Performing the Large Animal Physical Examination E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1536

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

Easy-to-follow guide to performing physical examinations on horses and ruminants, with a comprehensive collection of color photographs demonstrating important concepts and procedural techniques.

Featuring hundreds of full-color images demonstrating the observation and hands-on clinical skills described, Performing the Large Animal Physical Examination offers a step-by-step guide to all aspects of assessing the health and wellbeing of equine patients and ruminants. Cattle, sheep, and goats are emphasized, with vital commentary about camelids included when applicable.

Each section begins with information on observing, approaching, and safely handling patients, then discusses how to systematically evaluate each body system. A companion website features video clips demonstrating key concepts.

Performing the Large Animal Physical Examination includes information on:

• Equine and ruminant behavior, including feeding, social, herd, and separation behaviors, sleep and rest disturbances, other stereotypies
• The distance examination, observation, and efficient methods to approach and restrain patients, with emphasis on flight zones and point of balance, safety of personnel, and animal welfare
• Big picture considerations with respect to the patient’s body, coat, and skin, including coat color and markings, weight and height estimations, and forms of patient identification
• Evaluation of the head (eyes, ears, nose, and throat) as well as the cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, gastrointestinal, reproductive, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, plus considerations specific to the lameness exam
• Basic clinical procedures and common clinical conditions specific to each body system in horses, small and large ruminants

Performing the Large Animal Physical Examination is an essential resource for students and other veterinary team members to develop comfort and confidence observing, approaching, handling, and examining equine and ruminant patients, as well as for experienced practitioners who may wish to refine their skills and clinical acumen.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedications

Contributor Names and Affiliations

PART ONE OF TEXT: EQUINE CONTRIBUTORS

PART TWO OF TEXT: RUMINANT CONTRIBUTORS

About the Editors

Ryane E. Englar

Sarah Eaton

Gayle Leith

Skyler Bentley

Lisa Hallam

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Companion Website

Part I: Performing the Physical Examination of Horses

1 Setting the Stage: Observing and Understanding Equine Behavior

1.1 Feeding Behaviors

1.2 Social Behaviors

1.3 Movement Patterns

1.4 Sleep

1.5 Abnormal Behaviors

1.6 Concluding Thoughts

References

2 Safe Methods by Which to Approach and Restrain the Equine Patient

2.1 Assessing Fear, Anxiety, and Stress and Making Patient‐Specific Determinations About Next Steps

2.2 Approaching the Horse

2.3 Haltering a Horse

2.4 Interacting with the Haltered Horse: First Impressions

2.5 Leading the Haltered Horse

2.6 Tying a Horse

2.7 Additional Restraint

2.8 Picking Up the Front Legs

2.9 Picking Up the Hind Legs

2.10 Releasing the Horse

2.11 Summary of Key “Take Away” Concepts for Working with and Around Horses

References

3 Assessing the Big Picture: The Equine Body, Skin, Coat, Coat Colors, and Markings

3.1 Clinical Anatomy and Practical Terminology

3.2 Body Conformation

3.3 Assessing the Equine Body Condition Score (BCS)

3.4 Weight and Height Estimations

3.5 Introduction to Breeds of Horses

3.6 Equine Identification via Natural Markings

3.7 Equine Identification via Acquired Markings

3.8 Assessing the Coat and Skin

3.9 Assessing the Hooves

3.10 Concluding Thoughts

Additional Videos

References

4 Examining the Head, with Emphasis on the Eyes and Ears

4.1 Introduction to the Structures of the Equine Head

4.2 The Eyes and Ocular Adnexa

4.3 Examination of the Ears

4.4 Nose and Nostril Examination

4.5 The Vibrissae

4.6 Introduction to the Oral Cavity

4.7 Concluding Thoughts

References

5 Examining the Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Lymphatic Systems of the Equine Patient

5.1 Patient History

5.2 Observation of the Equine Patient Prior to Handling

5.3 Assessment of Mucous Membrane Color and Capillary Refill Time (CRT)

5.4 Digital Palpation of Arterial Pulse

5.5 Assessment of Jugular Pulses

5.6 Cardiothoracic Auscultation

5.7 Respiratory Assessments

5.8 The Lymphatic System

5.9 Concluding Thoughts

References

6 Examining the Alimentary Tract of the Equine Patient

6.1 Overview of the Digestive Tract

6.2 Patient‐Specific Considerations: Why Signalment and Geographical Residence Matter?

6.3 Taking a Patient History

6.4 Vital Signs

6.5 External Exam of Head and Teeth

6.6 Intraoral Dental Examination

6.7 Beyond the Oral Cavity

6.8 The Rectal Examination

6.9 Concluding Thoughts

References

7 Equine Musculoskeletal and Lameness Exams

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Pertinent Medical History

7.3 Observation from Afar

7.4 Palpation for Symmetry, Swellings, and Pain Responses

7.5 Gait Analysis and Grading Lameness

7.6 Incorporating Hoof Testers into the Exam and Checking for a Digital Pulse

7.7 Distal Limb Palpation

7.8 Flexion Tests

7.9 Perineural Anesthesia

7.10 Intrasynovial Anesthesia

7.11 Diagnostic Imaging

References

8 Examining the Nervous System of the Horse

8.1 Geographic Location Provides Foundational Knowledge and Prioritizes Differentials

8.2 The Role of Patient Signalment, Patient History, and Client Observations

8.3 First Impressions: The Neurologic Horse

8.4 Key Considerations When Examining the Neurologic Horse

8.5 Localizing the Lesion

8.6 The Neurologic Exam (Johnson 2010; Aleman 2015; Furr and Reed 2015a; Hahn 2022)

8.7 Pelvic Limb Movement Disorders Unrelated to Musculoskeletal Lameness or Proprioceptive Ataxia

8.8 Concluding Thoughts

References

9 The Reproductive Exam in the Mare

9.1 Reasons for Reproductive Tract Evaluation in the Mare

9.2 Practitioner Safety

9.3 Patient Preparation and Safety

9.4 Equipment Preparation

9.5 Anatomy of the Mare

9.6 Evaluation of the Nonpregnant Mare

9.7 Transrectal Ultrasonography

9.8 Evaluation of the Pregnant Mare

9.9 Vaginal Examination

9.10 The Mammary Glands

9.11 Conclusion

References

10 The Reproductive Exam in the Gelding and Stallion

10.1 Reasons for Performing a Reproductive Examination

10.2 Practitioner Safety

10.3 Patient Preparation and Safety

10.4 Equipment Preparation

10.5 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tract

10.6 External Examination of the Male Reproductive Tract

10.7 Internal Examination of the Male Reproductive Tract

10.8 Ultrasonography of the Male Reproductive Tract

10.9 Semen Evaluation

10.10 Conclusion

References

11 Examination of the Neonate

11.1 Reasons for Performing a Neonatal Examination

11.2 Practitioner and Patient Safety

11.3 Equipment Preparation

11.4 Examination Basics

11.5 Examination of the Placenta

11.6 Conclusion

Resources Consulted

12 Basic Clinical Procedures in Equine Practice

12.1 Blood Collection

12.2 Administration of Medications

12.3 Intravenous Catheter – Placement and Maintenance

12.4 Nasogastric Intubation

12.5 Abdominocentesis

12.6 Tracheostomy

12.7 Dental Exam and Odontoplasty (Floating)

12.8 Diagnostic Anesthesia as a Key Component of the Lameness Exam

12.9 Microchip Insertion

12.10 Nasopharyngeal Sampling

12.11 Transtracheal Wash (TTW)

12.12 Ophthalmic Procedures

12.13 Placement of the Subpalpebral Lavage System

12.14 Sheath Cleaning

12.15 Equine Euthanasia

12.16 Concluding Thoughts

Resources Consulted

13 Indications for Referral in Equine Practice

13.1 Basic Considerations Surrounding Referrals

13.2 Referral Scenarios

13.3 Case‐Specific Instances in Which Referral Is Indicated

Resources Consulted

Part II: Performing the Physical Examination of Ruminants

14 Setting the Stage: Observing and Understanding Ruminant Behavior

14.1 Insight into Behaviors of Prey Species

14.2 Behavior and the Exam from a Distance

14.3 Behavioral Details that are Species Specific

Resources Consulted

15 Safe Methods by Which to Approach and Restrain Ruminants

15.1 Broad Considerations Surrounding Handling

15.2 Broad Environmental Considerations

15.3 Broad Considerations About On‐Site Equipment

15.4 Broad Considerations Surrounding Biosecurity

15.5 Species‐Specific Considerations

Resources Consulted

16 Assessing the Big Picture: the Body; the Coat, and the Skin of the Cow, Sheep, Goat, and South American Camelid

16.1 Cattle

16.2 Sheep and Goats

16.3 South American Camelids

Resources Consulted

17 Examining the Head of the Ruminant, with Emphasis on the Eyes, Ears, Nose, Mouth, and Throat

17.1 The Distance Exam: Lessons in Observation

17.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

17.3 Patient Restraint in Preparation for Examining the Head and Neck

17.4 Evaluating for Symmetry of the Head and Neck

17.5 Assessing the Skin of the Head and Neck

17.6 Assessing the Eyes

17.7 Assessing the Ears

17.8 Assessing the Upper Respiratory Tract

17.9 Examining the Oral Cavity

17.10 Evaluating the Throat

References

18 Examining the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems of the Ruminant

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Assessing the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems from a Distance

