Pharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1819

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Pharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care Edited by a natural product scientist, clinician, pharmacologist and a dental surgeon, the book helps oral care specialists to implement safe and effective natural medicine therapies to complement current practice guidelines. With oral care specialists focusing their attention on the interdisciplinary connections between oral health, heart health, gastrointestinal health, etc., and with increasing antibiotic resistance and stronger antibiotics now reserved for serious active infection, the importance of herbal antibiotics is increasing exponentially. This book helps to implement safe and effective natural medicine therapies to complement the current practice guidelines. Pharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care is a comprehensive compilation and explores all the measures to utilize the natural oral care obtained from plants, animals, and mineral drugs for dental care. Herbal extracts are used in dentistry for reducing inflammation, as antimicrobial plaque agents, for preventing the release of histamine, and as antiseptics, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals, antibacterials, antivirals and analgesics. They also aid in healing and are effective in controlling microbial plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis, thereby improving immunity. Audience This important new book will be invaluable to medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, natural product formulation scientists, dental surgeons, orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, prosthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, dentists, oral hygienists, as well as a reference for the pharmaceutical/ herbal industries and dental libraries.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Part I: PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS IN VARIOUS DISEASES

1 Ayurvedic Approaches to Oral Health and Hygiene: A Review

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Different Types of

Kavala

and

Gandusha

According to

Vyadhi

1.3 Clinical Studies on

Gandusha and Kavala

1.4 Conclusion

References

2 Emerging Role of Medicinal Plants in the Prevention of Oral Cavity Disorders

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Initiation of Periodontal Diseases

2.3 Traditional Usage of Chewing Sticks

2.4 Traditional Usage of Medicinal Plants in Dental Ministrations

2.5 Herbal Products to Overcome Dental Disorders

2.6 Plant Metabolites and Oral Cavity Disorders

2.7 Future Perspective

2.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

3 Natural Oral Care and Herbal Products for Oral Diseases and Oral Hygiene Maintenance

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Oral Diseases

3.3 Emerging Trends of Herbal Care in Dentistry

3.4 Advantage of Herbal Products in Oral Care

3.5 Importance of Saliva in Oral Homeostasis and Oral Care

3.6 Medicinal Plants as Salivary Substitutes for Oral Care

3.7 Forms of Natural Oral Care and Herbal Products for Dry Mouth

3.8 Limitations of Herbal Products in Natural Oral Care

3.9 Toxicity of Herbal Products

3.10 Conclusion

References

4 Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Gains and Drawbacks with Special Reference to Oral Healthcare

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Popularity of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (TCAM)

4.3 Oral Health Gains from Complementary and Medicine Products

4.4 Drawbacks on Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Practices (TCAM)

4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations

References

5 Nutraceutical Agents on Oral and Periodontal Health and Disease

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Phytochemicals

5.3 Probiotics

5.4 Prebiotics

5.5 Conclusions

References

6 Role of Herbal Products as Denture Disinfectants and Cleansers

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Denture Plaque Biofilm

6.3 Methods to Mitigate Denture Plaque Induced Stomatitis

6.4 Herbal Extracts that are Promising Denture Cleansers

6.5 Challenges and Limitation

6.6 Conclusion and Future Direction

References

7 Use of Natural Oral Care Products in Orthodontics

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Herbal Products to Control the Plaque Accumulation During Orthodontic Treatment

