral cavity (OC) communicating with the nasal cavity (NC) via th...
Figure 1.28 Nares, nasal cavity, and infraorbital sinus (*) exposed in a dom...
Figure 1.29 Syrinx with prominent syringeal muscles (arrows) in a male House...
Figure 1.30 Normal syringeal bulla in a duck. The trachea is to the left, ex...
Figure 1.31 Lung from a Brewer’s Sparrow (
Spizella breweri
) with parabronchi...
Figure 1.32 Lung from a Brewer’s Sparrow (
Spizella breweri
) with parabronchi...
Figure 1.33 Esophagus from a Woodhouse’s Scrub Jay (
Aphelocoma woodhouseii
)....
Figure 1.34 Relative topography of the crop (C), distal esophagus (E), prove...
Figure 1.35 Proventriculus from an Anna’s Hummingbird (
Calypte anna
). The ma...
Figure 1.36 Junction of ventriculus (V) and duodenum (D) with adjacent pancr...
Figure 1.37 Ventriculus with prominent eosinophilic koilin from an Anna’s Hu...
Figure 1.38 Gross (A) and microscopic (B) views of the duodenal loop with pa...
Figure 1.39 Small paired ceca (arrows) in a Black‐throated Sparrow (
Amphispi
...
Figure 1.40 Examples of light islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
Figure 1.41 Liver from a Gambel’s Quail (
Callipepla gambelii
) with subdivisi...
Figure 1.42 Normal bilobed liver and oblong gallbladder from a Rhinoceros Ho...
Figure 1.43 Normal bilobed liver and long cylindrical gallbladder from a Kee...
Figure 1.44 Avian liver with central vein (A) and bile duct (arrow). The sin...
Figure 1.45 Pale tan liver in a male juvenile
Calypte
sp. hummingbird (an al...
Figure 1.46 Embryonic avian liver with numerous hematopoietic cells in the s...
Figure 1.47 Normal kidney with cranial (A), middle (B), and caudal (C) divis...
Figure 1.48 Normal kidney in a female Northern Rough‐winged Swallow (
Stelgid
...
Figure 1.49 Normal kidney. Cortical areas (A), medullary zones (B), glomerul...
Figure 1.50 Cortex (C) and medullary cones (MC) in the kidney from a Cactus ...
Figure 1.51 Higher magnification of kidney. Intralobular vein (arrow) and ar...
Figure 1.52 Kidney of a recently hatched Rock Dove (
Columba livia
). An area ...
Figure 1.53 Asymmetry of the testes in a Rock Dove (
Columba livia
). The adja...
Figure 1.54 Normal testes, immature on the left and mature, active on the ri...
Figure 1.55 Testicle (A) and epididymis (B). Upper inset: normal inactive se...
Figure 1.56 Normal immature ovary (arrow). Note the granular surface.
Figure 1.57 Normal ovary in an adult laying bird showing pendulous, yolk‐fil...
Figure 1.58 Ovary, with follicles (asterisks) separated by medullary regions...
Figure 1.59 The ovary (G) and oviduct (H) in reproductively active females f...
Figure 1.60 Juvenile female House Finch (
Haemorhous mexicanus
) with immature...
Figure 1.61 Magnum of an Anna’s Hummingbird (
Calypte anna
) showing prominent...
Figure 1.62 A partially pigmented egg dilates the terminal portion of the ov...
Figure 1.63 Normal vagina with prominent longitudinal folds.
Figure 1.64 Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) aspects of the normal avian br...
Figure 1.65 Gelatinous (glycogen) body (arrow) in the spinal cord of a chick...
Figure 1.66 Skin (A) and cranial sclera composed of scleral ossicle (B), hya...
Figure 1.67 Avian lens with lens vesicle (arrow).
Figure 1.68 Optic nerve (A), retina, pecten, lens, vitreous, and periocular ...
Figure 1.69 Avian pecten extending into the vitreous of the posterior segmen...
Figure 1.70 Portion of the inner ear within temporal bone. Brain parenchyma ...
Figure 1.71 Diagram of an egg. A‐yolk, B‐chalazae, C‐albumen, D‐germinal dis...
Figure 1.72 Early avian embryo.
Figure 1.73 Examples of tools used to perform a PM on the average avian subj...
Figure 1.74 Sample scale bar for use in photographs taken during postmortem ...
Figure 1.75 Tissue cassettes used for histological processing can be used to...
Figure 1.76 A glass slide with impression smears of multiple organs from the...
Figure 1.77 Assessment of body condition is based on the appearance of the p...
Figure 1.78 Examination of the oral cavity and ears of a Rock Dove (
Columba
...
Figure 1.79 Examine the uropygial gland.
Figure 1.80 A Rock Dove (
Columba livia
) with the skin dissected from the nec...
Figure 1.81 Audubon’s Warbler (
Setophaga auduboni
), male, with extensive and...
Figure 1.82 A Rock Dove (
Columba livia
) with the muscle overlying the coelom...
Figure 1.83 A Rock Dove (
Columba livia
) showing the location on the pectoral...
Figure 1.84 Rock Dove (
Columba livia
) necropsy illustrating where to cut the...
Figure 1.85 Intact pectoral girdle with sternum from a domestic goose. Left ...
Figure 1.86 A Rock Dove (
Columba livia)
showing the edge of an air sac membr...
Figure 1.87 Dissection of a Rock Dove (
Columba livia
) that illustrates the r...
Figure 1.88 The opened neck area, with the crop to the left and the heart to...
Figure 1.89 Heart opened from base to apex.
Figure 1.90 Location to transect heart (left image) and cross‐section of hea...
Figure 1.91 Examination of the opened heart. The left atrioventricular valve...
Figure 1.92 The lower jaw’s oral cavity (left image) illustrating the mandib...
Figure 1.93 Opening the trachea commencing at the glottis.
Figure 1.94 Removal of the lungs from the dorsal body wall using forceps and...
Figure 1.95 Normal liver from a Eurasian Collared Dove (
Streptopelia decaoct
...
Figure 1.96 Passeriforme spleen (A) at the junction of proventriculus (B) an...
Figure 1.97 Opened cloaca illustrating its three compartments: coprodeum, ur...
Figure 1.98 Vent opening. A circumferential incision is made to remove the e...
Figure 1.99 Examination of the esophagus (E), proventriculus (P), and ventri...
Figure 1.100 The small intestine exits the ventriculus at the pylorus and co...
Figure 1.101 Adrenal glands (A), inactive, pigmented testes (B), and kidneys...
Figure 1.102 Adult male Northern Mockingbird (
Mimus polyglottos
) with large,...
Figure 1.103 Ovary (A) and oviduct (B) from an adult Mourning Dove (
Zenaida
...
Figure 1.104 Kidneys, adrenal glands, and testes removed as a unit from the ...
Figure 1.105 A. Sciatic nerves passing into the ilioishiadic foramina (arrow...
Figure 1.106 Illustrating the technique for differentiating thigh muscle sam...
Figure 1.107 Tibiotarsus opened by rongeurs to reveal the marrow, which can ...
Figure 1.108 Postmortem pooling of blood in the calvarium of a
Neophema
sp. ...
Figure 1.109 Removal of the calvarium (A) to allow the brain to fix, and lon...
Figure 1.110 Sequence of brain removal. The skin is peeled away from the cra...
Figure 1.111 Exposing the atlanto‐occipital junction prior to removing the c...
Figure 1.112 Removal of the eyes. The eyelids and soft tissue have been remo...
Figure 1.113 Removal of the vertebral column from the carcass by shearing th...
Figure 1.114 Removal of a section of cervical spinal cord from the vertebral...
Figure 1.115 Pigmented egg from a Gambel’s Quail (
Callipepla gambelii
). The ...
Figure 1.116 A fertilized egg from a White‐winged Dove (
Zenaida asiatica
) wi...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Interventricular septal defect (arrowhead).
Figure 2.2 Interatrial septal defect (arrow) in a 3‐month‐old duck.
Figure 2.3 A suspected congenital myocardial lesion comprised of irregular, ...
Figure 2.4 Fibrinous epicarditis due to
Salmonella
serovar Pullorum in a chi...
Figure 2.5 Serofibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis due to a systemic infe...
Figure 2.6 Chronic serofibrinous epicarditis with intralesional
Escherichia
...
Figure 2.7 Chronic serofibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis caused by
Esch
...
Figure 2.8 Higher magnification of Figure 2.6.
Escherichia coli
are containe...
Figure 2.9 Pericardial and epicardial urate deposits in a Black Crake (
Zapor
...
Figure 2.10 Red‐tinged partially congealed proteinaceous pericardial effusio...
Figure 2.11 An adult female Lazuli Bunting (
Passerina amoena
) with hemoperic...
Figure 2.12 Pericardial effusion subsequent to myocardial damage due to
Gamm
...
Figure 2.13 A window collision causing hemopericardium (A) resulting from a ...
Figure 2.14 Trauma to the pectoral girdle causing dislocation of the right c...
Figure 2.15 Trauma to the sternum (circle) causing a fracture that protrudes...
Figure 2.16 Trauma causing luxation of the right coracoid (sternum removed) ...
Figure 2.17 Polyomavirus infection in a Blue‐and‐yellow Macaw causing patchy...
Figure 2.18 Myocardial hemorrhage due to
Gammapolyomavirus
infection.
Figure 2.19 Severe myocardial degeneration and hemorrhage due to
Gammapolyom
...