18.3 Mentation

18.4 Posture

18.5 Respiration from a Distance

18.6 Edema

18.7 Assessing Circulation

18.8 Auscultation of the Cardiovascular System

18.9 Auscultation of the Airway

18.10 Palpation of the Thorax

Reference

19 Examining the Lymphatic System of the Ruminant

19.1 General Overview of the Ruminant Lymphatic System

19.2 Lymph Nodes of the Head

19.3 Prescapular Lymph Nodes

19.4 Prefemoral Lymph Nodes

19.5 Supramammary Lymph Nodes

19.6 Internal Pelvic Lymph Nodes

19.7 Hemal Lymph Nodes

19.8 Non‐palpable Lymph Nodes

19.9 Ancillary Assessment of the Lymph Nodes

Resources Consulted

20 Examination of the Ruminant Digestive System

20.1 Digestive System of Ruminants

20.2 History and Initial Examination

20.3 Physical Examination

20.4 Systematic Examination of the Ruminant's Digestive System

20.5 Conclusion

Resources Consulted

21 Examining the Musculoskeletal System of Ruminants

21.1 General Observations

21.2 Appropriate Restraint

21.3 Comprehensive Musculoskeletal Exam

21.4 Hoof Testers

21.5 Additional Diagnostics

References

22 Examining the Nervous System of the Ruminant

22.1 Signalment and History

22.2 The Neurologic Examination

Resources Consulted

23 The Reproductive Exam in the Cow, Ewe, Doe, and Female South American Camelid

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Signalment of the Patient

23.3 History of the Herd

23.4 History of the Individual Female

23.5 Observation of the Patient

23.6 Examination of the Female Genital System

23.7 External Examination of the Female Genital System

23.8 Internal Examination of the Female Genital System

23.9 Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of Some Conditions Affecting the Female Genital System in Cattle

23.10 Examination of the Udder

Resources Consulted

24 The Reproductive Exam in the Bull, Ram, Buck, and South American Camelid Stud

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Applied Anatomy

24.3 Signalment of Case

24.4 History of the Case

24.5 Clinical Examination of the Male Genital System

24.6 Collection of Semen

24.7 Evaluation of Semen

24.8 Evaluation of Libido and Ability to Perform Intromission

24.9 Further Diagnostics

Resources Consulted

25 Examination of the Neonate

25.1 Introduction to Chapter

25.2 Signalment and History Gathering for the Neonatal Patient

25.3 Observation of the Neonate at a Distance

25.4 Approaching the Hands‐On Examination of the Neonatal Patient

Resources Consulted

26 Clinical Diagnostic Procedures in Ruminants

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Blood Collection

26.3 Rumen Fluid Collection

26.4 Liver Biopsy

26.5 Urine Collection

26.6 Urinalysis

26.7 Transtracheal Wash and Sampling of the Bronchoalveolar Fluid (BALF)

26.8 Deep Nasal Swab

26.9 Thoracic Ultrasound

26.10 Abdominal Ultrasound

26.11 Broad Considerations with Respect to Radiography in Ruminants

26.12 Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)

26.13 Necropsy

26.14 Fecal Collection

26.15 Tissue Collection

26.16 Milk Collection

26.17 Abdominocentesis

26.18 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Aspiration

26.19 Abomasal Aspiration

Resources Consulted

27 Indications for Referral

27.1 Why Refer?

27.2 How to Refer

27.3 Typical Referral Cases in Clinical Practice

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Landmarks and criteria for the evaluation of body condition score...

Table 3.2 Tobiano, Overo, and Tovero description and comparison.

Table 3.3 Equine facial markings, descriptions that outline the common mark...

Table 3.4 – Equine leg markings.

Table 3.5 Tattoo information for the common racing breeds.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 List of horse breeds and their heritable ocular conditions.

Table 4.2 A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indir...

Table 4.3 Summary table of the equine cranial nerves involved in vision and...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Physical measurements of the portions of the equine gastrointesti...

Table 6.2 Naming of the equine dental arcades and teeth using the Triadan n...

Table 6.3 Naming of the equine dental arcades and teeth using the Triadan n...

Table 6.4 Incisor eruption schedule in equine foals.

Table 6.5 Deciduous premolar eruption schedule in foals (Henry and Rice 201...

Table 6.6 Equine dental eruption schedule, useful for determining age (Henr...

Table 6.7 Dental directional terminology.

Table 6.8 Individual equine tooth characteristics for dental aging.

Table 6.9 Summary of the common dental abnormalities found in the horse....

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Grading equine neurological disease.

Table 8.2 Equine cranial nerves and their assessment.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Supplies commonly used for the evaluation of the reproductive tr...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Anatomical landmarks for the equine cardiac valves.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Description of common venipuncture sites of the horse and the su...

Table 12.2 Steps for collection of blood from the jugular vein in a horse....

Table 12.3 Steps for oral medication administration in the horse.

Table 12.4 Steps for withdrawing medication from a vial.

Table 12.5 Stepwise instructions for performing an intravenous injection in...

Table 12.6 Equine intramuscular injection sites and anatomical boundary des...

Table 12.7 Instructions for the administration of intramuscular injections ...

Table 12.8 Types of intravenous catheters used in horses, their details, an...

Table 12.9 Steps for the placement of an over‐the‐needle intravenous cathet...

Table 12.10 Approximate distances to the rostral esophageal orifice and dis...

Table 12.11 Diameter and length of tubes commonly used for equine nasogastr...

Table 12.12 Steps for performing an equine nasogastric intubation with the ...

Table 12.13 Steps to perform an abdominocentesis in the horse using a teat ...

Table 12.14 Steps for performing an elective tracheostomy in a horse

Table 12.15 Summary of the steps for performing dental prophylaxis and odon...

Table 12.16 Location of nerves, region, and structures blocked, and supplie...

Table 12.17 The steps to perform palmar/plantar digital nerve perineural an...

Table 12.18 Location of nerves, region, and structures blocked, and supplie...

Table 12.19 The steps to perform pastern semiring anesthesia

Table 12.20 Location of nerves, region, and structures blocked, and supplie...

Table 12.21 The steps to perform abaxial sesamoid (basisesamoid) anesthesia...

Table 12.22 Location of nerves, region, and structures blocked, and supplie...

Table 12.23 The steps to perform low four palmar/plantar anesthesia

Table 12.24 Steps for microchip insertion in the horse

Table 12.25 Steps to perform a nasopharyngeal swab in the horse

Table 12.26 Steps to perform a nasopharyngeal lavage in the horse

Table 12.27 Steps to perform a transtracheal wash in a horse

Table 12.28 Equine ocular nerves that are used in the ophthalmologic exam a...

Table 12.29 Diagnostic results (normal and abnormal) for common ophthalmic ...

Table 12.30 Procedure for placement of a subpalpebral lavage system in the ...

Table 12.31 Steps for performing a sheath clean in a gelding or stallion....

Table 12.32 Steps for performing an equine euthanasia using pentobarbital...

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Bovine neonatal and adult dentition Dentition is a typically rel...

Table 17.2 Small ruminant neonatal and adult dentition Dentition is a typic...

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Abdominal contours and associated conditions.

Table 20.2 Interpretation of oral mucosal color and potential differentials...

Table 20.3 Dentition formulas for the common ruminant species.

Table 20.4 Normal ranges for rumen contractions per minute.

Table 20.5 Rumen fluid analysis.

Table 20.6 Peritoneal fluid evaluation.

Table 20.7 Normal structures of the rectal examination and potential abnorm...

Table 20.8 Bovine fecal evaluation and scoring chart.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Highly specific signs for neurologic lesion localization in rumi...