7.3 Herbal Products to Prevent Halitosis During Orthodontic Treatment

7.4 Herbal Products to Prevent Gingivitis During Orthodontic Treatment

7.5 Herbal Products to Prevent White Spots on Enamel During Orthodontic Treatment

7.6 Herbal Products to Prevent Dental Caries During Orthodontic Treatment

7.7 Herbal Products for Pain During Orthodontic Treatment

7.8 Herbal Products for Oral Ulcers During Orthodontic Treatment

7.9 Adverse Effects

7.10 Conclusion

References

8 Herbs and Their Applications as Root Canal Medicaments

8.1 Introduction

8.2 History

8.3 Allied Systems of Medicine in Ayurveda

8.4 Medicinal Plants Versus Phytotherapeutics

8.5 Advantages of Phytotherapeutics

8.6 Disadvantages of Phytotherapeutics

8.7 Phytotherapeutics and Dentistry

8.8 Herbendodontics

8.9 Classification

8.10 Herbs Used in Endodontics

8.11 Application of Herbs in Endodontics

8.12 Future of Herbs in Dentistry

8.13 Future of Phytotherapeutics

8.14 Challenges

8.15 Purview of the Healthcare Professionals

References

9 Herb-Derived Phytochemicals for Dental Implant Applications

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Bone as a Dynamic Tissue

9.3 The Dental Implant Scenario in the Context of Bone Biology

9.4 Herb-Derived Phytoconstituents as Bone Regeneration Molecules

9.5 Evidence for the Use of Herbs for Periodontal and Peri‑Implant Regeneration

9.6 Strategies for Improving Bone Growth Around the Implants

9.7 Conclusion

References

10 Natural Compounds in the Treatment of Oral Submucous Fibrosis

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Etiopathogenesis of OSMF

10.3 Histopathological Features of OSMF

10.4 Current Treatment Interventions for OSMF

10.5 Natural Compounds in Treatment of OSMF

10.6 Safety of Natural Compounds in OSMF

10.7 Advantages of Using Natural Compounds in OSMF

10.8 Limitations of Using Natural Compounds in OSMF

10.9 Conclusion

References

11 The Effects of Natural Products on Mouth Sores

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Methods

11.3 Results

11.4 Conclusion

List of Abbreviations

References

12 Natural Products to Cure Bad Breath

12.1 What is a Natural Product?

12.2 Sources of Natural Products

12.3 Natural Products as Medicinal Uses

12.4 What is the Bad Breath (Halitosis)?

12.5 How to Prevalence Bad Breath (Halitosis)?

12.6 Epidemiology Studies

12.7 What is the Truly Probable Source of Halitosis?

12.8 Halitosis Originates from the Oral Cavity

12.9 Halitosis Originates from Non-Oral Sources

12.10 Other Causes of Halitosis

12.11 Self-Betterment of Bad Breath

12.12 Terminology and Classification Used in Halitosis

12.13 Treatment of Bad Breath Using Medicinal Plants

References

13 Herbal Formulations as Denture Cleansers

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Denture Cleanser

13.3 Need of Herbal Denture Cleanser

13.4 Black Cutch

13.5 Aloe

13.6 Neem

13.7 Cinnamon

13.8 Turmeric

13.9 Liquorice

13.10 Tea Tree

13.11 Miswak

13.12 Clove

13.13 Black Myrobalan

13.14 Prickly Ash

13.15 Ginger

13.16 Triphala

13.17 Irimedadi Taila

13.18 Advantages

13.19 Limitations

13.20 Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

14 Natural Oral Care Therapy for Peri-Implant Diseases

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Dental Implant Surface Modifications

14.3 Risk Factors for Peri-Implantitis

14.4 Histology and Microbiology of Peri-Implantitis

14.5 Management of Peri-Implantitis

14.6 Herbal Therapy of Peri-Implantitis

14.7 Regenerative Therapy

14.8 Conclusion

References

15 Natural Compounds in the Treatment of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Epidemiologic Findings

15.3 Etiology

15.4 Clinical Features

15.5 Diagnosis

15.6 Treatment and Prognosis

15.7 Systemic Therapy

15.8 Herbs Used in the Treatment of RAU and Their Phytochemical Actions

15.9 Essential Facts While Considering Dental Treatment

15.10 Challenges and Prospects

References

16 Alveolar Bone Protective Effects of Natural Products

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Properties of Natural Products

16.3 Socket Extraction Healing

16.4 Low-Level Laser Therapy

16.5 Safety Regarding Natural Products

16.6 Conclusion

References

17 Natural Oral Care Products for the Treatment of Stomatitis

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Safety Aspects

17.3 Advantages

17.4 Limitations

17.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

Part II: PLANTS AND PHYTOCONSTITUENTS USED IN NATURAL ORAL CARE

18 Cranberry and Oral Health

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Macroscopic Description

18.3 Microscopic Identification

18.4 Chief Phytoconstituents

18.5 Biological Properties of Cranberry

18.6 Safety

18.7 Formulation Using Cranberry

18.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

19 Mangroves: Potent Botanicals as Therapeutics for Oral Ailments

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Oral Pathogens and its Associated Diseases

19.3 Traditionally Used Plants for Oral Cure

19.4 Mangroves

19.5 Potent Mangroves for the Restoration of Oral Health

19.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

20 Tea Tree Oil and Oral Health – A Systematic Review

Abbreviation

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Antimicrobial Activity

20.3 Clinical Effect on Plaque, Gingivitis, Probing Depth, and Clinical Attachment Level

20.4 Clinical Effect on Halitosis

20.5 Clinical Studies in the Reduction of Oral Bacteria

20.6 Management of Denture Stomatitis

20.7 Endodontic Irrigation

20.8 Miscellaneous

20.9 Adverse Effects

20.10 Conclusion

References

21 Oregano Oil and Grape Seed Oil – A Potent Displacer of Commercially Available Denture Cleansers

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Oregano Oil

21.3 Grape Seed Oil

21.4 Conclusion

References

22

Punica granatum

(Pomegranate): A Potential Herbal Medicine in Treating Periodontal Disease in the Modern World of Dentistry

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Effect of Active Phytochemicals of

Punica granatum

L.