Figure 2.20 Lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis in a cockatoo infected with
Gammap
...
Figure 2.21 Areas of myocardial pallor and asymmetrical ventricular dilatati...
Figure 2.22 Epicardial lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis in a bird with prov...
Figure 2.23 Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in cardiac conduction fibers in a...
Figure 2.24 Ruffed Grouse (
Bonasa umbellus
) infected with West Nile virus. M...
Figure 2.25 Myocardial hemorrhage caused by highly pathogenic avian influenz...
Figure 2.26 Myocardial necrosis (areas of pallor) caused by highly pathogeni...
Figure 2.27 Coagulative myocardial necrosis caused by highly pathogenic avia...
Figure 2.28 Hemorrhagic epicarditis in a duck caused by
Mardivirus anatidalp
...
Figure 2.29 Multifocal to confluent lesions due to bacterial myocarditis in ...
Figure 2.30 Cross‐section of a heart from a chicken with right ventricular y...
Figure 2.31 Heart from a Marabou Stork (
Leptoptilos crumenifer
) with aortic ...
Figure 2.32 Acute bacterial myocarditis in a canary. There is necrosis and a...
Figure 2.33 Subacute to chronic myocarditis composed of abundant bacteria (d...
Figure 2.34 Myocardial mycobacteriosis consisting of numerous large infiltra...
Figure 2.35 Myocarditis due to an unclassified intracellular bacterium. Note...
Figure 2.36 Unclassified intracellular organisms from Figure 2.35. Ultrastru...
Figure 2.37 The organism has an undulating outer membrane, a nucleoid with d...
Figure 2.38 A large granuloma (arrows) due to infection by
Aspergillus
sp. i...
Figure 2.39 Multiple sarcocysts of
Sarcocystis
sp. in the myocardium of a co...
Figure 2.40 Myocardial necrosis and chronic inflammation associated with agg...
Figure 2.41 Myocardial hemorrhage and necrosis in a Northern Raven (
Corvus c
...
Figure 2.42 Higher magnification of Figure 2.41 in a Northern Raven showing ...
Figure 2.43 Filarid worms in a hepatic portal vein.
Figure 2.44 Microfilaria in a pulmonary thrombus.
Figure 2.45 Thickened brachiocephalic artery (arrow) due to infection with
F
...
Figure 2.46 Cross‐sections of
Filarioidea
sp. amongst aortic intimal and med...
Figure 2.47 Pulmonary artery with suspected filarial nematodes within the ou...
Figure 2.48 Granulomatous myocarditis in a Scarlet Macaw (
Ara macao
) due to ...
Figure 2.49 Serous atrophy of fat at the heart base in an emaciated juvenile...
Figure 2.50 Multiple foci of myofiber mineralization in a pelican with vitam...
Figure 2.51 Myofiber necrosis and mineralization as a part of systemic chang...
Figure 2.52 Severe myocardial fatty change probably associated with long‐ter...
Figure 2.53 Fibrosis, focal heterotopic bone formation, and fatty degenerati...
Figure 2.54 Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (left) and normal heart (right) in ...
Figure 2.55 Myocardial degeneration due to vitamin E deficiency in a screame...
Figure 2.56 Contraction band formation and early myofiber fragmentation in a...
Figure 2.57 Necrosis of myofibers and severe mineralization in chronic nutri...
Figure 2.58 Hypereosinophilic, astriated, and smudgy cardiomyocytes with con...
Figure 2.59 Focal endocardiosis of the mitral valve (arrow) in a geriatric R...
Figure 2.60 Endocardiosis of the mitral valve thickened by sclerosis, cartil...
Figure 2.61 Focal heterotopic bone in the atrium of the heart.
Figure 2.62 Myodegeneration, sarcolemmal proliferation, and nonsuppurative i...
Figure 2.63 Myocardial necrosis (circled) from lead poisoning in a Bald Eagl...
Figure 2.64 Myocardial failure with hydropericardium from lead poisoning in ...
Figure 2.65 Myocardial degeneration and fibrosis from lead poisoning in a Ba...
Figure 2.66 Fibrinoid degeneration of mesenteric arteries due to lead poison...
Figure 2.67 Myocardial degeneration, fibrosis, and arterial fibrinoid degene...
Figure 2.68 Fibrosarcoma in a Budgerigar replacing myofibers of the ventricl...
Figure 2.69 Lymphoma in a Cockatiel infiltrating and effacing the myocardium...
Figure 2.70 Myocardial histiocytosis in a macaw. Inset: detail of irregular ...
Figure 2.71 PCR‐confirmed Marek’s disease in a Chicken. T‐cell neoplastic ly...
Figure 2.72 Chronic aortitis in an
Amazona
sp. parrot due to
Mycobacterium
s...
Figure 2.73 Acid‐fast stain of diffuse infiltration of an artery wall by lar...
Figure 2.74 Locally extensive fungal arteritis (arrows) of the left carotid ...
Figure 2.75 Vasculitis and fibrinoid degeneration of a vessel wall in an Emu...
Figure 2.76 Separation of the aortic wall in a dissecting aneurysm. Original...
Figure 2.77 Ruptured aortic aneurysm in a duck with associated severe hemorr...
Figure 2.78 Rupture of the aortic wall in an ostrich. This is often the sequ...
Figure 2.79 Coalescing yellow atherosclerotic plaques thicken the intima of ...
Figure 2.80 Early atherosclerotic lesion with foam cells and cholesterol cle...
Figure 2.81 Heart base artery with a lumen narrowed by a thickened intima co...
Figure 2.82 Severe arterial thickening due to atherosclerosis. Note the earl...
Figure 2.83 Narrowed intramyocardial arteries with tunica media that are dis...
Figure 2.84 Biventricular heart failure in a macaw with atherosclerosis. The...
Figure 2.85 Mineralization of the arteriolar wall of a Budgerigar secondary ...
Figure 2.86 Amyloidosis of the arteriolar walls in the thyroid gland of a fl...
Figure 2.87 Thrombosis of the jugular vein (arrows) in an
Amazona
sp. parrot...
Figure 2.88 Invasion of a pulmonary artery by fungal hyphae (arrows) caused ...
Figure 2.89 Artery of the pulmonary pleura of a 1‐month‐old Crested Caracara...
Figure 2.90 Bone marrow embolus with fat and hematopoietic tissue in a macaw...
Figure 2.91 Red‐brown mass typical of cutaneous and subcutaneous hemangioma ...
Figure 2.92 Typical appearance of hemangioma. Well‐differentiated endothelia...
Figure 2.93 Hemangiosarcoma involving the skin and deeper tissues. The borde...
Figure 2.94 Poorly defined vascular channels and solid foci in hemangiosarco...
Figure 2.95 Lymphangioma comprised of dilated lymphatic channels containing ...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Detail of setae on the cere of a Red‐bellied Parrot (
Poicephalus
...
Figure 3.2 Histologic appearance of normal vestibular epithelium.
Figure 3.3 Normal appearance of nare with operculum (bony trabecula—arrow) i...
Figure 3.4 Normal, looped trachea occupying the modified keel in a Trumpeter...
Figure 3.5 Chronic, unilateral beak defect due to traumatic injury affecting...
Figure 3.6 Proliferative nasal, perinasal, periocular, and ear canal lesions...
Figure 3.7 Proliferative and necrotic pharyngeal lesions due to poxvirus inf...
Figure 3.8 Poxvirus in the nasal sinuses of a Blue Jay.
Figure 3.9 Marked swelling and feather loss secondary to sinusitis in a Budg...
Figure 3.10 Epithelial hyperplasia and sloughing with heterophilic exudate i...
Figure 3.11 Bacterial sinusitis. Detail of mixed inflammatory response.
Figure 3.12 Detail of myositis and synovitis as seen in temporomandibular ri...
Figure 3.13 Severe beak overgrowth involving the rhinotheca and gnathotheca ...
Figure 3.14 Large mats of fungal hyphae (arrows) and necrotic debris in myco...
Figure 3.15 Severe
Cryptococcus
sp. infection in a cockatoo resulting in mar...
Figure 3.16 Sinusitis due to
Cryptococcus
sp. infection in an
Amazona
sp. pa...
Figure 3.17 Trachea with epithelial necrosis and apical intracellular but ex...
Figure 3.18 Periodic acid‐Schiff reaction of the trachea in Fig. 3.17 (A) an...
Figure 3.19 Nematode (
Aprocta
sp.) in the infraorbital sinus of a Cooper’s H...
Figure 3.20 Metaplasia of pharyngeal and glandular mucosa in a bird fed a vi...
Figure 3.21 Rhinolith distorting the left nare secondary to vitamin A defici...
Figure 3.22 Foreign material in the nasal cavity of an 8‐day‐old lorikeet (A...
Figure 3.23 Sagittal section through the head reveals a nasosinus carcinoma ...
Figure 3.24 Nasosinus carcinoma in a parakeet with numerous trabecular struc...
Figure 3.25 Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx.
Figure 3.26 Lymphoma involving the sinus and entire facial region of an
Amaz
...
Figure 3.27 Beak distortion due to melanoma in a penguin.
Figure 3.28 Pharyngeal necrosis and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies, som...
Figure 3.29 Sagittal section of the head reveals rhinitis/sinusitis due to a...
Figure 3.30 A finch with cytomegalic herpesvirus (
Alphaherpesvirinae
) infect...
Figure 3.31
Gammapolyomavirus
infection causing tracheal mucosal proliferati...