Table 22.2 Cranial nerves.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Normal vital parameters for common neonatal ruminant species.

Table 25.2 Parameters for assessing hydration status in neonatal calves.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Assembly of vacutainer.

Table 26.2 Common uses of different types of blood tubes.

Table 26.3 Tail bleed (cattle).

Table 26.4 Jugular bleed in cattle.

Table 26.5 Jugular bleed in small ruminants.

Table 26.6 Orogastric collection.

Table 26.7 Rumenocentesis.

Table 26.8 Liver biopsy.

Table 26.9 Operation of the Tru‐Cut

®

biopsy device.

Table 26.10 Transtracheal wash (TTW).

Table 26.11 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in a bovine patient.

Table 26.12 Deep nasal swab on a small ruminant.

Table 26.13 Example of a calf lung ultrasound scoring system.

Table 26.14 Some common indications for abdominal ultrasound in large and s...

Table 26.15 Step‐by‐step process for abdominal ultrasound in the bovine.

Table 26.16 FNA of a lymph node in a bovine patient.

Table 26.17 Step‐by‐step guide to field necropsy of the ruminant.

Table 26.18 Specific sample collection from gross necropsy in the ruminant....

Table 26.19 Ear notch collection.

Table 26.20 Sterile milk sample collection.

Table 26.21 Lumbosacral CSF collection.

Table 26.22 Atlanto‐occipital CSF collection.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Example of mare pinning ears and food guarding toward a foal in a...

Figure 1.2 Example of a horse showing food aggression and protection by pinn...

Figure 1.3 Example of weanlings housed together for socialization as a herd....

Figure 1.4 Example of two horses performing mutual grooming within the same ...

Figure 1.5 Example of two horses performing mutual grooming across a fence....

Figure 1.6 Example of a foal playing with a halter and a lead rope left on t...

Figure 1.7 Example of a gelding playing in a puddle.

Figure 1.8 Example of horses in various stages of rest. The standing horse i...

Figure 1.9 The horses from Figure 1.8, showing one of the sternally recumben...

Figure 1.10 Example of a horse resting in lateral recumbency at a horse show...

Figure 1.11 Example of a mare in a stall resting in a sternal position.

Figure 1.12 The same mare as in Figure 1.11 feeling comfortable in her envir...

Figure 1.13 Example of a horse resting while standing. Notice the left rear ...

Figure 1.14 Example of horse vocalizing. Notice the raised head, flared nost...

Figure 1.15 Example of a horse turned in the direction of last sighting of s...

Figure 1.16 Example of a horse holding leg up and pressing on a gate, both d...

Figure 1.17 Image showing wear on a metal stall guard due to cribbing. Cribb...

Figure 1.18 Image showing evidence of a stalled horse running teeth on a wal...

Figure 1.19 Image showing evidence of a stalled horse running teeth on a wal...

Figure 1.20 Example of a foal showing oral behavior by chewing on the mare h...

Figure 1.21 Evidence of wood chewing on stall walls.

Figure 1.22 Example of a horse with a horse showing sleep deprivation. Notic...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Diagram of the equine patient's flight one. The point of balance ...

Figure 2.2 Diagram indicating the ideal locations to approach a horse. Appro...

Figure 2.3 Diagram labeling the parts of a halter.

Figure 2.4 Two leather halters. Notice the halter on the right has had the c...

Figure 2.5 Safety halter with leather crown piece. The leather will break if...

Figure 2.6 Leather shipping halter. The sheepskin cover protects the horse f...

Figure 2.7 Two examples of rope halters. The red halter has more knots on th...

Figure 2.8 Placing a rope halter on the horse. After placement of the noseba...

Figure 2.9 Feed the crown piece end of the rope halter through the loop on t...

Figure 2.10 Feed the loose end of the crown piece end under the loop.

Figure 2.11 Feed the crown piece end under the loop toward the anterior aspe...

Figure 2.12 Completely feed the crown piece end caudally through the loop....

Figure 2.13 Secure and tighten the knot.

Figure 2.14 The crown piece end should be pointing toward the horse's tail....

Figure 2.15 Slowly move the lead rope end and right hand up the horse's neck...

Figure 2.16 Slide the lead rope up the neck and make a loop around the horse...

Figure 2.17 With the left hand place the nosepiece over the muzzle and up th...

Figure 2.18 Feed the crown piece end through the buckle. Adjust the buckle t...

Figure 2.19 Horse wearing a correctly fitted safety halter.

Figure 2.20 Overly large halter. The nose band is too far rostral and is res...

Figure 2.21 A nylon halter sitting too rostral to the horse's facial crest....

Figure 2.22 This is the same horse in Figure 2.21. The halter has been buckl...

Figure 2.23 Allowing a horse to acclimate to physical contact. Initially, th...

Figure 2.24 Same horse as in Figure 2.23. Within a few seconds, the gelding'...

Figure 2.25 Example of a horse being led correctly. The handler is level wit...

Figure 2.26 The loose end of the lead rope should never be wrapped around th...

Figure 2.27 This horse is too far behind the handler and the handler is not ...

Figure 2.28 This horse is too far in front of the handler due to too much ro...

Figure 2.29 Example of a horse tied at a correct head height with an ideal l...

Figure 2.30 Steps 1–8 for completing the quick release knot. Step one – plac...

Figure 2.31 Steps 1–4 for releasing the quick release knot. The yellow arrow...

Figure 2.32 Quick release knot on a hitching post showing management of the ...

Figure 2.33 Horse standing in a safe crosstie area. Notice the horse has amp...

Figure 2.34 Portion of the crosstie enclosure showing that the partitions be...

Figure 2.35 Example of a neck twitch applied to the left distal neck. Note t...

Figure 2.36 Types of twitches. The small upside down “V”‐shaped twitch on th...

Figure 2.37 Sedated mare restrained in stocks that needed additional restrai...

Figure 2.38 Place fingers through the twitch.

Figure 2.39 Grasp the upper lip with the left fingers and thumb with the han...

Figure 2.40 While still grasping the upper lip, slide the twitch proximally ...

Figure 2.41 Once the twitch is seated, the handler can either hold the twitc...

Figure 2.42 If a horse allows, the ears can be gently rubbed or scratched to...

Figure 2.43 Standing on the horse's left side, feed the snap end of the chai...

Figure 2.44 Feed the snap end of the chain through the right nose band ring....

Figure 2.45 If the chain length allows, attach the chain snap to the upper r...

Figure 2.46 Correct positioning of the nose chain. Notice the halter is not ...

Figure 2.47 For a lip chain, move the chain toward the horse's mouth.

Figure 2.48 Using the right thumb, lift the horse's upper lip upward and gui...

Figure 2.49 The chain is gently seated well above the incisors.

Figure 2.50 In most cases, minimal pressure should be applied to the chain. ...

Figure 2.51 Clip the lead rope snap to the upper right halter ring. Place th...

Figure 2.52 Pull the loose end of lead rope through the lower right noseband...

Figure 2.53 Pass the loose end of the lead rope through the left noseband ri...

Figure 2.54 Place the loop of lead rope that is present between the noseband...

Figure 2.55 Lift the upper lip with the left thumb, while holding the loop o...

Figure 2.56 Gently tighten the lead rope and ensure that it is well seated a...

Figure 2.57 The horse's front leg is held off the ground at the hoof.

Figure 2.58 To hold the front foot between the examiner's legs, the examiner...

Figure 2.59 Once the examiner's legs are on either side of the front foot, g...

Figure 2.60 Gently return the hoof to the ground with continued support.

Figure 2.61 The examiner has their left hand on the horse's left rear leg. N...

Figure 2.62 The examiner grasps the medial aspect of the horse’s hoof, while...

Figure 2.63 The examiner fully grasps the hoof with their left hand and clea...

Figure 2.64 The horse's leg can be supported with the leg adjacent to the ho...

Figure 2.65 In horses with decreased hind limb flexibility, the examiner can...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 External anatomy of the horse with relevant landmarks noted.

Figure 3.2 Image indicating a horse's shoulder, back, underline, and hindqua...

Figure 3.3 Image showing the shoulder and pastern angles that should be simi...

Figure 3.4 Image showing a horse's neck, head, body, and front leg length....

Figure 3.5 Relevant anatomical structures of the ventral aspect of the hoof....

Figure 3.6 Relevant anatomical structures of the internal aspect of the hoof...

Figure 3.7 Relevant anatomical structures of the equine skull.