22.3 The Bioactivities of Pomegranate Juice

22.4 Periodontal Disease and the Use of

Punica granatum

22.5 Biological Effects of

Punica granatum

L. in Periodontal Disease

22.6 Other Applications in the Field of Dentistry

22.7 Safety of Pomegranate

22.8 Conclusion

References

23 Potential Effects of

Schinus terebinthifolia

Raddi (Anacardiaceae) for the Treatment of Oral Conditions

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Periodontitis

23.3

Schinus terebinthifolia

Raddi (Anacardiaceae)

23.4 Origin, Popular Use, and Curiosities

23.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of

Schinus terebinthifolia

23.6 Conclusion

References

24 Melatonin: A Naturally Derived Molecule as a Protector of Oral Health

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Melatonin: Chemistry, Evolution and Biosynthesis

24.3 Functions of Melatonin in Living Beings

24.4 Melatonin and Oral Health

24.5 Evidence for Use of Melatonin in Management of Oral Diseases

24.6 Diet Derived Melatonin: Plants and Plant-Derived Food Rich in Melatonin

24.7 Hypothesis Promoting Use of Phytomelatonin for Prevention of Oral Diseases

24.8 Conclusion

References

25 Myrrha and Oral Health

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Chemical Compositions

25.3 Mechanism of Actions of Analgesic Effect

25.4 Myrrha Crude Extracts and Essential Oil Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Abilities

25.5 Clinical Studies Effects

25.6 Other Promising Experimental Work –

Ex Vivo

Experiments

25.7 Reported Side Effects and Potential Drug Interactions

References

26

Syzygium aromaticum

– Role in Oral Health and Dental Care

26.1 Importance of Herbal Medicine

26.2 Clove (

Syzygium aromaticum

)

26.3 Conclusion

List of Abbreviations

References

27 Acemannan: A Promising Natural Polysaccharide in Dentistry

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Aloe Vera and Acemannan

27.3 Physical and Chemical Structure of Acemannan

27.4 Therapeutic Uses of Acemannan in Dentistry

27.5 Recent Advances in Acemannan Application

27.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgements

References

28

Piper betel

Linn. (Betel Leaf) and Its Beneficial Effects in Orodental Ailments: A Memoir

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Chemistry of Betel Leaf

28.3 Validated Pharmacological Properties

28.4 Betel Leaf in Oral Health

28.5 Traditional Use of the Betel Leaves in Maintaining Oral Health

28.6 Betel as Wound Healing Agent

28.7

Piper betel

in Oral Cancer

28.8 Conclusion

References

29 Aloe Vera and Oral Health: A Systematic Review

Abbreviations

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Management of OLP

29.3 Management of OSMF

29.4 Radiation or Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis

29.5 Oral Ulceration or Aphthous Ulcers

29.6 Xerostomia

29.7 Studies on Plaque, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis

29.8 Storage Medium for Avulsed Teeth

29.9 Minor Oral Surgical Procedures

29.10 Pulpal Therapy

29.11 Antimicrobial Activity

29.12 Cavity Disinfectant

29.13 Improvement in Physical Properties of Dental Materials/Teeth

29.14 Miscellaneous

29.15 Conclusion

References

30

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

– A Review for Its Role in Oral Health and Dental Care

30.1 Importance of Herbal Medicine

30.2 Oral Microbiota

30.3 Cinnamon

30.4

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

30.5 Cinnamaldehyde

30.6 Oral Diseases

30.7 Conclusion

List of Abbreviations

References

31 Babool (

Acacia nilotica

) and Oral Health

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Biological Properties

31.3 Plant Part and Uses

31.4 Conclusion

References

32 Applications of

Andrographis paniculata

and Its Constituents for Management of Oral Diseases

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Mechanism of Action

32.3 Safety, Side Effects, and Contraindications

32.4 Andrographolide for Periodontal Disease

32.5 Andrographolide in Management of Dental Caries and Root Canal Pathology

32.6 Andrographolide for Oral Cancer

32.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

Part III: ADVANCEMENT IN NATURAL PRODUCT ORAL CARE

33

In Silico

Approach with Phytochemical Analysis and Its Role in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD) and Oral Cancer

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Clinical Symptoms of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer

33.3 Oral Cancer/Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

33.4 Role of Ayurveda and Modern Medicines in Oral Cancer

33.5

In Silico

Approach

33.6 Network Pharmacology

33.7 Network Construction

33.8 Construction of the Drug-Target Network

References

34 Anticancer Activities of

Trigonella foenum-graecum

L. and Trigonelline on an Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Materials and Methods

34.3 Results

34.4 Conclusion and Discussion

References

35 Evaluation of The Anti-Inflammatory Action of Andiroba Oil –

Carapa guianensis aubl

(Meliceae) in Oral Mucositis

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Andirobra Oil and Its Therapeutic Properties in Oral Mucositis

35.3 The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Oral Mucositis

35.4 Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Andiroba Oil on Oral Mucositis Through Inflammatory Cytokines

35.5 Discussion

35.6 Conclusions

References

36 Trends of Clinical Studies with Xylitol or Propolis Toothpastes

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Methods

36.3 Results

36.4 Discussion

36.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

37 Use of Polyols in Dentistry: Effects on Tooth Mineral Dynamics and Oral Biofilms

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Xylitol

37.3 Erythritol

37.4 Conclusions

References

38 Therapeutic Activity of

Salvia officinalis

L. Hydro-Ethanolic Extract from Aerial Parts on Dental Disease

38.1 Introduction

38.2 Materials and Methods

38.3 Results

38.4 Discussion

38.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

39 Effect of Black Pomegranate Hydro-Ethanolic Extract from Peel in Diabetic Male Rats with

Candida albicans

Oral Mucosa Infection

39.1 Introduction

39.2 Materials and Methods

39.3 Statistical Analysis

39.4 Results

39.5 Discussion

39.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

40

In Vitro

and

In Vivo

Efficacy of Phytoactive-Based Oral Care Regimens in the Prophylaxis of Oral Biofilm and Augmentation of Oral Hygiene