Figure 3.32 Proliferative tracheitis and luminal caseous exudate in an
Amazo
...
Figure 3.33 Fibrinoulcerative laryngitis (A) and proximal tracheitis (B) in ...
Figure 3.34 Marked lymphoplasmacytic and heterophilic inflammation with fibr...
Figure 3.35 Segmental
Aspergillus
sp. tracheitis in a Saddle‐billed Stork (
E
...
Figure 3.36 Severe tracheal aspergillosis with subepithelial inflammation an...
Figure 3.37 Grocott’s methenamine sliver stain highlights numerous
Aspergill
...
Figure 3.38
Trichomonas gallinae
infection of the soft tissues surrounding a...
Figure 3.39 Trichomoniasis of the trachea of a Rock Dove (
Columba livia
) wit...
Figure 3.40
Syngamus
sp. and exudate within the tracheal lumen of a duck.
Figure 3.41 Tracheal infection by
Syngamus
sp. of a duck associated with inf...
Figure 3.42 Digenean trematodes, likely
Typhlocoelum cucumerinum
, at the ope...
Figure 3.43 Small black foci indicative of tracheal mites in a canary.
Figure 3.44 Tracheal infection by
Sternostoma tracheacolum
.
Figure 3.45 Foreign material (spargum moss) inhalation in the trachea of a S...
Figure 3.46 Postintubation occlusive tracheitis and laryngitis in an America...
Figure 3.47 Postintubation occlusive tracheitis in a Whooping Crane (
Grus am
...
Figure 3.48 Tracheal stenosis secondary to endotracheal intubation.
Figure 3.49 Bronchiolitis due to polyomavirus infection with karyomegalic nu...
Figure 3.50 Lymphoplasmacytic pneumonia with syncytia and intranuclear inclu...
Figure 3.51
Avipoxvirus
pneumonia in a canary causing epithelial proliferati...
Figure 3.52 Fibrinous, necrotizing pneumonia in a Black Vulture (
Coragyps at
...
Figure 3.53 Bacterial pneumonia with generalized discoloration and a caseous...
Figure 3.54 Severe, necrotizing, heterophilic pneumonia with mixed bacterial...
Figure 3.55 Aspiration pneumonia in a Bald Eagle with many bacterial colonie...
Figure 3.56 Myriad bacteria (
basophilic foci
) within the lumen of a parabron...
Figure 3.57 Interstitial fibrin and perivascular bacterial rods in the lung ...
Figure 3.58
Pasteurella multocida
infection in the lung of a Lesser Snow Goo...
Figure 3.59 Pneumonia due to
Nocardia
sp. with marked, multifocal, histiocyt...
Figure 3.60 Severe pulmonary mycobacteriosis with effacement of parenchyma a...
Figure 3.61 Mycobacteriosis in the lung of a duck showing acid‐fast staining...
Figure 3.62 Pulmonary lymphoid nodule formation consistent with
Mycoplasma
s...
Figure 3.63 Chronic aspergillosis evidenced by fuzzy fungal (
Aspergillus
sp....
Figure 3.64 Multifocal to locally extensive fungal (
Aspergillus
sp.) granulo...
Figure 3.65 Severe, acute fungal (
Aspergillus
sp.) infection in the Laughing...
Figure 3.66 Periodic acid‐Schiff reaction highlighting numerous fungal hypha...
Figure 3.67 Focal, chronic, fungal (
Aspergillus
sp.) granuloma in the lung o...
Figure 3.68 Severe mycotic pneumonia due to
Cryptococcus
sp. in a White‐wing...
Figure 3.69 Schizont of
Leucocytozoon
sp. in erythrocytes visible within air...
Figure 3.70 Pneumonia due to
Sarcocystis
sp. in a Rose‐ringed Parakeet (
Psit
...
Figure 3.71 Pneumonia due to
Sarcocystis
sp. in a Rockhopper Penguin (
Eudypt
...
Figure 3.72 Pneumonia due to
Sarcocystis falcatula
in a Bald Eagle with fibr...
Figure 3.73 Pneumonia due to
Toxoplasma gondii
in the lung of a Wild Turkey....
Figure 3.74 Higher magnification of Figure 3.73 showing
Toxoplasma gondii
sc...
Figure 3.75 Extraintestinal
Isospora
sp. (
Atoxoplasma
sp.) in the lung of an...
Figure 3.76 Inflammation and exudate in a secondary bronchus of a bird with ...
Figure 3.77 Microfilaria (arrows) in a pulmonary vessel.
Figure 3.78 Teflon toxicity following exposure to Teflon‐coated heating bulb...
Figure 3.79 American Crow (
Corvus brachyrhynchos
) with diffuse pulmonary ede...
Figure 3.80 Immature lung tissue following inhaled toxin exposure (due to ne...
Figure 3.81 Bronchiolitis obliterans affecting the parabronchus of a Cockati...
Figure 3.82 Pneumonia associated with foreign body inhalation in a macaw.
Figure 3.83 Acute foreign body inhalation in a Salmon‐crested Cockatoo (
Caca
...
Figure 3.84 Foreign body pneumonia in an
Amazona
sp. parrot with airway fore...
Figure 3.85 Hypersensitivity‐induced pneumonitis with edema (arrow) and mild...
Figure 3.86 Congestion and air capillary collapse with hypersensitivity‐indu...
Figure 3.87 Macaw with acute vaccine‐induced pulmonary collapse and congesti...
Figure 3.88 Macrophages and rare erythrophagocytosis in the lung of an
Amazo
...
Figure 3.89 Endogenous lipid pneumonia in a parakeet. The cause is often und...
Figure 3.90 Retrograde yolk inhalation and pneumonia in a 9‐year‐old White‐r...
Figure 3.91 Bone marrow embolus in the lung. The cause may not always be det...
Figure 3.92 Severe squamous metaplasia of bronchial mucosa and hyperkeratosi...
Figure 3.93 Pulmonary proteinosis/crystal formation. This is usually an inci...
Figure 3.94 Pneumoconiosis, also known as anthrasilicosis, in a Wild Turkey....
Figure 3.95 Diffuse mineralization of pulmonary basement membranes (basophil...
Figure 3.96 Small bone spicule (osseous metaplasia) in the lung of a Blue‐an...
Figure 3.97 Multifocal, mild melanosis in the lung of a cockatoo (A), repres...
Figure 3.98 Amyloidosis in the lung of an
Amazona
sp. parrot. The material s...
Figure 3.99 Carcinoma arising in the lung/air sac of a macaw that completely...
Figure 3.100 Pulmonary carcinoma that infiltrates adjacent skeletal muscle o...
Figure 3.101 Air sac carcinoma in a cockatoo with metastasis (center of the ...
Figure 3.102 Polyomavirus‐associated lung tumor in a Cockatiel.
Figure 3.103 Undifferentiated lung tumor from a Cockatiel with numerous kary...
Figure 3.104 Gross (A) and microscopic (B) representation of a metastatic ca...
Figure 3.105 Metastatic renal carcinoma in the lung of a Budgerigar.
Figure 3.106 A Wood Duck (
Aix sponsa
) with pulmonary melanoma metastases, no...
Figure 3.107 Acute bacterial airsacculitis with multifocal, marked expansion...
Figure 3.108 Chronic bacterial airsacculitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltra...
Figure 3.109 Acute, fibrinonecrotizing air sac lesions due to
Pasteurella mu
...
Figure 3.110 Fibrinonecrotic, histiocytic cranial thoracic airsacculitis due...
Figure 3.111 Chronic mycobacteriosis in an
Amazona
sp. parrot air sac with p...
Figure 3.112 Thickened thoracic air sacs (fibrinous airsacculitis) in a Yell...
Figure 3.113 Air sac is overlaid by fibrin and there is mononuclear inflamma...
Figure 3.114 Severe caseous airsacculitis in a macaw with aspergillosis.
Figure 3.115 Fungal airsacculitis in a Crested Partridge (
Rollulus rouloul
)....
Figure 3.116 Caudal air sac expanded by fibrin, necrotic debris, and heterop...
Figure 3.117 Air sac nematode,
Diplotriaena delta
, from a Rufous‐crowned Emu...
Figure 3.118 Air sac flukes in a coot (
Fulica
sp). These generally elicit mi...
Figure 3.119 Trematodes in an airway with minimal to no inflammation.
Figure 3.120 A finch with thickened fibrinous air sacs containing mites.
Figure 3.121 Systemic poxvirus infection in an
Amazona
sp. parrot leading to...
Figure 3.122 Inhalation of yolk particles into the air sac in a 9‐year‐old W...
Figure 3.123 Air sac carcinoma that has arisen in or extended to a pneumatiz...
Figure 3.124 Air sac carcinoma in a cockatoo.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Shortened and laterally deviated upper beak with malocclusion of ...
Figure 4.2 Severe upper beak trauma with hemorrhage in a Red‐breasted Parake...
Figure 4.3 Beak fractures following a fatal window collision in a juvenile m...
Figure 4.4 Overgrown beak secondary to liver disease in a Budgerigar.
Figure 4.5 Beak necrosis due to
Circovirus parrot
infection.
Figure 4.6 Poxvirus‐induced lesions of the upper beak, cere, and head of a W...
Figure 4.7 Destruction of the beak and surrounding area due to a melanoma (a...
Figure 4.8 Swelling of oral glands and mucosa associated with vitamin A defi...