Figure 3.8 The ventral midline of this horse reveals an incisional hernia an...

Figure 3.9 Weanling horse with an umbilical hernia.

Figure 3.10 Soft fluctuant mass at the point of the elbow (shoe boil) that i...

Figure 3.11 Palpation of the shoe boil from Figure 3.10. Usually in the chro...

Figure 3.12 This 4‐year‐old Quarter Horse has a significant long sway back a...

Figure 3.13 The body condition scoring (BCS) of a horse is based on the hors...

Figure 3.14 Horse showing a BCS between 1 and 2, severe gluteal atrophy, and...

Figure 3.15 Aged paint gelding showing a BCS between 1 and 2.

Figure 3.16 Caudal view of a horse with a BCS of 2 showing loss of medial th...

Figure 3.17 Dorsal view of a horse with a BCS of 2 showing significant loss ...

Figure 3.18 Image showing the lateral view of a horse with a BCS of 3.

Figure 3.19 Image of a gelding with a BCS of 5.

Figure 3.20 Example of a horse with a BCS of 8.

Figure 3.21 Note the fat pad caudal to the shoulder in the horse from Figure...

Figure 3.22 Image of a donkey with a BCS of 9. Note the extreme fatty crest ...

Figure 3.23 Dorsal view of a miniature donkey with a BCS of 9. Note her flat...

Figure 3.24 Horse standing quietly on a scale for weighing. The weight recor...

Figure 3.25 Horse being weighed on a scale. The weight is 984 lb and BCS est...

Figure 3.26 Measuring tape is placed in the middle of the chest and extended...

Figure 3.27 Location of measuring tape placement in the middle of the chest ...

Figure 3.28 Use of a measuring tape to measure the girth in a gelding. The m...

Figure 3.29 Utilization of a commercial weight tape. This gelding's BCS is e...

Figure 3.30 Close‐up of the horse in Figure 3.29 showing the correct use of ...

Figure 3.31 Example of the upper portion of a horse measuring stick. The ver...

Figure 3.32 Close‐up view of the horizontal arm of a horse measuring stick. ...

Figure 3.33 Image showing the measuring stick next to the horse's shoulder. ...

Figure 3.34 The horizontal bar from Figure 3.33 is now resting on the wither...

Figure 3.35 Close‐up from the horse in Figures 3.33 and 3.34 showing the hor...

Figure 3.36 Estimation of height using a commercial weight tape. The bottom ...

Figure 3.37 – Close‐up of the horse from Figure 3.36 showing the estimated h...

Figure 3.38 Image of a Gaited Rocky Mountain horse. This breed is known for ...

Figure 3.39 Image of an Oldenburg gelding (note the Oldenburg brand on the l...

Figure 3.40 Percheron draft horse. Ideally the handler should be on the same...

Figure 3.41 A pair of Norwegian Fjords at a combined driving event.

Figure 3.42 A pair of Friesian horses at a combined driving competition.

Figure 3.43 Image of a foal shedding its baby coat. The baby coat is light b...

Figure 3.44 Example of a dark bay or brown mare. The coat is brown with area...

Figure 3.45 Image of a chestnut mare with a left rear high sock and a star o...

Figure 3.46 Image showing a sorrel Quarter Horse with a blaze and bilateral ...

Figure 3.47 Image showing a sorrel mare with flaxen mane and tail. She also ...

Figure 3.48 Image of an older black Arabian gelding with normal facial greyi...

Figure 3.49 Three color variations of greys; left steel grey 6‐year‐old, mid...

Figure 3.50 Image showing a grey horse with dapples. Dapples are a repeating...

Figure 3.51 Image of a 14‐year‐old horse with a silver grey haircoat. Note t...

Figure 3.52 Image of a 2‐year‐old horse with a rose grey haircoat. Rose grey...

Figure 3.53 Image of a young bay foal. Although this foal appears to be dark...

Figure 3.54 Image of an older grey Paint horse. On close inspection note the...

Figure 3.55 Image showing a close‐up of a flea‐bitten grey horse. Note the l...

Figure 3.56 Flea‐bitten grey horse showing the bloody shoulder, hip, and tho...

Figure 3.57 The same horse as in Figure 3.56 showing the opposite side of th...

Figure 3.58 Horse with a red roan coat. Red roans have a uniform mixture of ...

Figure 3.59 Horse with a blue roan haircoat. The blue roan occurs when the r...

Figure 3.60 Example of a bay roan‐colored horse. The bay roan occurs when th...

Figure 3.61 Blanketed Appaloosa horse pattern showing a solid white hip cove...

Figure 3.62 Red roan Appaloosa with pronounced spotting over hindquarters....

Figure 3.63 Horse with a leopard haircoat pattern.

Figure 3.64 Chestnut or sorrel Appaloosa with blanket. The facial markings a...

Figure 3.65 Muzzle of a horse showing mottling.

Figure 3.66 Image of a bay and white tovero Paint horse. A tovero has a comb...

Figure 3.67 Horse from Figure 3.66 showing facial markings. The dark ear pig...

Figure 3.68 Horse with a bay tobiano color pattern. This horse is a draft br...

Figure 3.69 Horse showing a black overo pattern. Note the white does not cro...

Figure 3.70 Pale buckskin horse with four white stockings. Note the black po...

Figure 3.71 Buckskin and palomino horses have mottled amber eye coloration....

Figure 3.72 Red dun horse with a dorsal stripe down the midline.

Figure 3.73 Grulla dun horse with dorsal stripe down the midline.

Figure 3.74 The dorsal stripe on the grulla dun extends up to the withers an...

Figure 3.75 Grulla horse with primitive markings on palmar forelimb. The pri...

Figure 3.76 Dark palomino with dapples. On close inspection, there is an Old...

Figure 3.77 Light palomino pony with a pale mane and tail.

Figure 3.78 Cremello jumping pony. Note the almost uniformly pale haircoat, ...

Figure 3.79 The cremello stallion shown has bilateral blue eyes and nonpigme...

Figure 3.80 Figure showing the location of a snip (between the nostrils), a ...

Figure 3.81 Facial markings of this horse include a star, skinny strip, and ...

Figure 3.82 Horse with the facial marking of a star and a faint snip.

Figure 3.83 Image of a horse with a blaze extending to the left side of the ...

Figure 3.84 Lateral view of a sorrel overo Paint Horse with a bald facial ma...

Figure 3.85 Example of a black overo Paint Horse with a bald facial marking....

Figure 3.86 Anatomical landmarks for naming of equine leg markings.

Figure 3.87 Legs of a bay horse with black points, white socks, and black er...

Figure 3.88 Example of an unusual left rear marking. The right rear marking ...

Figure 3.89 Older chestnut Arabian mare with leukotrichia. The underlying ep...

Figure 3.90 Close‐up of the mare in Figure 3.89 demonstrating the pigmented ...

Figure 3.91 Example of a single clockwise whorl on the midline of the head o...

Figure 3.92 Counterclockwise whorl on the forehead of a horse.

Figure 3.93 Linear vertical whorl and counterclockwise whorl (below the vert...

Figure 3.94 Ventral neck vertical whorl extending to the dorsal chest. At th...

Figure 3.95 Chestnuts present on the hind limbs of a horse. Chestnuts grow s...

Figure 3.96 Chestnut present on the left forelimb of a horse. The dorsal asp...

Figure 3.97 Small hind limb chestnuts present on a dun gelding.

Figure 3.98 –Sorrel tobiano Paint horse with a nonpigmented (pink) chestnut ...

Figure 3.99 This is the same horse as in Figure 3.98. The left forelimb ches...

Figure 3.100 Large oval forelimb chestnuts present on a donkey.

Figure 3.101 Ergot present on the palmar aspect of the fetlock, just distal ...

Figure 3.102 Distinctive linear scar consisting of several parallel lines. T...

Figure 3.103 Muscular divot on the lateral mid‐neck region of this buckskin ...

Figure 3.104 Scar from a previous surgically repaired laceration on the late...

Figure 3.105 Image of a mare with a mass on the right thorax that can be use...

Figure 3.106 Closer view of the thoracic mass from Figure 3.107. This mass m...

Figure 3.107 Distinctive scar on the lateral aspect of the left front paster...

Figure 3.108 Pin firing bilateral left and right front metacarpal regions. N...

Figure 3.109 The same Thoroughbred gelding as in Figure 3.109 showing a clos...

Figure 3.110 Tongue tattoo present on the left underside of the tongue in th...

Figure 3.111 Close‐up image of the tongue tattoo from Figure 3.110. The meta...