40.1 Introduction

40.2 Oral Infectious Diseases

40.3 Role of the Microbial Agents in Oral Diseases

40.4 Therapeutics Used for Prevention and Treatment of the Oral Diseases

40.5

In Vivo

Efficacy of Natural Products/Bioactives Against Oral Pathogens

40.6 Bioactives to Fight Against Biofilm and Antimicrobial Resistance

40.7 Dentifrices for Oral Care

40.8 Oral Care Products with Natural Bioactives/Products

40.9 Conclusion

References

41 Natural Oral Care Approach and Application in COVID-19 Management

41.1 Introduction

41.2 Natural Oral Care Concept and Application for the New Emerging Disease

41.3 Oral Health Problem in COVID-19

41.4 Naturally Derived Dental Products and Interrelationship with COVID-19

41.5 Oral Cleansing, Nasal Irrigation and COVID-19

41.6 Ethnopharmacology for Natural Oral Care and COVID-19

41.7 New Intervention on Natural Based Regimen for Management of COVID-19

41.8 Conclusion

References

42 Fabricated Plant-Based Nanoformulations: Therapeutics for Oral Health

42.1 Introduction

42.2 Phytochemicals as Oral Therapeutics

42.3 Phyto-Nanotechnology as Oral Therapeutics

42.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Plants used in

Dantapavan

.

Table 1.2 Properties and pharmacological actions of drugs used in oro-dental d...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 The plant species with their traditional usage.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Complementary and alternative medicine groups.

Table 4.2 Models of common plants used for dental ailments.

Table 4.3 Mexican plants with experimental evidence in humans.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Herbs and their active ingredients.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Herbal products to control plaque accumulation.

Table 7.2 Herbal products to prevent halitosis.

Table 7.3 Herbal products for the treatment of gingivitis.

Table 7.4 Herbal products to prevent white spot lesions on enamel.

Table 7.5 Herbal products to prevent dental caries.

Table 7.6 Herbal products for pain.

Table 7.7 Herbal products for oral ulcers.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory activity as described by Nunes...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Various benefits of aloe vera.

Table 10. 2 Various compounds present in Oxitard and their actions.

Table 10.3 Various properties and mechanisms of action of ginger.

Table 10.4 Various properties and mechanisms of action of garlic.

Table 10.5 Various natural compounds used in the treatment of OSMF and their m...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 The effects of natural products on mouth infections mainly recurren...

Table 11.2 The effects of natural products on dental caries and trauma-induced...

Table 11.3 The effects of natural products on periodontal disease and periodon...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Odoriferous components cause halitosis (bad breath).

Table 12.2 Enzymatic way of the hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan.

Table 12.3 Bacteria are active producers of volatile sulfur compounds.

Table 12.4 Bacteria that contribute to halitosis.

Table 12.5 Halitosis is caused by bacteria in the oral cavity.

Table 12.6 A list of systemic diseases with characteristic halitosis (modified...

Table 12.7 Non-oral cause of halitosis.

Table 12.8 Modified from

van Steenberge

[84], odors associated with metabolic ...

Table 12.9 Other causes of halitosis.

Table 12.10 Characteristic smells of compounds that can be recovered from the ...

Table 12.11 According to recommendations of the international consensus group,...

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Shows some herbs with their active phytoconstituents.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 AKUT-protocol by Lang

et al

. [50].

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Classification of RAS on the basis of clinical features.

Table 15.2 First line of treatment for RAS: pharmacological treatment (topical...

Table 15.3 Use of topical corticosteroids in the RAS treatment [32].

Table 15.4 Various natural products used in the treatment of RAS.

Table 15.5 Natural compounds and their properties used in RAS therapeutics [32...

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Showing herbs used in the management of RAS.

Table 17.2 Showing bioactive compounds of herbs used in the treatment of recur...

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Detail of studies related to effect of Cranberry on oral health.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Traditionally used medicinal plants for oral ailments.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Effect of combining TTO with other agents.

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 Plant foods that are rich in melatonin content.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Myrrha containing compounds on the market.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Chemical analysis of clove essential oil [6].

Table 26.2

In vitro

studies of clove compositions [16, 107].

Chapter 30

Table 30.1 Essential oil components from

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Blume leaves [5...

Table 30.2

C. zeylanicum

studies in oral diseases.

Chapter 35

Table 35.1 Lipid composition of the oil of the andiroba tree,

Carapa guianensi

...

Table 35.2 Relative scores in patients treated with the placebo and the negati...

Chapter 36

Table 36.1 Search strategy according to the different databases used in this s...

Table 36.2 Distribution of the variables assessed in the bibliometric analysis...

Table 36.3 Characteristics of the clinical trials included in the bibliometric...

Chapter 38

Table 38.1 The effects of extract and sodium fluoride and chlorhexidine on num...

Chapter 39

Table 39.1 Effect of daily oral treatment of black pomegranate extract on the ...

Chapter 40

Table 40.1 List of antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents identified from plants...