Figure 4.9 Vitamin A deficiency. Note the areas of glandular epithelial squa...
Figure 4.10 Advanced metaplasia of the oral glands in vitamin A deficiency....
Figure 4.11 Poxvirus‐induced glossitis. The gross appearance is not diagnost...
Figure 4.12 Multifocal oral lesions in a chicken with poxvirus infection.
Figure 4.13 Multifocal ovoid foci of pharyngeal necrosis (arrows) due to CoA...
Figure 4.14 Severe chronic bacterial stomatitis. Differential diagnoses incl...
Figure 4.15 Bacterial stomatitis. There is severe mucosal necrosis and mixed...
Figure 4.16 Mycobacteriosis of the oral cavity of an
Amazona
sp. parrot. The...
Figure 4.17 Proliferative stomatitis due to
Candida
sp. in a domestic chicke...
Figure 4.18 Oral trichomoniasis. There is mucosal proliferation, necrosis, m...
Figure 4.19 Trichomonads in a wet mount cytologic specimen from an oral swab...
Figure 4.20 Multiple pouch lice (
Piagetiella peralis)
in the gular pouch and...
Figure 4.21 Multifocal hyperplasia of choanal papillae.
Figure 4.22 Typical histologic appearance of oral papilloma. The papillary s...
Figure 4.23 Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Differential diagnos...
Figure 4.24 Oral melanoma comprised of poorly differentiated infiltrating ce...
Figure 4.25 Ultrastructure of a granular cell tumor of the tongue.
Figure 4.26 Fibroepithelial polyp that typically arises at the beak commissu...
Figure 4.27 Branchial (pharyngeal) cyst (arrow) compressing adjacent tissue....
Figure 4.28 Typical histologic structure of a branchial cyst consisting of a...
Figure 4.29 Severe crop burn with transmural necrosis causing ingesta to acc...
Figure 4.30 Pendulous crop in a Budgerigar. The cause is often multifactoria...
Figure 4.31 Poxvirus infection of the crop. A proliferative epithelium with ...
Figure 4.32 Muscovy Duck (
Cairina moschata
) with multifocal mucosal tan‐yell...
Figure 4.33 Esophageal lesion due to herpesvirus infection. There is mucosal...
Figure 4.34 Inflammation of a myenteric ganglion of the crop in a Grey Parro...
Figure 4.35 Segmental necroheterophilic ingluvitis in a House Sparrow (
Passe
...
Figure 4.36 Severe ingluvitis due to
Candida
sp. (A). Candidiasis of the cro...
Figure 4.37 Periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) histochemical stain highlights the
Ca
...
Figure 4.38 Verminous esophagitis, possibly
Eucoleus contortus
(
Capillaria c
...
Figure 4.39 Adult nematodes and eggs of
Capillaria
sp. embedded in the hyper...
Figure 4.40 Viral papilloma of the crop characterized by multiple papillary ...
Figure 4.41 Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus that has obliterated th...
Figure 4.42 Proventricular impaction in a Cockatiel secondary to intestinal ...
Figure 4.43 Mineralization of proventricular glands with preferential target...
Figure 4.44 Foreign body (hypodermic needle) in the proventriculus of an ost...
Figure 4.45 Healthy (A) compared to unhealthy (B) proventricular mucosa and ...
Figure 4.46 A dilated, thin‐walled, nearly transparent, and flaccid proventr...
Figure 4.47 Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate typical of proventricular dilatatio...
Figure 4.48 Bacterial infection of the proventriculus in a Grey‐cheeked Para...
Figure 4.49 Avian gastric yeast infection of the proventriculus in a Budgeri...
Figure 4.50 Periodic acid‐Schiff stain highlights a
Macrorhabdus ornithogast
...
Figure 4.51 Proventricular ulcer following infection by a mucormycete fungus...
Figure 4.52 Proventriculitis associated with mucormycete fungus. On H&E, the...
Figure 4.53 Cryptosporidia (arrows) on the surface of proventricular mucosal...
Figure 4.54 Proventricular nematodes (
Contracaecum
sp.) associated with thic...
Figure 4.55 A large mural granuloma in the proventriculus of a Common Loon (
Figure 4.56
Tetrameres
sp. infection of the proventriculus in a pigeon. The ...
Figure 4.57 Thickened and irregular proventricular wall with fibrous adhesio...
Figure 4.58 Proventricular carcinoma presenting as a large, irregular mass t...
Figure 4.59 Infiltrative nests of cells in the muscularis of a caique with p...
Figure 4.60 The proventriculus of a chicken is enlarged (dilated) (A) by a t...
Figure 4.61 Ventriculitis associated with foreign body ingestion.
Figure 4.62 Mineralization in the superficial mucosa and koilin of the ventr...
Figure 4.63 Xanthoma within the wall of the ventriculus characterized by mul...
Figure 4.64 Hyperplastic koilin forming “horns” that project into the ventri...
Figure 4.65 Pale foci and streaks (arrows) in the ventricular musculature of...
Figure 4.66 Melanosis of the ventriculus in a cockatoo. Cockatoos may have m...
Figure 4.67 Severe ganglionitis of the ventriculus in a bird with
Orthoborna
...
Figure 4.68 Adenoviral infection of the ventriculus characterized by large i...
Figure 4.69 Endoventricular mycosis. Mild infections may have little to no g...
Figure 4.70 Ventricular candidiasis. Yeast colonize the koilin. There is usu...
Figure 4.71 Periodic acid‐Schiff stain readily highlights the fungal organis...
Figure 4.72 Ventricular infection by mucormycete fungi. Large, irregular hyp...
Figure 4.73 Severe ventricular nematodiasis.
Figure 4.74 Agonal telescoping of a portion of the small intestine into anot...
Figure 4.75 Proximal jejunum of a juvenile
Calypte
sp. hummingbird with lumi...
Figure 4.76 Changes in the crop mucosa associated with benzimidazole toxicit...
Figure 4.77 Amyloid deposits in the basement membranes and lamina propria of...
Figure 4.78 Severe mucosal, luminal, and serosal hemorrhage due to herpesvir...
Figure 4.79 Multifocal intestinal mucosal necrosis induced by
Mardivirus col
...
Figure 4.80 Herpesvirus‐induced necrosis in the small intestine of a pigeon....
Figure 4.81 Adenovirus‐induced necrosis in the small intestine of a lorikeet...
Figure 4.82 Intestinal mucosal atrophy potentially due to rotavirus infectio...
Figure 4.83 Widespread serosal hemorrhage of the alimentary tract of an Emu ...
Figure 4.84 Diffuse small intestinal mucosal necrosis in an Emu infected wit...
Figure 4.85 Distended, thin‐walled intestines in a bird with bacterial enter...
Figure 4.86 Severe necrotizing enteritis in a bird with yersiniosis.
Figure 4.87 Bacterial enteritis in a Budgerigar. There is severe focal hemor...
Figure 4.88 Bacterial enteritis. There is crypt dilatation, necrosis, and in...
Figure 4.89 Multifocal punctate ulcers in the small intestine and liver (arr...
Figure 4.90 Severe mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage and transmural inflammati...
Figure 4.91 Enterotoxemia in a lorikeet. There is mild inflammation and clum...
Figure 4.92 Intestinal mycobacterial infection in a White‐fronted Amazon (
Am
...
Figure 4.93 Histopathology of Fig. 4.92, mycobacteriosis in a White‐fronted ...
Figure 4.94 Mycobacterial organisms in macrophages demonstrated by acid‐fast...
Figure 4.95 Multiple intestinal submucosal granulomas due to mycobacterial i...
Figure 4.96 Microsporidia (
Encephalitozoon
sp.) in the intestinal mucosal ep...
Figure 4.97 Flagellates in the intestine of two Cockatiels.
Spironucleus
sp....
Figure 4.98 Often rimmed by a clear halo (separation), there are intraepithe...
Figure 4.99 Hemorrhagic typhlitis caused by
Eimeria tenella
.
Figure 4.100 Enlarged and discolored intestines in a sparrow with clinical c...
Figure 4.101 Myriad coccidia in enterocytes of a domestic chicken that cause...
Figure 4.102 Severe
Isospora
sp. (
Atoxoplasma
sp.) infection in a House Spar...
Figure 4.103 Intestinal cryptosporidiosis in a macaw. The mucosa is variably...
Figure 4.104 Transmural fibrinonecrotizing typhlitis in a domestic turkey wi...
Figure 4.105 Severe transmural necrosis and inflammation of the cecum in his...
Figure 4.106 Round, pale‐staining
Histomonas
trophozoites in multinucleated ...
Figure 4.107 Sporocysts and oocysts of
Sarcocystis
sp. in the small intestin...
Figure 4.108 Cestodes (arrows) in the small intestine of a Brewer’s Sparrow ...
Figure 4.109 Cestode found incidentally in the small intestine lumen of a bi...
Figure 4.110 Cestodes in the small intestine of a Cooper’s Hawk (A) and a Co...
Figure 4.111 Granulomatous reaction to schistosome eggs in blood vessels in ...
Figure 4.112 Ascarid infestation of the small intestine of a Galah causing l...
Figure 4.113 Cecal nematodes in a Crested Partridge (
Rollulus rouloul
).
Figure 4.114 Nodular typhlitis (arrows) in a Golden Pheasant (
Chrysolophus p
...
Figure 4.115 Granuloma in the wall of the cecum in a Golden Pheasant caused ...
Figure 4.116 Acanthocephalans in the intestine of a Common Eider (
Somateria
...