Figure 3.112 Upper lip tattoo in a Thoroughbred horse that begins with a “U,...

Figure 3.113 Brand on the left flank with 42 below the characteristic Hanove...

Figure 3.114 Oldenburg brand present on the left flank.

Figure 3.115 Belgium warmblood gelding with a hot brand left thoracic region...

Figure 3.116 The same horse as in Figure 3.115 showing the right thoracic re...

Figure 3.117 Grey gelding with the Czech warmblood brand on the left flank....

Figure 3.118 Westphalian brand on the left flank.

Figure 3.119 BLM freeze brand present on the left neck of a horse.

Figure 3.120 Veterinary microchip that usually comes preloaded into a steril...

Figure 3.121 Example of a veterinary microchip. The microchip is sterilely h...

Figure 3.122 The microchip is injected into the nuchal ligament midway betwe...

Figure 3.123 Image of a mare shedding her winter coat. Recent rains resulted...

Figure 3.124 In performance horses often the winter coat is clipped, and the...

Figure 3.125 This horse has mild sunburn on the nostrils. Additionally, note...

Figure 3.126 Excessive granulation tissue at the medial canthus due to habro...

Figure 3.127 Habronemiasis lesion prior to debridement. Note the yellow sulf...

Figure 3.128 Habronemiasis located at the proximal aspect of the penis. Note...

Figure 3.129 Left gluteal region of an aged grey horse with a large patch of...

Figure 3.130 The same horse as in Figure 3.129. The affected hair was remove...

Figure 3.131 Two large aural plaques in the left ear. Due to the appearance,...

Figure 3.132 Seasonal non pruritic urticaria in a Warmblood mare. The urtica...

Figure 3.133 The same horse as in Figure 3.132. A closer view of the gyrate ...

Figure 3.134 The 25‐year‐old Arabian gelding was normal in the previous even...

Figure 3.135 The same horse as in Figure 3.134. Forty‐eight hours following ...

Figure 3.136 The same horse as in Figure 3.134. Forty‐eight hours following ...

Figure 3.137 A 26‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding with chronically enlarged l...

Figure 3.138 Chronic excessive granulation tissue resulting in limb edema an...

Figure 3.139 Posterior view of the same horse in Figure 3.138.

Figure 3.140 Severe excessive chronic granulation tissue on the distal limb ...

Figure 3.141 This occult sarcoid is located at the rostral facial crest of a...

Figure 3.142 Along this horse's left neck, there are several occult sarcoids...

Figure 3.143 This horse has a primarily nodular sarcoid with a verrucous com...

Figure 3.144 Ulcerative SCC on an aged Paint Horse gelding's sheath and base...

Figure 3.145 Aged Appaloosa mare with ulcerative lesions at the mucosa of th...

Figure 3.146 Paint horse with SCC in the form of a small ulcerative lesion a...

Figure 3.147 Perineal melanoma.

Figure 3.148 Extensive vulvar, anal, and perianal melanomas in an aged Arabi...

Figure 3.149 This albino horse presented with an excessively long thick wint...

Figure 3.150 A 26‐year‐old Thoroughbred slow to shed with presumptive PPID. ...

Figure 3.151 Image of a well‐balanced hoof where the cranial aspect of the h...

Figure 3.152 Well‐balanced hooves viewed from the cranial aspect, both hoove...

Figure 3.153 Medial image of a foot showing previous trauma to this horse's ...

Figure 3.154 In contrast to the horse in Figure 3.152, note in this horse th...

Figure 3.155 The cranial aspect of the pastern should be parallel with the c...

Figure 3.156 Image showing the horse's legs below the carpus and hooves are ...

Figure 3.157 Hoof showing abnormal conformation of the dorsal wall. The whit...

Figure 3.158 Horse with severe laminitis. The lesion at the coronary band pr...

Figure 3.159 Ventral view of the horse from Figure 3.158 showing complete in...

Figure 3.160 Dorsolateral image of a hoof with severe white line disease req...

Figure 3.161 The frog in this hoof is shedding normally and is peeled from t...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Labeled regions of the equine skull. Points of interest on the eq...

Figure 4.2 Young horse with significant firm swelling on the left lateral ma...

Figure 4.3 Firm, cool, nonpainful boney enlargements (eruption bumps) are pr...

Figure 4.4 Lateral view of a hard, bony, non‐painful raised bump on the nasa...

Figure 4.5 Two‐day‐old foal with a head tilt. The foal would hold the head t...

Figure 4.6 Partial facial paralysis secondary to nerve compression during su...

Figure 4.7 Sialolith (calcium stone) in the common duct of the parotoid glan...

Figure 4.8 Sialolith successfully removed from the horse in Figure 4.7 and m...

Figure 4.9 Horse with a nonpainful, cool movable mass associated dorsolatera...

Figure 4.10 Aged flea‐bitten grey mare with soft nonpainful enlargement indi...

Figure 4.11 The same mare as in Figure 4.10, showing the left side of the ne...

Figure 4.12 Pictogram depicting the equine field of vision. Being aware of b...

Figure 4.13 Performing the Schirmer tear test in an equine patient. The tear...

Figure 4.14 Horse after application of fluorescein stain to evaluate the cor...

Figure 4.15 Vibrissae (whiskers) are located on the upper and lower equine e...

Figure 4.16 Equine eyelashes should be almost horizontal, parallel to the gr...

Figure 4.17 Horse showing extensive bilateral blepharedema and lower lid ect...

Figure 4.18 Gentle digital pressure can be applied on the upper lid to repul...

Figure 4.19 Appaloosa mare with bilaterally nonpigmented eyelids and third e...

Figure 4.20 Third eyelid of a horse showing a raised lesion (yellow arrow) o...

Figure 4.21 Atrophy or globe shrinkage can be due to severe intraocular infl...

Figure 4.22 An early sign of tetanus in the horse may be a prolapsed third e...

Figure 4.23 The practitioner must evert the eyelids to examine the palpebral...

Figure 4.24 Image of the left nostril of a horse showing the mucocutaneous j...

Figure 4.25 The nasolacrimal punctum in donkeys is located on the lateral to...

Figure 4.26 Use of the Tonopen

®

(an applanation tonometer) for the meas...

Figure 4.27 Use of the TonoVet® (a rebound tonometer) for the measurement of...

Figure 4.28 Linear blue corneal scar stretching from approximately 3–4 o’ cl...

Figure 4.29 Edema within the cornea giving it a bluish appearance. Note the ...

Figure 4.30 Stromal abscess (oval white structure) in the lower lateral aspe...

Figure 4.31 Graft pigmentation present at the lateroventral aspect of the ey...

Figure 4.32 Equine eye in a patient with a luxated lens, elevated intraocula...

Figure 4.33 Equine corneal ulcer infected by a pathogen (bacteria or fungus)...

Figure 4.34 Equine eye showing the normal limbus at the junction of the tran...

Figure 4.35 Use of a penlight to evaluate left eye of a horse.

Figure 4.36 Slit beam biomicroscopy being utilized to examine the anterior c...

Figure 4.37 Labelled diagram of portions of the external and middle layers o...

Figure 4.38 Paint horse with heterochromia iridium. The iris is blue near th...

Figure 4.39 Paint mare with heterochromia iridis. Her left eye has a brown i...

Figure 4.40 The dorsal corpora nigrans are blunted and small in this horse. ...

Figure 4.41 Corpora nigrans cyst present on the ventral border of the iris....

Figure 4.42 Equine blue eye showing iris hypoplasia ventral to the pupil. Th...

Figure 4.43 Cataract present in the left eye of a horse. The cataract is the...

Figure 4.44 Intraoperative image of the horse in Figure 4.43. Following phac...

Figure 4.45 For equine direct ophthalmoscopy, the practitioner can begin an ...

Figure 4.46 The direct ophthalmoscope allows monocular evaluation of the fun...

Figure 4.47 Examination of a horse using binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy o...

Figure 4.48 Performing indirect ophthalmoscopy in the horse. Note the examin...

Figure 4.49 Assessing the menace response in a horse with plexiglass blockin...

Figure 4.50 The equids have a wide range of ear size and shape, as demonstra...

Figure 4.51 If the horse is amiable, the pinna can be gently handled and exa...

Figure 4.52 Horse that has had its ear hairs clipped for grooming and showin...

Figure 4.53 Ectoparasite removed from a horse's ear. The horse presented hol...

Figure 4.54 Preoperative image of a horse with a dentigerous cyst at the bas...