Table 40.2 Summary of dentifrices and chewing gum formulations with natural bi...

Chapter 41

Table 41.1 Ethnopharmacological regimens for natural oral care that might be a...

Chapter 42

Table 42.1 Potent plant species and respective phytochemicals possessing antim...

Table 42.2 Potential application of nano-formulations towards antibacterial ef...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Structure of promising phytochemicals towards oral pathogens.

Figure 2.2 Structure of promising phytochemicals towards oral pathogens.

Figure 2.3 Structure of promising phytochemicals towards oral pathogens.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Common oral diseases: risk factors and antimicrobial resistance mec...

Figure 3.2 Structure of biofilm. Reprinted with permission from [13]. Top: con...

Figure 3.3 Various medicinal plants having beneficial role in oral health. Rep...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Aloe vera plant.

Figure 4.2 Fruit and extract from

Punica granatum

.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Solubility-based classification of vitamins and food sources.

Figure 5.2 Vitamins role in the body and association with periodontal disease.

Figure 5.3 Classification of phytochemicals.

Figure 5.4 Mechanisms of probiotic action in periodontal disease.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Complications due to orthodontic treatment.

Figure 7.2 Different forms of herbal products used during orthodontic treatmen...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Traditional system of medicine.

Figure 8.2 Orange peel.

Figure 8.3 Neem leaf extract.

Figure 8.4 Aloe vera extract, turmeric extract, neem extract.

Figure 8.5 Green tea extract.

Figure 8.6 Orange peel extract.

Figure 8.7 Pomegranate peel extract.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Radiographic image of clinical case with periodontitis (left) and p...

Figure 9.2 Routes of delivery of phyto-constituents in the peri-implant region...

Figure 9.3 Take home message of the chapter highlighting the importance of phy...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Molecular mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of oral submu...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Bad breath (halitosis).

Figure 12.2 A schematic representation of the classification of halitosis.

Figure 12.3 Bacteria on the tongue can be trapped by microscopic uneven surfac...

Figure 12.4 Buildup of plaque bacteria between the teeth.

Figure 12.5 Mustard plant.

Figure 12.6 Leaves and leaf oil.

Figure 12.7 Bark and flowers of

Magnolia Officinalis

.

Figure 12.8 Mint leaves.

Figure 12.9 Leaves of green tea.

Figure 12.10 Bamboo tree.

Figure 12.11 Clove.

Figure 12.12 Stem and leaves.

Figure 12.13 Fruits of nutmeg tree.

Figure 12.14 Piper betel tree.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 (a) Complete denture. (b) Calculus on denture surface. (c) Denture...

Figure 13.2 Possible mechanism of dental cleansers.

Figure 13.3 Actions of dental cleansers.

Figure 13.4 Different compounds found in herbs.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Immunomodulatory factors in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis.

Figure 15.2 Suggested etiological factors of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis [4]...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Extraction of antioxidant methods from food and plants. Adapted wi...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 RAS on lower labial mucosa.

Figure 17.2 RAS on upper labial mucosa.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Important chemical constituents of Cranberry.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Clinical candidates employed in oral health management.

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Clinical actions of TTO pertaining to oral health.

Figure 20.2 Clinical applications of TTO in dentistry and outcomes evaluated.

Figure 20.3 Summary of micro-organisms that were studied to evaluate the effec...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Oreganium. Picture courtesy of seedsbydesign.com.

Figure 21.2 Grape seed. Picture courtesy of humann.com.

Figure 21.3 Finished and polished heat-polymerized acrylic resin samples.

Pict

...

Figure 21.4 Samples immersed in Sabouraud broth containing

C. albicans. Pictur

...

Figure 21.5 Samples stained with crystal violet, control (distilled water), an...

Figure 21.6 Samples stained with crystal violet, control (distilled water), an...

Figure 21.7 Samples stained with crystal violet, control (distilled water), an...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Anthocyanidins – chemical structure.

Figure 22.2 Atom arrangement of Ellagic acid.

Figure 22.3 Structural formula of Punicalagin.

Figure 22.4 Therapeutic activities of bioactive components of

Punica granatum.

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Radiographic and clinical manifestation of periodontitis. (a) Illu...

Figure 23.2

Schinus terenbithifolia

Raddi tree, capable of reaching 5 to 9 met...

Figure 23.3 Fruits of

Schinus terenbithifolia

Raddi.

Figure 23.4 Foliages and fruit initiation of

Schinus terenbithifolia

Raddi att...

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Functions of melatonin in plants and animals.

Figure 24.2 Melatonin rash herbs that have been found to promote oral health.

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1

Syzygium aromaticum

compounds and their activities.

Figure 26.2 Effect of

Syzygium aromaticum

on oral diseases.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Major macromolecular polymers found in the human body. Reprinted w...

Figure 27.2 Types of polysaccharides from various sources. Reprinted with perm...

Figure 27.3 Extraction, separation, purification, and structural characterizat...

Figure 27.4 Acemannan and the degree of acetylation in the

1

H NMR spectrum. Th...

Figure 27.5 Acemannan gels produced from ammonium hydroxide (M1) or acetone (M...

Figure 27.6 Biological actions of Acemannan. Reprinted and modified with permi...