Figure 4.117 Multiple well‐differentiated papillomas in the intestine.
Figure 4.118 Canary with infiltrative tubular structures typical of an intes...
Figure 4.119 Myxosarcoma arising in the wall of the small intestine of an
Am
...
Figure 4.120 Lymphoma in a duck that involves the intestinal tract and adjac...
Figure 4.121 Chicken infected with
Mardivirus gallidalpha2
with a T‐cell lym...
Figure 4.122 Cecal sarcoma in a bird infected by
Heterakis
sp. There is an i...
Figure 4.123 Congenital atresia of the distal alimentary tract with lack of ...
Figure 4.124 Alimentary tract atresia. The large intestinal blind end near t...
Figure 4.125 Impacted cloaca in a Common Loon distended by abundant, granula...
Figure 4.126 Necrosis, hemorrhage, and subsequent myiasis in a chicken hen w...
Figure 4.127 Phagocytosed barium within the wall of the cloaca with accompan...
Figure 4.128 Necrotizing cloacitis caused by
Mardivirus anatidalpha1
in a Mu...
Figure 4.129
Cryptosporidium
sp. (arrows) causing mononuclear proliferative ...
Figure 4.130 Cloacal papillomatosis in a macaw.
Figure 4.131 Multiple papillary structures in cloacal papillomatosis in a ma...
Figure 4.132 Cloacal carcinoma that involves almost the entire circumference...
Figure 4.133 Cloacal carcinoma. Tubular and trabecular structures are infilt...
Figure 4.134 Atrophic pancreas from a Galah. This lesion can be either conge...
Figure 4.135 Atrophic pancreas in a lorikeet. There are small acini comprise...
Figure 4.136 Multifocal to confluent pancreatic necrosis in an
Amazona
sp. p...
Figure 4.137 Coalescing pancreatic degeneration and necrosis due to suspecte...
Figure 4.138 Pancreatic acinar degeneration and severe fibrosis consistent w...
Figure 4.139 Acute, diffuse pancreatic necrosis in a Monk Parakeet. The panc...
Figure 4.140 Histologic appearance of acute pancreatic necrosis seen in Fig....
Figure 4.141 Small, firm, and irregular fibrosed pancreas from a macaw.
Figure 4.142 Detail of severe pancreatic fibrosis seen in Fig. 4.141. Acinar...
Figure 4.143 Chronic lymphohistiocytic inflammation in the pancreas of a gra...
Figure 4.144 Herpesvirus infection of the pancreas of a grass parakeet. Necr...
Figure 4.145
Gammapolyomavirus
infection affecting the pancreas of a Salmon‐...
Figure 4.146 Adenovirus infection involving the pancreas of a Senegal Parrot...
Figure 4.147 Pancreatic hemorrhage and necrosis (A) in a Pink‐backed Pelican...
Figure 4.148 Massive coagulative necrosis and hemorrhage (A and B) and arter...
Figure 4.149 Pancreatic flukes (brown to black foci) in a King Parrot (
Alist
...
Figure 4.150 Detail of trematodes in pancreatic ducts of a Common Loon.
Figure 4.151 Low‐grade papillary adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in a Budgeri...
Figure 4.152 Pancreatic carcinoma in a macaw. The pancreas is irregular with...
Figure 4.153 Pancreatic carcinoma in a macaw. Irregular acinar and tubular s...
Figure 4.154 Higher magnification of Fig. 4.153. There is a moderate to seve...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Hepatocytes from a 2‐day‐old Green Aracari (
Pteroglossus viridis
)...
Figure 5.2 Congenital biliary cyst in a
Pionus
sp. parrot. This is an infreq...
Figure 5.3 Enlarged, mottled liver due to infection with Pacheco’s disease v...
Figure 5.4 Severe hepatic necrosis causing a “scotch grain” appearance of th...
Figure 5.5 Pacheco’s disease virus. There is hepatocyte dissociation, eosino...
Figure 5.6 A nearly complete loss of cellular detail in a herpesvirus‐infect...
Figure 5.7 Minimal necrosis and frequent basophilic intranuclear inclusion b...
Figure 5.8 Herpesviral particles (arrows) in an intranuclear inclusion body....
Figure 5.9 Hepatic coagulative necrosis (circle) and frequent intranuclear v...
Figure 5.10 Foci of hepatic hemorrhage and necrosis due to
Gammapolyomavirus
Figure 5.11 Diffuse hepatic discoloration due to
Gammapolyomavirus
‐associate...
Figure 5.12 Severe
Gammapolyomavirus
‐induced hepatic necrosis. The darker ar...
Figure 5.13 Detail of karyomegaly and intranuclear viral inclusions in
Gamma
...
Figure 5.14 Multifocal to confluent hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage due to
G
...
Figure 5.15 Severe midzonal to massive
Gammapolyomavirus
‐associated necrosis...
Figure 5.16 Necrosis and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies in a finch with...
Figure 5.17
Gammapolyomavirus
intranuclear viral inclusions in a bird superi...
Figure 5.18
Gammapolyomavirus
DNA demonstrated by in situ hybridization.
Figure 5.19 Swollen, mottled liver in adenovirus infection.
Figure 5.20 Adenovirus infection. There is necrosis and karyomegaly with cha...
Figure 5.21 Somewhat atypical appearance of adenovirus infection with minima...
Figure 5.22 Slightly discolored liver in a psittacine bird infected with
Cir
...
Figure 5.23 Multifocal (A and B) acute hepatic coagulative necrosis in a psi...
Figure 5.24 Nonsuppurative cholangiohepatitis in a psittacine bird infected ...
Figure 5.25 Multifocal to confluent hepatic necrosis in a Budgerigar due to
Figure 5.26 Hepatocyte necrosis, hemorrhage, and mixed inflammation due to
R
...
Figure 5.27 Enlarged liver with miliary white foci following bacterial septi...
Figure 5.28 Multifocal necrosis and variable inflammation in bacterial hepat...
Figure 5.29 Hepatitis due to
Salmonella
sp. There are mixed inflammation, ne...
Figure 5.30 Bacterial hepatitis. A bacterial colony is surrounded by mixed i...
Figure 5.31 Chronic bacterial hepatitis with early granuloma formation.
Figure 5.32 Typical appearance of hepatitis due to
Yersinia
sp., characteriz...
Figure 5.33 Bacteremia and bacterial hepatitis secondary to
Circovirus parro
...
Figure 5.34 Multifocal discreet hepatic nodules (arrows) due to mycobacterio...
Figure 5.35 Hepatic mycobacteriosis causing hepatomegaly with miliary white ...
Figure 5.36 Severe hepatic mycobacteriosis with diffuse pallor and indistinc...
Figure 5.37 Hepatic mycobacteriosis in a macaw, with a focus of caseation ri...
Figure 5.38 Early hepatic mycobacteriosis. Macrophage aggregates with cluste...
Figure 5.39 Mycobacterial hepatitis with the formation of a granuloma compos...
Figure 5.40 Detail of hepatic mycobacteriosis. The basophilic granules in th...
Figure 5.41 Hepatomegaly with subtle pallor and multifocal tan nodules of ne...
Figure 5.42 Hepatomegaly and severe, multifocal necrosis and inflammation du...
Figure 5.43 Hepatic necrosis, lymphocytes, histiocytes, few multinucleated g...
Figure 5.44 Typical inflammatory response in hepatic
Chlamydia
sp. infection...
Figure 5.45 A conure with
Chlamydia
sp. infection causing hepatic necrosis, ...
Figure 5.46 Basophilic cytoplasmic organisms (arrow) within a hepatocyte or ...
Figure 5.47 Gimenez‐stained section demonstrating
Chlamydia
sp. organisms (r...
Figure 5.48 Airsacculitis caused by PCR‐confirmed
Chlamydia
sp. in a Mournin...
Figure 5.49 Hepatic swelling with multiple foci of necrosis in an Eclectus P...
Figure 5.50 Electron microscopy of
Coxiella
sp. organisms detected in the li...
Figure 5.51 Enlarged and discolored liver in a Grey Parrot due to
Sarcocysti
...
Figure 5.52 Lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic inflammation responding to sar...
Figure 5.53 Aggregate of
Toxoplasma gondii
organisms (arrow) in the liver of...
Figure 5.54 The liver of a falcon with malaria caused by
Plasmodium
sp. An a...
Figure 5.55 Erythrocytic meronts of
Plasmodium
sp. (arrows) from a blood sme...
Figure 5.56 Hepatitis in a pigeon due to
Plasmodium
sp. There is marked sinu...
Figure 5.57 Frequent 50–140
μ
m diameter megaloshizonts filled with 1–2
Figure 5.58 Liver from a bird with severe hemoprotozoal infection. The numer...
Figure 5.59 Histologic appearance of liver with hemoprotozoa megaloschizonts...
Figure 5.60 Numerous trichomonads (arrows) in a necrotic liver with mononucl...
Figure 5.61 Targetoid lesions in the liver of a turkey with severe histomoni...
Figure 5.62 Severe hepatic necrosis and inflammation in a bird with histomon...
Figure 5.63 Numerous histomonads (arrows) amongst the inflammation in the he...
Figure 5.64 Immunohistochemical staining that desmontrates histomonads (brow...
Figure 5.65 Microsporidial hepatitis. There are numerous organisms (arrows) ...
Figure 5.66 Dilated bile ducts (brown to black foci) contain hepatic flukes....