Figure 4.55 Intraoperative image of the surgical removal of the dentigerous ...

Figure 4.56 Neonatal foal with a congenital wry nose due to shortening and/o...

Figure 4.57 Micro and macro vibrissae are readily visible on the muzzle of a...

Figure 4.58 Most horses will allow the examiner to gently open their mouth a...

Figure 4.59 Lacerated tongue in a horse under general anesthesia for repair....

Figure 4.60 Intraoral view of a horse that presented for inappetence and sal...

Figure 4.61 Wire removed from the horse in Figure 4.60. The horse recovered ...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Light pink (normal) tongue and mucous membranes.

Figure 5.2 Light pink (normal) nasal mucosa.

Figure 5.3 Normal third eyelid and ocular conjunctiva. The tissue should be ...

Figure 5.4 Congested dark pink and red in some areas are associated with ear...

Figure 5.5 Nasal mucous membranes with petechia. Petechia or ecchymoses are ...

Figure 5.6 Digital pressure on the mucous membranes to assess CRT. Use a fin...

Figure 5.7 After using the finger to press the mucous membranes above the in...

Figure 5.8 Location and finger position for palpation of the lateral palmar/...

Figure 5.9 Location and palpation of the transverse facial artery.

Figure 5.10 Location and palpation of the facial artery. This artery rolls v...

Figure 5.11 Palpation of the dorsal metatarsal artery which is located on th...

Figure 5.12 The location of the jugular furrow which is surrounded dorsally ...

Figure 5.13 Veterinary stethoscope showing: (a) stethoscope with dual‐sided ...

Figure 5.14 Placement of the stethoscope on the left side of the chest media...

Figure 5.15 Locations for auscultation of the cardiac valves on the left sid...

Figure 5.16 Placement of the stethoscope head deep to the triceps muscle and...

Figure 5.17 The location for auscultation of the tricuspid valve. The fifth ...

Figure 5.18 The blue circle is the approximate position of the tricuspid val...

Figure 5.19 Owners should be cautioned when housing horses and donkeys toget...

Figure 5.20 Example of a horse stabled in an outdoor stall (also known as a ...

Figure 5.21 Horses in stalls with the top half of the Dutch door open which ...

Figure 5.22 A fully enclosed box stall exposes the horse's respiratory syste...

Figure 5.23 At rest, the horse should have comma‐shaped nostrils. A small am...

Figure 5.24 Horse with significant unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge....

Figure 5.25 Horse with acute bloody unilateral discharge. Via upper airway e...

Figure 5.26 Horse with unilateral serous, mucopurulent nasal discharge.

Figure 5.27 Photo showing the muzzle of a horse with flared nostrils. Note t...

Figure 5.28 The C‐shaped alar cartilages, which are adjacent to each other a...

Figure 5.29 The false nostril is easily palpable as shown by the digit inser...

Figure 5.30 Horses can move their nostrils independently of each other. This...

Figure 5.31 Assess airflow by placing a hand(s) near the nostrils.

Figure 5.32 Equine skull, lateral view with resected bone showing the sinus ...

Figure 5.33 Anteriolateral view of the locations of the frontal and lateral ...

Figure 5.34 Anterior view of the location of the frontal and lateral paranas...

Figure 5.35 Diagram depicting the dorsal (left) and lateral (right) view of ...

Figure 5.36 Fracture in the frontal bone of a horse that has created an open...

Figure 5.37 Percussion of paranasal sinuses with mouth open, anterior view....

Figure 5.38 Percussion of the paranasal sinuses with the mouth open, lateral...

Figure 5.39 Percussion of paranasal sinuses with the mouth closed.

Figure 5.40 Endoscopic image of the nasopharynx of a horse with nasal cicatr...

Figure 5.41 Endoscopic view of the guttural pouch and a thickened stylohyoid...

Figure 5.42 This is the opposite guttural pouch of the horse in Figure 5.44....

Figure 5.43 Endoscopic image of the larynx with fully abducted (opened) aryt...

Figure 5.44 Endoscopic image of the larynx during adduction. The arytenoid c...

Figure 5.45 Endoscopic view of the larynx and epiglottis. The tip of the epi...

Figure 5.46 Lateral radiographic view of a horse's head. The epiglottis is t...

Figure 5.47 The examiner is placing the right fingertips on the right side o...

Figure 5.48 Auscultation of trachea in the horse.

Figure 5.49 Auscultation of the lung fields in the horse.

Figure 5.50 Demarcation of the regions for auscultation in the horse. The ye...

Figure 5.51 Necropsy picture of a horse with acute pulmonary edema evidence ...

Figure 5.52 1000 mA facility‐bound radiograph generator used to image the ch...

Figure 5.53 This image shows the profile of the facility‐bound radiographic ...

Figure 5.54 Obtaining a thoracic radiograph in a full‐sized horse using a fa...

Figure 5.55 Prominent submandibular lymph nodes in a clinically normal horse...

Figure 5.56 Mildly enlarged submandibular lymph node in a clinically normal ...

Figure 5.57 Lateromedial radiograph of the throatlatch region of a horse. Th...

Figure 5.58 Enlarged prescapular lymph node in aged Mule (red arrow).

Figure 5.59 Image of a 24‐hour post‐foaling mare with a large plaque of pitt...

Figure 5.60 Post‐foaling mare with a swelling on the ventrolateral aspect of...

Figure 5.61 Sheath edema in aged gelding visible from a distance.

Figure 5.62 Generalized edema of the tibiotarsal region due to traumatic abr...

Figure 5.63 Generalized edema of the lower limb due to a puncture wound. Not...

Figure 5.64 Edema present in the lower limb secondary to exercise boots bein...

Figure 5.65 Contralateral limb from the horse in Figure 5.64 after the exerc...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Material anatomical model of the equine gastrointestinal tract fr...

Figure 6.2 Equine abdomen in surgery with the small intestine exteriorized. ...

Figure 6.3 Intraoperative image of an equine abdomen showing the ventral col...

Figure 6.4 Intraoperative image of surgical removal of an enterolith (intest...

Figure 6.5 Intraoperative image of the equine abdomen showing healthy light ...

Figure 6.6 Examples of various enteroliths removed from horses. Enteroliths ...

Figure 6.7 Ventral abdominal radiograph of a horse showing significant sand ...

Figure 6.8 Postmortem examination of the intestinal tract showing tapeworms ...

Figure 6.9 Tapeworms can reach significant lengths, this tapeworm measures 8...

Figure 6.10 Owners and practitioners should examine the hay for mold. Mold i...

Figure 6.11 Normal fecal balls (right side of image) and cow pie type manure...

Figure 6.12 With significant diarrhea, diarrhea staining on hindquarters can...

Figure 6.13 Horses ingesting a significant amount of sand will pass sand in ...

Figure 6.14 Obtaining a rectal temperature in a horse. Approach the horse fr...

Figure 6.15 Equine dental kit containing dental mirrors and probe. Dental mi...

Figure 6.16 Triadan numbering system for equine permanent and deciduous teet...

Figure 6.17 View of the incisors with the examiner facing the horse. Using t...

Figure 6.18 Numbering of teeth using the Triadan formulate on the left maxil...

Figure 6.19 Numbering of teeth using the Triadan formulate on the right maxi...

Figure 6.20 Image of an equine maxillary arcade showing the dental terminolo...

Figure 6.21 Image of an equine mandibular arcade showing the dental terminol...

Figure 6.22 This aged gelding’s Triadan 201 outer enamel layer has been dama...

Figure 6.23 Diagram of an equine incisor.

Figure 6.24 Diagram of an equine maxillary cheek tooth. The maxillary cheek ...

Figure 6.25 Extracting Triadan 105 in a horse recovering from general anesth...

Figure 6.26 Assorted extracted equine wolf teeth (Triadan 105 and 205). It i...

Figure 6.27 Occlusal surfaces of the equine right maxillary and mandibular c...

Figure 6.28 Equine occlusal surface shapes of the maxillary and mandibular c...

Figure 6.29 Sagittal section of an incisor equine incisor showing age‐relate...

Figure 6.30 Lateral view of the incisors of a horse with EOTRH. Note the bul...

Figure 6.31 Intraoral radiograph of the incisors of a horse with EOTRH. This...

Figure 6.32 Extracted equine incisors from a horse with EOTRH. Note the bulb...

Figure 6.33 Equine intraoral image showing sharp enamel points on the buccal...

Figure 6.34 Diagram presenting ramps (gradual incline of the occlusal surfac...