Figure 27.7 Various therapeutic applications of Acemannan in dentistry. Reprin...

Figure 27.8 Therapeutic applications of Acemannan in vital pulp therapy. Repri...

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Picture of Piper Beetle plant, leaf and some important phytochemic...

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Clinical applications of Aloe vera in dentistry and outcomes evalu...

Figure 29.2 Various micro-organisms that were studied to evaluate the effectiv...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 The effect of

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

and cinnamaldehyde on dental p...

Figure 30.2 Processes involved in the development of dental diseases.

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1

A. nilotica

tree.

Figure 31.2

A. nilotica

stick (Babool stick).

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1

Andrographis paniculata

plant and flower.

Figure 32.2 Chemical structure of Andrographolide.

Figure 32.3 Antitumor mechanisms of Andrographolide.

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Source-bioactive.

Figure 33.2 Bioactive-target.

Figure 33.3 Bioactive-target-oral cancer.

Figure 33.4 Network construction: different steps involved in network construc...

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 HPTLC chromatogram of extracts of

Trigonella foenum graecum

L. (se...

Figure 34.2 Fluorescent microscopic images depicting apoptosis.

Figure 34.3 Gel electrophoresis images.

Figure 34.4 Effect of

Trigonella foenum graecum

L. and trigonelline hydrochlor...

Chapter 35

Figure 35.1 Flowchart showing the allocation, recruitment, intervention, monit...

Figure 35.2 Relative scores for the comparison of the patients in the Andiroba...

Figure 35.3 Variation in the relative scores for the comparison of the patient...

Figure 35.4 Heat map of relative quantification in scores. Heat maps show the ...

Chapter 36

Figure 36.1 Flow chart of the studies included in the bibliometric review.

Figure 36.2 (a) Map of countries that publish on the topic. The darker the sha...

Figure 36.3 (a) Donut graphic of authors with three or more publications on th...

Figure 36.4 Leading journals with publications of clinical trials on xylitol o...

Figure 36.5 Bubble chart of the studies distribution over the decades by age g...

Figure 36.6 Bubble chart of the studies distribution over the decades by outco...

Chapter 37

Figure 37.1 Dental caries etiology.

Figure 37.2 Futile cycle of xylitol on

Streptococcus mutans

cells (based on Ko...

Figure 37.3 Dental caries mechanism and xylitol’s effect on enamel remineraliz...

Chapter 38

Figure 38.1

Porphyromonas gingivalis

host environment [3].

Figure 38.2 Aerial parts of

Salvia officinalis

[14].

Figure 38.3 Important flavonoids of

S. officinalis

[14].

Figure 38.4 Important terpenes and terpenoids of

S. officinalis

[14].

Chapter 39

Figure 39.1 Black pomegranate.

Chapter 41

Figure 41.1 Searching for new alternative product against COVID-19 from oral n...

Figure 41.2 Example of herbal toothpaste product from a tropical country with ...

Figure 41.3 Example of herbal mouthwash product from a tropical country with a...

Guide

Cover Page

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

Also of Interest

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Pharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care

Edited by

Durgesh Nandini ChauhanPrabhu Raj SinghNagendra Singh Chauhan

and

Kamal Shah

This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-394-16626-8

Cover images: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

In today’s era, the use of natural drugs is undeniable, and herbal and natural drugs remain in constant demand. The objective of this book is to cover all the possible herbal aspects available for treating tooth decay. It consists of 42 chapters that highlight the different pharmaceutical and therapeutic aspects of natural resources, and compiles information about natural agents, herbs, and drugs, as well as various dental diseases and their treatment using herbal remedies. Furthermore, the book collects the latest research for the treatment of oral diseases, including oral cancer.

Chapter 1 concerns the role of Ayurveda in oral health and hygiene. The chapter discusses daily therapeutic practices for the preservation and prevention of oral health, and explains how various techniques of this old Indian system of medicine are used for disease prevention, including oral diseases, and the promotion of good physical condition. Chapter 2 highlights how medicinal plants are becoming important in the prevention of oral cavity disorders. Oral cavity problems are related to inflammatory conditions that arise due to tissue damage around the teeth. This chapter outlines the available herbal remedies that may lead to a new significant drug candidate for periodontal diseases, which will minimize the global burden of such diseases.

Chapter 3 presents an overview of natural herbal products used for oral diseases and hygiene maintenance. Natural oral care can significantly improve oral health because of phytochemicals and other constituents, and although taking these medicinal plant products has risks, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Chapter 4 concerns Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicine (TCAM), which can manage a spectrum of general disorders, including oral conditions that range from decayed teeth to oral cancer treatment. Also highlighted are TCAM’s drawbacks, such as drug misuse and toxicity, integration into the conventional healthcare system, how TCAM might contribute to health sector reforms through regulation, and legal processes that promote population health.

Chapter 5 covers the role of nutraceutical agents on oral and periodontal health and diseases. This chapter analyzes the close association between diet and oral health and provides a current and thoughtful perspective on the influence of a proper diet for the prevention of periodontal diseases, as well as how negative nutrition contributes to the development of those diseases. Moreover, it addresses the role of phytotherapeutics and probiotics in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis. Chapter 6 focuses on the antimicrobial effect of certain herbal extracts, which has led to interest in researching the usefulness of these extracts in microbe-induced inflammatory conditions of the human body. This section also examines how herbal extracts can be used as denture cleaners and disinfectants against microbes responsible for denture plaque and mucositis.