Figure 5.67 Trematode eggs (pigmented shell) with adult parasites in dilated...
Figure 5.68 A trematode occupies a dilated bile duct (A). There is periducta...
Figure 5.69 Fragments of schistosomes in the hepatic sinusoids.
Figure 5.70 Hepatic atrophy. Histology may help to determine the exact under...
Figure 5.71 The liver is diffusely small (atrophy) for a 3‐year‐old chicken ...
Figure 5.72 Severe hepatocyte and hepatic cord atrophy in a duck due to star...
Figure 5.73 Enlarged, pale, friable liver with severe lipidosis.
Figure 5.74 Typical histologic appearance of severe fatty liver. Well‐deline...
Figure 5.75 Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in a chicken. The liver is enla...
Figure 5.76 The hepatocytes are enlarged by indistinctly bordered clear vacu...
Figure 5.77 White chalky material (urates) partially obscures the hepatic ca...
Figure 5.78 Enlarged, diffusely pale tan to yellow liver, with waxy appearan...
Figure 5.79 Severe hepatic amyloidosis. The space of Disse is expanded with ...
Figure 5.80 Liver with golden‐brown granules in the cytoplasm of Kupffer cel...
Figure 5.81 Iron storage disease in a hornbill. The liver is discolored and ...
Figure 5.82 Hepatocytes and sinusoidal aggregates of Kupffer cells and macro...
Figure 5.83 Iron storage disease. In this case, the iron is primarily in the...
Figure 5.84 Iron storage disease in a lorikeet. In addition to pigment accum...
Figure 5.85 Severe hepatic lipofuscinosis that causes dark discoloration and...
Figure 5.86 Lysosomal storage disease with foci of cells containing finely v...
Figure 5.87 Xanthoma within the hepatic parenchyma.
Figure 5.88 Early chronic‐active hepatitis. The liver is enlarged, slightly ...
Figure 5.89 Moderate to severe chronic‐active hepatitis. The liver is yellow...
Figure 5.90 End‐stage liver as a result of chronic‐active hepatitis. There i...
Figure 5.91 Early chronic‐active hepatitis with hepatocyte vacuolation, mild...
Figure 5.92 Chronic‐active hepatitis with vacuolated hepatocytes, moderate f...
Figure 5.93 Moderate to severe bands of fibrosis with minimal inflammation a...
Figure 5.94 Severe chronic‐active hepatitis with marked fibrosis and nodular...
Figure 5.95 Chronic‐active hepatitis with fibrosis and severe bile duct hype...
Figure 5.96 Nodular hyperplasia (regenerative nodule) and extramedullary hem...
Figure 5.97 Hepatic fibrosis. The liver is small, pale, and firm.
Figure 5.98 Infarcted liver lobe (between arrows) secondary to a yolk embolu...
Figure 5.99 Cardiomegaly, hydropericardium, ascites, perihepatic effusion, a...
Figure 5.100 Histopathology of Figure 5.99. There is dissecting sinusoidal f...
Figure 5.101 Cholecystomegaly due to anorexia in an emaciated juvenile Great...
Figure 5.102 Nodular mass typical of bile duct carcinoma in a chicken. The m...
Figure 5.103 Bile duct adenoma composed of irregular ducts lined by fairly w...
Figure 5.104 Bile duct carcinoma. There are infiltrative nests and trabecula...
Figure 5.105 Hepatocellular carcinoma replacing normal liver in an
Amazona
s...
Figure 5.106 Focal hepatocellular carcinoma in an Eastern Crested Guineafowl...
Figure 5.107 Well‐demarcated hepatoma (hepatocellular adenoma) growing by ex...
Figure 5.108 Hepatocellular carcinoma. Poorly differentiated hepatocytes for...
Figure 5.109 Hemangiosarcoma in a Red‐tailed Hawk (
Buteo jamaicensis
). The t...
Figure 5.110 Hemangiosarcoma effacing hepatic parenchyma. There are scattere...
Figure 5.111 Hemangiosarcoma from Fig. 5.109 composed of interlacing streams...
Figure 5.112 Factor‐VIII related antigen of Fig. 5.111 confirms a hemangiosa...
Figure 5.113 Primary hepatic fibrosarcoma composed of interlacing bundles of...
Figure 5.114 Hepatic sarcoma containing scattered cells with karyomegalic nu...
Figure 5.115 Hepatic lymphoma. Multifocal well‐delineated white to tan masse...
Figure 5.116 Portion of liver lobe almost completely replaced by neoplastic ...
Figure 5.117 The liver is effaced by fairly monomorphic lymphoblasts.
Figure 5.118 The liver is infiltrated by neoplastic cells consistent with hi...
Figure 5.119 Hepatic myelolipoma. These tumors histologically resemble norma...
Figure 5.120 Poorly pigmented melanoma regionally infiltrating the hepatic p...
Figure 5.121 Gross (A) and histology (B) of a metastatic heavily pigmented h...
Figure 5.122 Pancreatic carcinoma metastasis to the liver. The light areas a...
Figure 5.123 Extension (invasion) of Sertoli cell tumor into the liver.
Figure 5.124 Marked fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia of undetermined cause...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Congestion of the kidney with blood distention of the capillary s...
Figure 6.2 Renal edema with distention of the capillary sinuses.
Figure 6.3 Lymphoid follicles within the cortex of a lobule in a pigeon.
Figure 6.4 Congenital hypoplastic kidney from a Rock Dove (
Columba livia
). T...
Figure 6.5 Suspected unilateral hypoplasia of a diffusely small left kidney ...
Figure 6.6 Large fluid‐filled cyst on the ventral surface of the kidney of a...
Figure 6.7 Polycystic kidney with multiple cystic tubules in a peafowl.
Figure 6.8 Dilated portion of medullary cone in a parakeet with hydronephros...
Figure 6.9 Ureteral cyst in a Yellow‐naped Amazon (
Amazona auropalliata
). Cy...
Figure 6.10 Large intranuclear inclusion bodies in renal tubular epithelial ...
Figure 6.11 Adenoviral particles in renal tubular epithelial cell nucleus.
Figure 6.12 Swollen mottled kidneys in a macaw infected with avian polyomavi...
Figure 6.13 Polyomavirus intranuclear inclusions (central tubule) in renal t...
Figure 6.14 Avian polyomavirus infection in a macaw. Glomerular mesangial ce...
Figure 6.15 Membranous glomerulonephritis and synechiae in a Grey Parrot (
Ps
...
Figure 6.16 Periodic acid‐Schiff histochemical stain of a diseased and norma...
Figure 6.17 Electron microscopy of a glomerulus from a bird infected with av...
Figure 6.18 Nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis as a part of generalized W...
Figure 6.19 Severe interstitial nephritis in a Senegal Parrot (
Poicephalus s
...
Figure 6.20 Nephritis and tubular necrosis (A) and immunohistochemistry agai...
Figure 6.21 Higher magnification of nephritis and tubular necrosis (A) and i...
Figure 6.22 Severe bacterial nephritis in a toucan. The enlarged kidneys hav...
Figure 6.23 Glomerular hypercellularity and small fibrin thrombi associated ...
Figure 6.24 Bacterial nephritis with severe necrosis and inflammation involv...
Figure 6.25 Bacteremia in a teal duck with concentration of organisms in glo...
Figure 6.26 Chronic‐active ascending bacterial infection in the kidney of a ...
Figure 6.27 Mottled, discolored kidneys in an
Amazona
sp. parrot with chlamy...
Figure 6.28 Renal microsporidiosis in a lovebird. Minimal interstitial infla...
Figure 6.29 Renal coccidiosis (
Eimeria
sp.) in a screamer (Anhimidae). Varia...
Figure 6.30 Renal coccidiosis (
Eimeria
sp.) in a kiwi (
Apteryx
sp.). Distal ...
Figure 6.31 Interstitial nephritis in a bird with systemic sarcosporidiosis....
Figure 6.32 Megaloschizonts of probable
Leukocytozoon
sp. in the renal paren...
Figure 6.33 Finch with severe dilatation of a collecting tubule containing a...
Figure 6.34 Hypercellularity and thickening of the mesangium and, less so, c...
Figure 6.35 Severe chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with glo...
Figure 6.36 Severe chronic multifocal segmental glomerulosclerosis with loss...
Figure 6.37 Urate deposits in the avian kidney. Swollen and pale kidneys wit...
Figure 6.38 Scattered urate deposits (arrows) in the kidney of an Australasi...
Figure 6.39 Severe renal urate deposits comprising primarily crystalline ura...
Figure 6.40 Urates filling and distending the ureter (arrows) in a Grey Parr...
Figure 6.41 A chicken with bilateral obstructive ureterolithiasis with degen...
Figure 6.42 Severe renal mineralization in a Cockatiel. This can be due to a...
Figure 6.43 Multiple foci of renal mineralization involving tubules in a mac...
Figure 6.44 Mineralization and chronic inflammation and fibrosis involving r...
Figure 6.45 Mineralization causing obstruction and dilation of collecting du...
Figure 6.46 Diffuse amyloidosis of the kidney of a swan resulting renal swel...
Figure 6.47 Amyloid deposits in the kidney of a Silver Gull (
Chroicocephalus
...
Figure 6.48 Squamous metaplasia and keratinization due to vitamin A deficien...
Figure 6.49 Canary (
Serinus canaria domestica
) with renal lipidosis. The kid...