Figure 6.35 Equine intraoral image showing a rostral hook on 106 and multipl...

Figure 6.36 Equine intraoral image showing significant 106 and 206 hooks. Ad...

Figure 6.37 Diagram demonstrating an open diastema. An open diastema is an a...

Figure 6.38 Diagram demonstrating a valve diastema. The valve diastema has a...

Figure 6.39 Aged gelding with an open narrow diastema between 101 and 201. N...

Figure 6.40 Diagram showing the lateral and occlusal views of a diastema in ...

Figure 6.41 Horse with esophageal obstruction (choke). Note the feed and sal...

Figure 6.42 Locations for auscultation of the gastrointestinal tract in the ...

Figure 6.43 Begin auscultating the abdomen dorsally and move ventrally to en...

Figure 6.44 When auscultating for the presence of sand, place the stethoscop...

Figure 6.45 Infographic showing the structures palpable via transrectal palp...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Normal relaxed stance for a horse in the pasture.

Figure 7.2 Normal relaxed stance for a horse on a lead rope.

Figure 7.3 In this picture, we can see that instead of a normal straight hea...

Figure 7.4 This horse is the same horse as Figure 7.3 and is exhibiting a ne...

Figure 7.5 This horse is exhibiting a toed‐in or pigeon‐toed conformation. T...

Figure 7.6 This horse is exhibiting a toed‐out conformation. The black arrow...

Figure 7.7 Palpation of the upper cervical region.

Figure 7.8 Palpation of the lower cervical region.

Figure 7.9 Palpation of the withers.

Figure 7.10 Palpation of the cranial lumbar back.

Figure 7.11 Palpation of the caudal lumbar back.

Figure 7.12 Example of a horse standing perfectly square with the front and ...

Figure 7.13 This horse is displaying swelling in the medial and lateral thig...

Figure 7.14 (a) This horse is displaying severe muscle atrophy in the glutea...

Figure 7.15 An example of hoof testers. There are many variations of this to...

Figure 7.16 Proper restraint of the forelimb in preparation for cleaning and...

Figure 7.17 (a) Proper placement of the hoof testers on the equine foot. Not...

Figure 7.18 (a) Assessing digital pulses at the level of the fetlock as seen...

Figure 7.19 Proper restraint of the hindfoot in preparation for cleaning and...

Figure 7.20 Effusion in the radial‐carpal (RC) joint is evident in this pict...

Figure 7.21 Effusion in the metatarsal phalangeal joint (hind fetlock joint)...

Figure 7.22 Effusion in the proximal interphalangeal joint (pastern joint) i...

Figure 7.23 Effusion in the distal interphalangeal joints (coffin joints) in...

Figure 7.24 Effusion in the tibial tarsal joint indicated by the yellow arro...

Figure 7.25 Effusion in the medial femoral tibial joint of the stifle indica...

Figure 7.26 Palpation of the proximal suspensory ligament region in the fore...

Figure 7.27 Palpation of the deep digital flexor tendon in the forelimb shou...

Figure 7.28 Palpation of the superficial digital flexor tendon should be don...

Figure 7.29 (a) Palpation of the lateral suspensory ligament branch using th...

Figure 7.30 Palpation of the proximal suspensory ligament in the hindlimb. T...

Figure 7.31 Palpation of the deep digital flexor tendon in the hindlimb. Thi...

Figure 7.32 Palpation of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the hindli...

Figure 7.33 Flexion of the phalangeal region. Note the carpus is kept as str...

Figure 7.34 Carpal flexion. Note the phalangeal, elbow, and shoulder regions...

Figure 7.35 Tarsus and stifle flexion. Note that the limb is being held by t...

Figure 7.36 (a) Stifle flexion. Note the limb is being held up with the dist...

Figure 7.37 Full hindlimb flexion. Note the inclusion of the phalangeal regi...

Figure 7.38 (a) Supplies needed for perineural anesthesia (blocks). Gloves s...

Figure 7.39 (a) Needle placement for a palmar digital nerve block lateral ne...

Figure 7.40 (a) Needle placement for the abaxial sesamoid nerve block, later...

Figure 7.41 (a) Low four‐point nerve block lateral view. The more distal nee...

Figure 7.42 (a) Lateral view of the high four‐point nerve block.(b) Medi...

Figure 7.43 Lateral palmar nerve block. This is a medial view since the appr...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Horse exhibiting dog sitting and an inability to rise.

Figure 8.2 Example of an equine neurological exam form.

Figure 8.3 Sorrel overo Paint Horse gelding with bald face. This horse is mo...

Figure 8.4 Horse standing in stocks with the right rear leg improperly posit...

Figure 8.5 Cranial, lateral, and caudal views of a horse with proprioceptive...

Figure 8.6 The left, right, and ventral range of motion in the head and neck...

Figure 8.7 When the normal horse's head is raised, both globes will symmetri...

Figure 8.8 Lateral strabismus in a four‐year‐old Arabian gelding. The horse ...

Figure 8.9 View of the third eyelid in horse with tetanus that presented wit...

Figure 8.10 Both the upper left and right eyelashes should be symmetrical wi...

Figure 8.11 Evaluating the menace response with plexiglass between the horse...

Figure 8.12 Muzzle of a normal horse for comparison to the horse with facial...

Figure 8.13 Horse with left facial nerve paralysis. Notice the lip and left ...

Figure 8.14 Symmetrical temporalis muscles. The gray dimpled appearing area ...

Figure 8.15 This is a normal tongue during a routine dentistry. The tongue i...

Figure 8.16 The cutaneous trunci (panniculus) reflex is performed by using a...

Figure 8.17 Abnormal movement of the tail. The tail is being held sharply to...

Figure 8.18 Walking a neurologically normal horse in a straight line.

Figure 8.19 Neurologically normal horse walking up a hill.

Figure 8.20 Neurologically normal horse walking down a hill.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 A mare can be evaluated for general receptiveness to transrectal ...

Figure 9.2 The mare is restrained by standing her alongside a solid barrier....

Figure 9.3 The mare is adequately restrained by positioning next to a solid ...

Figure 9.4 As shown using this teaching model, the veterinarian can “pull” t...

Figure 9.5 Another body position that can be used during transrectal palpati...

Figure 9.6 The mare has been placed in the stocks. She is initially standing...

Figure 9.7 The mare has been placed in the stocks with the side doors open t...

Figure 9.8 Caudal view of a mare in stocks. Note the positioning of the back...

Figure 9.9 Placement of a disposable vaginal speculum in the rectum of a tea...

Figure 9.10

(

a and b) Two views of a hand shaped into cone for safe transrect...

Figure 9.11 Example of collapsible wheeled cart that can be used around hors...

Figure 9.12 Image of the perineal region of a mare.

Figure 9.13 Perineal region of a mare showing vertical dorso‐ventral anatomy...

Figure 9.14 Mare with poor perineal (“tipped”) conformation.

Figure 9.15 Examples of commonly used veterinary lubricants for transrectal ...

Figure 9.16 Flat hand used for transrectal palpation. Note the thumb is held...

Figure 9.17 Palpation of the broad ligament within an equine model. The rect...

Figure 9.18 Grasping of the ovary using the cupped hand within an equine mod...

Figure 9.19 Estimation of structure size (follicle indicated by arrow) by us...

Figure 9.20 Transrectal palpation of the intercornual region and horns of th...

Figure 9.21 Transrectal palpation of the equine uterus within an equine mode...

Figure 9.22 Transrectal palpation of the cervix within an equine model. Note...

Figure 9.23 (a and b) Example of a linear transrectal transducer. Note the m...

Figure 9.24 (a–d) Two methods for holding transrectal transducers for transr...

Figure 9.25 Transrectal placement of the transducer for the evaluation of th...

Figure 9.26 Transrectal ultrasonography image of the ovary of a mare contain...

Figure 9.27 (a and b) Transrectal ultrasonography of the ovary of a mare con...

Figure 9.28 Transrectal ultrasonography of the uterus of a mare in longitudi...

Figure 9.29 Positioning of the hand containing the transducer for transrecta...

Figure 9.30 Transrectal ultrasonography of the uterine horn of a mare in tra...

Figure 9.31 Transrectal ultrasonography of the uterus of a mare showing two ...

Figure 9.32 Transrectal ultrasonography of the uterus of a mare showing a do...

Figure 9.33 Transrectal ultrasonography showing a 14‐day‐old embryonic vesic...

Figure 9.34 Safe positioning of the handler, mare, and practitioner for tran...

Figure 9.35 Placement of the ultrasound transducer cranial to the mammary gl...