Chapter 7 discusses the role of natural oral care products in orthodontics. More often, patients choose natural products because they may avoid many of the synthetic medications that cause adverse effects. As a result, herbal products are increasingly popular in dentistry and across all disciplines of medicine. This chapter explores various outcomes associated with the role of natural oral care that appear to be devoid of side effects. Chapter 8 highlights the role of phytomedicine. Recently, an increase in cytotoxic reactions, antibiotic resistance, and toxicity caused by commercial agents have shifted the trend towards the use of phytotherapeutics. This chapter illustrates various herbal products, as well as the therapeutic applications of phytomedicine in dentistry.

Chapter 9 explains the herb-derived phytochemicals for dental implant applications. The use of such phytochemical-derived molecules for this purpose is promising. This chapter reviews the influence of these molecules on bone growth while accounting for the periimplant region. The osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals make them multifaceted molecules in the field of bone regeneration and tissue engineering. The advantages and clinical challenges faced with using herb-derived phytochemicals in the field of implant dentistry are also discussed.

Chapter 10 focuses on the etiopathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis, existing treatment methods, and the important use of the natural substances in the treatment of OSMF. The use of natural compounds will help OSMF patients to minimize or treat their symptoms and will aid in effective prevention of malignant transformation. Chapter 11 provides knowledge about the safety and effectiveness of natural products for the treatment of mouth sores, and it shows that natural products could be promising candidates for the development of new drugs to treat this condition.

Chapter 12 describes various drugs used to cure bed breath. In traditional medicine, several plants are used to treat bad breath, including parsley, green tea, anise, and berry-like fruits with high amounts of vitamin C. This chapter shows that the majority of medicinal plants provided an antibacterial effect in vitro, and therefore proves their value for the prevention of bad breath. Chapter 13 thoroughly examines herbal formulations as denture cleansers, which not only remove microbes by altering the oral condition, but can also be an analgesic, immune modulating, and refreshing. These herbs provide systemic effects and help to maintain overall health as well, which can positively influence one’s quality of life.

Chapter 14 presents an overview of peri-implantitis, and its management with natural care therapy and various herbal products. The subsequent chapter discusses the main etio-pathogenetic factors and the established treatment modalities for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (commonly called “canker sores”), with an emphasis on phytochemical properties of various natural medicinal compounds used for the treatment. Moreover, it explains the dosage and the forms in which these natural compounds can be prescribed, according to published scientific literature.

Chapter 16 explores the integral properties of natural plant products that boost their effectiveness in the protection and preservation of the alveolar bone. They are known to be safe and can be applied in conjunction with biomaterials, especially for socket preservation. Chapter 17 provides knowledge about the application of traditional medicinal plants and herbs in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. This information will be useful for scientists, scholars, and health care professionals who work on drug discovery to develop an effective and efficient anti-RAS herbal drug.

Chapter 18 covers the oral health benefits of cranberry. This vitamin-rich superfood exerts inhibitory effects on dental biofilm formation, bacterial adhesion, etc; has anti-cancer activity; is effective against urinary tract infection, cardiovascular diseases, etc; and helps to combat periodontal organisms. Chapter 19 presents a systematic understanding of the various aspects of oral health and the potential of phytochemicals from mangroves to hinder pathogens and help to resolve oral health issues.

For Chapter 20, the published literature about how tea tree oil can be used to maintain oral health was examined thoroughly. The material was reviewed with respect to the effectiveness, efficacy, safety, and adverse effects. Chapter 21 focuses on the oregano oil and grape seed oil, which are efficient denture cleansers and a viable alternative to commercially available antifungal drugs.

Chapter 22 discusses the mechanism of action, chemical ingredients, and biological effects of pomegranate in the emancipation of periodontal disease. Pomegranate, called “nature’s power fruit,” has a long ethnomedical history and is a phytochemical reservoir with holistic therapeutic properties. Chapter 23 outlines the characteristics and therapeutic potential of Schinusterebinthifolia Raddi as an alternative to treat oral dysbiosis, especially gingivitis, and periodontitis.

Chapter 24 highlights the usefulness and benefit of melatonin, its plant and herbal sources, and the evidence of how its use could improve the oral health status of patients. Chapter 25 elaborates on the pharmacokinetics of C. Myrrha and the crucial findings of pre-clinical experiments on the common oral microbe. The chapter highlights the growing amount of evidence from clinical trials that show C. Myrrha to have effective anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties on oral and dental tissues.

Chapter 26 reviews several reports on the healing properties of cloves, their active ingredients that fight oral diseases, and the correct formulation for mouthwashes and herbal toothpaste. Chapter 27 presents an overview of Acemannan, an extract of Aloe vera, and its various applications in dentistry, with an emphasis on oral tissue regeneration. The basic chemical constituents of Aloe vera, and its therapeutic effects are described.