Figure 6.50 Renal lipidosis in a canary (
Serinus canaria domestica
). Tubular...
Figure 6.51 Bile pigment (arrows) within the distal tubules of a White‐browe...
Figure 6.52 Iron deposits in the tubular epithelial cells with occasional li...
Figure 6.53 Renal swelling and discoloration secondary to vitamin D toxicity...
Figure 6.54 Suspected zinc phosphide intoxication in a Western Barn Owl (
Tyt
...
Figure 6.55 Acid‐fast intranuclear inclusion bodies (arrows) in the kidney t...
Figure 6.56 Hemoglobinuric nephrosis with tubular eosinophilic hemoglobin ca...
Figure 6.57 End‐stage renal disease with marked fibrosis as a result of vari...
Figure 6.58 Focal renal adenoma (arrow) in a female ibis. These tumors are l...
Figure 6.59 Well‐differentiated tubular structures in renal adenoma.
Figure 6.60 Renal carcinoma in a male Budgerigar with hemorrhage and compres...
Figure 6.61 Renal adenocarcinoma from a Budgerigar with poorly defined tubul...
Figure 6.62 Anaplastic renal carcinoma from a Budgerigar with marked scirrho...
Figure 6.63 Nephroblastoma in a Grey Parrot. Glomerular‐like structures (A) ...
Figure 6.64 Focal T‐cell lymphoma of the right kidney cranial division in a ...
Figure 6.65 Effacement of renal parenchyma by neoplastic myeloid cells. Lymp...
Figure 6.66 T‐cell lymphoma of the kidney (A) confirmed with CD3 immunohisto...
Figure 6.67 B‐cell lymphoma of the left testis and causing renomegaly with u...
Figure 6.68 Metastatic melanoma. Neoplastic cells are infiltrating the inter...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Testis from a juvenile albatross with melanin in the interstitium...
Figure 7.2 Testicular degeneration with the formation of spermatidic giant c...
Figure 7.3 Severe testicular degeneration with dilatation of seminiferous tu...
Figure 7.4 Multifocal testicular mineralization, the occasional end result o...
Figure 7.5 Spermatocele (arrows) causing a large, irregular tan mass affecti...
Figure 7.6 Orchitis in an Australian Boobook (
Ninox boobook
). The left testi...
Figure 7.7 Severe necrotizing orchitis. There is marked necrosis, inflammati...
Figure 7.8 Large seminoma in a Red‐crowned Parakeet (
Cyanoramphus novaezelan
...
Figure 7.9 Seminoma in an Indian Runner Duck (
Anas platyrhynchos domesticus
)...
Figure 7.10 Seminoma in a Budgerigar. Effacement of normal testicular archit...
Figure 7.11 Sertoli cell tumor in a Brown Teal (
Anas chlorotis
). A large tum...
Figure 7.12 Sertoli cell tumor. There are numerous tubular structures lined ...
Figure 7.13 Interstitial cell tumor. Tubules are effaced by a sheet of neopl...
Figure 7.14 Lymphoma. Infiltration of the thickened testicular capsule by ne...
Figure 7.15 Lymphoma. The testicular parenchyma is replaced by sheets of neo...
Figure 7.16 Prolapse of the phallus of an ostrich (
Struthio
sp.).
Figure 7.17 House Finch (
Haemorhous mexicanus
) with a developed left ovary a...
Figure 7.18 Cooper’s Hawk (
Accipiter cooperii
) with developed paired ovary (...
Figure 7.19 Large fluid‐filled ovarian cyst in a canary.
Figure 7.20 Fluid‐filled follicular cysts of the ovary of a Cockatiel (
Nymph
...
Figure 7.21 Yolk‐induced oophoritis in an eclectus parrot (
Eclectus
sp.). La...
Figure 7.22 Atretic ovary with primordial follicles and collapsed stroma fro...
Figure 7.23 Herpesvirus‐induced oophoritis. There are numerous cells, includ...
Figure 7.24 Bacterial oophoritis characterized by necrosis, inflammation, an...
Figure 7.25 Granulomatous oophoritis due to mycobacteria. There is diffuse i...
Figure 7.26 Detail of inflammation in ovarian mycobacteriosis. The granular ...
Figure 7.27 Mycotic oophoritis. Fungal hyphae within an area of necrosis and...
Figure 7.28 Granulosa cell tumor from an
Amazona
sp. parrot. The tumor has a...
Figure 7.29 Granulosa cell tumor from an
Amazona
sp. parrot with scattered s...
Figure 7.30 Probable ovarian adenoma in a Cockatiel comprised of tubules and...
Figure 7.31 Large ovarian carcinoma in a duck. The tumor has infiltrated the...
Figure 7.32 Ovarian carcinoma comprising tubules and cords of neoplastic cel...
Figure 7.33 Cords and nests of anaplastic cells in ovarian carcinoma from a ...
Figure 7.34 Multilobulated ovarian dysgerminoma from a Cockatiel.
Figure 7.35 Ovarian stromal tumor, Sertoli pattern (arrhenoblastoma) from a ...
Figure 7.36 Ovarian teratoma from a duck. A large, irregular mass with an ar...
Figure 7.37 Irregular mixture of epithelial and mesenchymal elements in an o...
Figure 7.38 Ovarian tumor from a Yellow‐headed Amazon (
Amazona oratrix
) comp...
Figure 7.39 Cyst of the retained right oviduct with the adjacent normal tan ...
Figure 7.40 Multiple collapsed cystic areas in the oviduct of a Budgerigar (...
Figure 7.41 Histology of an oviductal cyst from Figure 7.40. The affected po...
Figure 7.42 Bacterial salpingitis in a Buff‐banded Rail (
Hypotaenidia philip
...
Figure 7.43 Bacterial salpingitis in a chicken with a lumen filled by crumbl...
Figure 7.44 Hemorrhage within the oviduct wall due to herpesvirus infection ...
Figure 7.45 Bacterial salpingitis in a rosella. Note the mucosal necrosis an...
Figure 7.46 Chronic bacterial salpingitis with admixed giant cells in a dove...
Figure 7.47 Enlarged, impacted oviduct (A) associated with dystocia in a Coc...
Figure 7.48 Salpingitis with severe yolk impaction in a Buff‐banded Rail (
Hy
...
Figure 7.49 A Java Sparrow (
Padda oryzivora
) with a partially calcified egg ...
Figure 7.50 Salpingitis in an eclectus parrot (
Eclectus
sp.) secondary to ru...
Figure 7.51 Oviductal prolapse in a finch. Differential diagnoses include pr...
Figure 7.52 A multilobular oviductal carcinoma from a Wonga Pigeon (
Leucosar
...
Figure 7.53 Oviductal adenoma in a Cockatiel. Numerous lobular structures co...
Figure 7.54 Focus of early oviductal carcinoma in a Cockatiel. Note the infi...
Figure 7.55 Nests and acini typical of oviductal carcinoma from a Cockatiel....
Figure 7.56 Oviductal carcinoma from an eagle with irregular tubules support...
Figure 7.57 Leiomyoma of the oviduct in a domestic chicken.
Figure 7.58 Interlacing bundles of fusiform cells with oval nuclei in an ovi...
Figure 7.59 An inadequately calcified eggshell may occur with nutritional de...
Figure 7.60 Roughened and discolored eggshell secondary to bacterial salping...
Figure 7.61 An abnormally small egg with an inadequately calcified shell (ri...
Figure 7.62 Normal egg/embryo development in a domestic chicken from day 1 t...
Figure 7.63 A blood ring in a candled egg of an Orange‐bellied Parrot (
Neoph
...
Figure 7.64 Blood ring surrounding a non‐viable embryo in a domestic chicken...
Figure 7.65 Cystic embryo in a 2–3 day old domestic chicken. There is a flui...
Figure 7.66 A 4‐day domestic chicken embryo with twins conjoined at the head...
Figure 7.67 Duplication of the left eye (arrows) in a 4‐day‐old chicken embr...
Figure 7.68 Microphthalmia in a 7‐day‐old domestic chicken embryo.
Figure 7.69 Twin 6‐day‐old domestic chicken embryos. Twin embryos are rarely...
Figure 7.70 Exencephaly in a 9‐day‐old (A) and 20‐day‐old (B) domestic chick...
Figure 7.71 Upper beak hypoplasia and bilateral anophthalmia (both eyes fail...
Figure 7.72 An 18‐day‐old domestic chicken embryo (top) with dwarfism and fa...
Figure 7.73 A 15‐day‐old domestic chicken embryo with protrusion of the abdo...
Figure 7.74 Internal pipping in a domestic chicken (normal). The chick’s bea...
Figure 7.75 A 21‐day‐old chicken embryo just prior to hatch (normal). This p...
Figure 7.76 (A) Illustrations of the normal avian embryo position with the h...
Figure 7.77 Severe fetal edema and a noninternalized residual yolk sac in a ...
Figure 7.78 Fetal dehydration due to inadequate incubator humidity.
Figure 7.79 Fetal renal mineralization due to an improper incubation environ...
Figure 7.80 Inflamed chorioallantois with loss of epithelium and heterophil ...
Figure 7.81 Inflamed umbilical skin in an ostrich associated with a bacteria...
Figure 7.82 Inflamed and necrotic umbilicus from a kiwi (
Apteryx
sp.) with o...
Figure 7.83 Omphalitis in a 1‐day‐old chicken.
Figure 7.84 Discolored and necrotic yolk sac from an ostrich due to bacteria...