Figure 9.36 Passage of a gloved hand into the vulva of an equine teaching mo...

Figure 9.37 Sterile vaginal speculum partially exteriorized from its sterile...

Figure 9.38 Correct insertion of a cardboard vaginal speculum into the vulva...

Figure 9.39 Placement of a penlight to a vaginal speculum placed within the ...

Figure 9.40 Safe positioning for palpation of the mammary gland in the mare....

Figure 9.41 Mammary glands of a maiden mare showing small nipples. Anterior ...

Figure 9.42 Mammary glands of a full‐term pregnant mare. Anterior is to the ...

Figure 9.43 Mammary glands of a pregnant mare showing “wax” on the nipples (...

Figure 9.44 Mammary gland of a nonpregnant multiparous mare. Anterior is to ...

Figure 9.45 Mammary gland of a mare with mastitis. Note enlargement of the l...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Example of a stallion collecting team wearing protective clothin...

Figure 10.2 Safe positioning when handling a stallion. Note the handler is p...

Figure 10.3 Handler position when holding a stallion for veterinary work. No...

Figure 10.4 (a–d) Examples of placement of a nose chain (a) and lip chain (b...

Figure 10.5 Example of a skin twitch on the left shoulder of a horse.

Figure 10.6 Example of a washing corner. Note the non‐slip flooring and drai...

Figure 10.7 Example of a teasing barrier. Note the barrier is solid and high...

Figure 10.8 Practitioner and handler positioning when palpating the external...

Figure 10.9 Practitioner positioning when palpating the external reproductiv...

Figure 10.10 Grasping of the penis for evaluation. One hand is used to maint...

Figure 10.11 Stallion collecting off a breeding phantom.

Figure 10.12 Example of non‐spermicidal obstetrical lubricant.

Figure 10.13 (a and b) Image of the tip of a stallion's penis showing the ur...

Figure 10.14 Testicle with the tail of the epididymis visible on the right s...

Figure 10.15 Equine teaching model of the accessory sex glands resting dorsa...

Figure 10.16 Image of a stallion penis with a squamous cell carcinoma on the...

Figure 10.17 Urethral process of a stallion showing two cream‐colored “beans...

Figure 10.18 Palpation of the potential space within the dorsal aspect of th...

Figure 10.19 Edematous sheath present in a normal horse due to inactivity....

Figure 10.20 Testicles pushed ventrally into the scrotum. Anterior is to the...

Figure 10.21 Palpation of the left testicle of a stallion. Anterior is to th...

Figure 10.22 Palpation of the scrotum of a stallion. Anterior is to the left...

Figure 10.23 Placement of the ultrasound transducer for measurement of testi...

Figure 10.24 Placement of the ultrasound transducer for measurement of testi...

Figure 10.25 Placement of the ultrasound transducer for measurement of testi...

Figure 10.26 Placement of the ultrasound transducer for evaluation of the ep...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Safe positioning while restraining a mare and foal. Note the mar...

Figure 11.2 Safe restraint of a foal. Note the handler's positioning on one ...

Figure 11.3 Incorrect restraint of a foal with the handler's arm under the a...

Figure 11.4 Example of cupping the anterior arm under the throatlatch and cu...

Figure 11.5 Close up of the hind end restraint of a foal by cupping the hind...

Figure 11.6 Restraint of a foal by grasping the base of the tail. Note the h...

Figure 11.7 Example of a cart prepared for use during a new foal exam. The c...

Figure 11.8 Appropriately proportioned head and body of a full‐term neonatal...

Figure 11.9 A foal showing adequate and symmetrical facial shape and musclin...

Figure 11.10 Evaluation of equal airflow from both nostrils by placing the h...

Figure 11.11 Example of the normal mucous membranes of a foal.

Figure 11.12 Example of the normal bite of a foal.

Figure 11.13 Digital palpation of the palate of a foal to check for cleft pa...

Figure 11.14 Restraint of the head of a neonatal foal for performing an opht...

Figure 11.15 Normal sclera of a neonatal foal.

Figure 11.16 Palpation of the trunk of a neonatal foal by placing the hands ...

Figure 11.17 Palpation of the ribs of a neonatal foal by placing the hands o...

Figure 11.18 Cardiac auscultation in the foal.

Figure 11.19 Sites for cardiac auscultation of a foal on the left (a) and ri...

Figure 11.20 Location for auscultation of the thoracic cavity of a foal. The...

Figure 11.21 Thoracic percussion on a neonatal foal to listen for areas of h...

Figure 11.22 Foal meconium. Hoof pick for scale.

Figure 11.23 Normal foal milk feces (arrow) adjacent to normal adult horse f...

Figure 11.24 Sites for auscultation of the gastrointestinal tract of a foal ...

Figure 11.25 Auscultation of the gastrointestinal tract of a foal.

Figure 11.26 Estimation of the size of the umbilicus in a neonate by using t...

Figure 11.27 Palpation of the umbilicus in a standing three‐week‐old foal. A...

Figure 11.28 Vulva of a neonatal filly.

Figure 11.29 Evaluation of the mucous membranes of the vulva in a neonatal f...

Figure 11.30 Normal older neonatal colt reproductive tract showing a portion...

Figure 11.31 (a–d) Foal standing to evaluate conformation from four sides. C...

Figure 11.32 Restrain of foal leg for palpation.

Figure 11.33 Example of a flexed neonatal foal leg showing increased flexion...

Figure 11.34 Evaluation of the right front leg of a foal after elevation, al...

Figure 11.35 Superficial abrasions on the hock of a neonatal foal. This foal...

Figure 11.36 Equine placenta laid out for evaluation. Both the pregnant (lar...

Figure 11.37 Equine placenta showing the velvety maternal side.

Figure 11.38 Close‐up of equine placenta showing the tip of the nonpregnant ...

Figure 11.39 Placental region containing the cervical star, where the foal e...

Figure 11.40 Equine umbilical cord close‐up. The remnant of the amnion is vi...

Figure 11.41 Equine ossified yolk sac remnant. Image A shows the entire plac...

Figure 11.42 Properly stored placenta for later evaluation by the practition...

Figure 11.43 Equine hippomane.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Palpation and placement of the needle into the jugular vein. Not...

Figure 12.2 Equine cephalic vein located on the medial aspect of the forearm...

Figure 12.3 The equine transverse facial sinus for venous blood collection. ...

Figure 12.4 Blood collection from the superficial lateral thoracic vein. Thi...

Figure 12.5 Medial view of the saphenous vein on the left hind leg located o...

Figure 12.6 After needle placement into the equine jugular vein, attach the ...

Figure 12.7 Placement of pills in a wide tip (catheter tip) syringe.

Figure 12.8 Add a small amount of tap water (10–15 ml) to the syringe contai...

Figure 12.9 The syringe is placed in at the commissure of the lips and into ...

Figure 12.10 Insertion of the needle/syringe assembly into the aseptically p...

Figure 12.11 Aspiration of medication into the syringe. The syringe has a sm...

Figure 12.12 To perform an intravenous jugular injection, begin by using the...

Figure 12.13 Firmly insert the needle into the jugular vein proximal to wher...

Figure 12.14 Advance the needle into the vein to the level of the hub. Check...

Figure 12.15 Attach the syringe and aspirate to confirm placement via the id...

Figure 12.16 Region in the cervical neck for the administration of intramusc...

Figure 12.17 Intramuscular injection into the cervical region of a horse....

Figure 12.18 View of the caudal aspect of a horse showing the sites in the s...

Figure 12.19 Intramuscular injection into the semitendinosus and semimembran...

Figure 12.20 View of the caudodorsal aspect of a horse showing the sites for...

Figure 12.21 Site for intramuscular injection into the pectoral muscle regio...

Figure 12.22 View of the chest of the horse showing the sites in the pectora...

Figure 12.23 Intramuscular injection into the pectoral muscle region. Note t...

Figure 12.24 After clipping and aseptic preparation of the site, a small ble...

Figure 12.25 After donning sterile gloves, the catheter and needle are inser...

Figure 12.26 Once the catheter is seated to the hub in the vein, the needle ...

Figure 12.27 An injection cap, extension set, or T‐port (as shown here) is a...

Figure 12.28 Catheter patency can be verified by injecting a sterile solutio...

Figure 12.29 Measuring the distance from the nostril to the rostral esophage...

Figure 12.30 Once the nasogastric tube is passed completely into the stomach...

Figure 12.31 At the completion of treatment, the nasogastric tube should be ...