Figure 7.85 Yolk sacculitis in a 1‐day‐old chicken.
Figure 7.86 A chronic yolk sacculitis in a kiwi chick.
Figure 7.87 Necrosis, hemorrhage, inflammation, and bacteria typical of bact...
Figure 7.88 Inflamed yolk sac from a macaw with copious amounts of necrotic ...
Figure 7.89 Retained yolk sac in an ostrich. There is no infection, and the ...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Small pituitary gland adenoma (arrow). This tumor is common in Bu...
Figure 8.2 Ventral view of the brain with eyes and optic nerves. Pituitary a...
Figure 8.3 Pituitary adenoma growing by expansion and compressing the brain....
Figure 8.4 Pituitary adenoma with clusters and nests of neoplastic cells sep...
Figure 8.5 Multiple lymphoid follicles in the thyroid gland of a Grey Parrot...
Figure 8.6 Severe lymphocytic thyroiditis and effacement of normal thyroid p...
Figure 8.7 Thyroid degeneration, hemorrhage, and atrophy in a Budgerigar. No...
Figure 8.8 Detail of Figure 8.7. There are collapsed follicles and cystic fo...
Figure 8.9 Atrophied thyroid gland (green arrow) that is difficult to deline...
Figure 8.10 Bilaterally enlarged thyroid glands typical of hyperplastic goit...
Figure 8.11 Thyroid hyperplasia (goiter). Follicles contain enlarged epithel...
Figure 8.12 Higher magnification of hyperplastic thyroid follicles.
Figure 8.13 Early colloid goiter. Cuboidal or columnar cells line enlarged f...
Figure 8.14 Diffuse colloid goiter with follicles lined by flattened atrophi...
Figure 8.15 Thyroid gland adenoma (arrow). These tumors are usually unilater...
Figure 8.16 Thyroid adenoma with proliferative epithelium and irregular foll...
Figure 8.17 Cystic follicles adjacent to an area of papillary cystadenoma in...
Figure 8.18 Large, irregular, regionally invasive thyroid gland carcinoma th...
Figure 8.19 Irregular, tortuous, and infiltrative luminal structures consist...
Figure 8.20 Bilateral severely enlarged hypertrophied parathyroid glands (so...
Figure 8.21 Parathyroid gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Affected cells ha...
Figure 8.22 Higher magnification of hypertrophied parathyroid gland cells.
Figure 8.23 Parathyroid adenoma in a Grey Parrot with possible early capsule...
Figure 8.24 Severe mineralization and degeneration of the adrenal gland.
Figure 8.25 Generalized amyloidosis of the adrenal gland. Affected basement ...
Figure 8.26 Degeneration of the adrenal glands. The glands are small and mot...
Figure 8.27 Severe swelling and vacuolation of interrenal cells that is typi...
Figure 8.28 Multiple adrenal gland nodules (arrows) due to interrenal cell s...
Figure 8.29 Mycobacteriosis of the adrenal gland. There are numerous macroph...
Figure 8.30 Large, clear, or minimally basophilic intranuclear inclusion bod...
Figure 8.31 Necrosis of chromaffin cells and intracytoplasmic viral inclusio...
Figure 8.32 Intranuclear inclusion bodies (arrows) in the adrenal gland, aff...
Figure 8.33
Orthobornavirus
infection (parrot bornavirus) of the adrenal gla...
Figure 8.34
Orthobornavirus
infection (parrot bornavirus) (proventricular di...
Figure 8.35 This chicken’s adrenal gland has interrenal cells that form thic...
Figure 8.36 Adrenal gland adenoma comprising proliferative interrenal cells ...
Figure 8.37 Anaplastic, pleomorphic interrenal cells typical of adrenal carc...
Figure 8.38 Sheet of neoplastic chromaffin cells arranged as poorly defined ...
Figure 8.39 High magnification of a ganglioneuroma with neuropil‐like substa...
Figure 8.40 Typical swelling and vacuolation of islets of Langerhans in bird...
Figure 8.41 Marked hyperplasia of islets of Langerhans. Immunohistochemistry...
Figure 8.42 Infiltrative growth of low‐grade islet cell carcinoma in a Cocka...
Figure 8.43 Ultimobranchial cyst (arrow) in a lovebird (
Agapornis
sp.). Depe...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Thymus (arrows) of a juvenile White‐winged Dove (
Zenaida asiatica
Figure 9.2 Bursa of Fabricius (arrow) in an emaciated juvenile Great Blue He...
Figure 9.3 Normal bursa of Fabricius in a lorikeet. The corticomedullary epi...
Figure 9.4 Internalized residual yolk sac in a 2‐day‐old Green Aracari (
Pter
...
Figure 9.5 Internalized residual yolk sac with the yolk stalk (arrow) that w...
Figure 9.6 Bursal involution in a
Pionus
sp. parrot. The bursa of Fabricius ...
Figure 9.7 Nonspecific bursal atrophy in a conure. Follicles are irregular, ...
Figure 9.8 Severe bursal atrophy in a juvenile Crested Caracara (
Caracara pl
...
Figure 9.9 Detail of severe atrophy and involution in the bursa of a caique ...
Figure 9.10 Severe bursal lymphoid depletion due to circovirus infection in ...
Figure 9.11 Detail of circovirus inclusions from Figure 9.10 in the cytoplas...
Figure 9.12 Severe bursal depletion and loss of follicles in chronic circovi...
Figure 9.13 Hemorrhage in the bursa of Fabricius from a Blue‐and‐yellow Maca...
Figure 9.14 Hemorrhage within the bursa of Fabricius in a Golden‐collared Ma...
Figure 9.15 Herpesvirus infection in an
Amazona
sp. parrot. There is severe ...
Figure 9.16 Bacterial infection of the bursa of Fabricius. Diffuse necrosis ...
Figure 9.17 Bursal epithelial hyperplasia with apical
Cryptosporidium
sp. in...
Figure 9.18 Premature lymphoid depletion in the bursa of Fabricius of a Grey...
Figure 9.19 Bursal B‐cell lymphoma due to PCR‐confirmed
Reticuloendotheliosi
...
Figure 9.20 Thymic cyst containing amorphous debris.
Figure 9.21 Involuted thymus in a caique (
Pionites
sp.). Several foci of res...
Figure 9.22 Gross appearance of a thymic neoplasm in a Grey‐cheeked Parakeet...
Figure 9.23 Epithelial‐predominate thymoma in a conure. Pleomorphic neoplast...
Figure 9.24 Conure with lymphoma of the thymus. A sheet of monomorphic neopl...
Figure 9.25 Thymic lymphoma in a conure. The cells are immunopositive (red c...
Figure 9.26 Diffuse nonspecific myeloid hyperplasia of the bone marrow that ...
Figure 9.27 Multifocal granulomas in the bone marrow of a chicken (
Gallus ga
...
Figure 9.28 Severe myeloid hyperplasia and early macrophage infiltration of ...
Figure 9.29 Avian mycobacteriosis in a toucan (
Ramphastos
sp.) with a focal ...
Figure 9.30 Severe avian mycobacteriosis in a rosella (
Platycercus
sp.). Dif...
Figure 9.31 Severe pancytopenia/marrow hypoplasia in a Turquoise‐fronted Ama...
Figure 9.32 Xanthoma of the bone marrow in a Budgerigar. On routine sections...
Figure 9.33 Acute myeloid leukemia in a Salmon‐crested Cockatoo (
Cacatua mol
...
Figure 9.34 Lymphoma effacing the bone marrow of a Cockatiel (
Nymphicus holl
...
Figure 9.35 Hemangiosarcoma of the bone marrow in a Lilac‐crowned Amazon (
Am
...
Figure 9.36 Carcinoma metastasis to the bone marrow of a lovebird (
Agapornis
Figure 9.37 Retained yolk sac of a Mourning Dove (
Zenaida macroura
) fledglin...
Figure 9.38 Ectopic epidermal cyst in the spleen of an Atlantic Canary (
Seri
...
Figure 9.39 Enlarged, mottled spleen in a cockatoo with polyomavirus infecti...
Figure 9.40 Multifocal splenic necrosis in a cockatoo with polyomavirus infe...
Figure 9.41 Detail of splenic necrosis and polyomavirus inclusion bodies (ar...
Figure 9.42 Numerous intranuclear polyomavirus inclusion bodies in reticular...
Figure 9.43 Enlarged, mottled spleen in a Cockatiel (
Nymphicus hollandicus
) ...
Figure 9.44 Multifocal splenic necrosis due to herpesvirus infection in a Sw...
Figure 9.45 Intranuclear inclusion bodies (arrows) in the spleen of a Swains...
Figure 9.46 Enlarged, mottled spleen in an Atlantic Canary (
Serinus canaria
)...
Figure 9.47 Marked lymphoid proliferation typical of systemic
Canarypox viru
...
Figure 9.48 Regional splenic necrosis in a Pink‐backed Pelican (
Pelecanus ru
...
Figure 9.49 Splenic enlargement and variable pallor in a macaw (
Ara
sp.) wit...
Figure 9.50 Multifocal to confluent splenic necrosis in an
Eclectus
sp. parr...
Figure 9.51 Detail of a necrotic area from Figure 9.50. Numerous bacteria ar...
Figure 9.52 A Blue‐and‐yellow Macaw (
Ara ararauna
) with splenic necrosis and...
Figure 9.53
Coxiella
‐like sp. in a macrophage. Electron microscopy is one of...