Chapter 28 explains the role of Indian indigenous plant Piper betel, commonly known as betel leaf, which has been widely used in orodental care in the traditional Indian system of medicine Ayurveda. Scientific studies have shown that the betel leaf possesses myriad health benefits and effectively inhibits the growth of oral pathogens, reducing halitosis, dental plaque, incidences of gingival diseases, and dental caries. In Chapter 29, a systematic search of the published literature was done with respect to Aloe Vera in maintaining oral health. The literature was reviewed for effectiveness, efficacy, safety and adverse effects.

Chapter 30 deals with Cinnamomum zeylanicum, an essential oil that is used in dentistry due to its engaging biological activities. These herbal oils have therapeutic benefits because of their capability to prevent and manage biofilm-related illnesses like tooth decay and gingivitis, and other biofilm-associated oral ailments. This chapter examines the properties and effectiveness of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on most acute oral disorders and considers its application in oral care products. Chapter 31 looks at Acacia nilotica, i.e. Babool, which belongs to the Leguminosae family, and showcases how it can be used to treat various disorders, including dysentery, diabetes, wound healing, astringent, and diarrhea.

Chapter 32 discusses the mechanism of action of Andrographis paniculata, and particularly andrographolide, which can help to manage oral diseases. The research work conducted in this topic focused on periodontal disease, dental caries, and root canal pathology, as well as oral cancer. Chapter 33 explains traditional, herbal medicine, phytochemical analysis utilizing various techniques (isolation, characterisation), and the influence on potentially malignant oral disorders and oral cancer. In addition, the chapter presents the Network pharmacology approach, which enhances the understanding of biological systems, network analysis, connection, redundancy, and pleiotropy. It provides information on the interactions of medicinal plant bioactives with various targets, as well as their link to various diseases, and finally the complex interrelationship of all components in the network.

Chapter 34 assesses the anti-cancer effects of crude extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) L. extract and its active compound trigonelline’s effect on a cell line of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Chapter 35 discuss the effectiveness of Carapaguianensis (Aubl), popularly known as andiroba. This chapter offers an overview of studies that evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of andiroba oil on oral mucositis. The results showed that andiroba oil has anti-inflammatory potential, managing to maintain lower levels of analyzed inflammatory proteins compared to a placebo group, and could be an effective and cheaper alternative for treating Oral mucositis.

Chapter 36 contains clinical studies with xylitol or propolis toothpastes. This study traced a worldwide panorama on publications with xylitol or propolis in order to inform clinicians and researchers about the current research on these products, their effectiveness, and potential clinical applicability, and to direct further studies in the area. Most studies used xylitol or propolis in adults as the main treatment for long-term use and showed efficacy in relation to oral conditions. Chapter 37 discusses xylitol and erythritol, which are promising alternatives for caries control because they affect different variables related to dental caries. The polyols addressed herein demonstrated substantial effects, especially when administered in chewing gums or similar products. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that xylitol and erythritol have shown promising synergistic activity with different compounds.

Chapter 38 looks at Salvia officinalis (sage), a medicinal herb used for flavoring meat and cheese in the industry, has antibacterial, antiplaque, anti-aging, memory enhancement, analgesic, anti-candidial, antifungal, and anti-viral activities. The effect of the hydro-ethanolic extract has been evaluated and compared to commercial toothpaste and mouthwash in vitro. Research suggests that the extract reduced the growth of oral bacteria and fungus, and it could be as potent component in commercial mouthwash. Chapter 39 explains the role of black pomegranate in oral care and evaluates the inhibitory effect of hydro-ethanolic extract from black pomegranate on the growth of Candida albicans in the oral cavity of diabetic male rats.

Chapter 40 discusses the incorporation of alternative therapeutic strategies, such as the use of natural bioactives to help identify potential antiinfective agents. Natural products derived from various medicinal plants have proven to produce bioactive compounds, and it is evident that phytochemicals and other plant-derived compounds have the potential to prevent and treat oral disease. Furthermore, bioactive compounds from secondary metabolites of plants have recently proven to exhibit antibiofilm potential against oral infectious organisms.

Chapter 41 discusses the serious clinical problems of COVID-19 on oral health and dental care. Good oral health care practice is crucial in the time of social alienation and stay-at-home commitments, and natural dental care aids in the treatment of a number of medical disorders. Chapter 42 explains nano-based delivery strategies like nanocarriers, which are promising tools that enhance the efficacy of these phytochemicals due to sustained release and protection of their native property. This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of the various oral health issues, conventional treatment methods and their drawbacks, and the applicative potential of phytochemicals due to their enhanced efficacy using nano-technology approaches.

This book should benefit scientists, medical professionals, and industrial people who work with herbs or phytoconstituents that are used in dental care or the ethanopharmacol-ogy of dental diseases. We want to express our earnest gratitude to the authors who have taken time from their busy schedules to join in this endeavor and provide perfect chapters that added to both the gravity and value of this book. We welcome suggestions and criticisms from our readers. Special thanks to our families for their sustenance and inspiration. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the publishing and production team, especially Martin Scrivener, for their substantial, skillful, and motivating management.

Durgesh Nandini Chauhan

Prabhu Raj Singh

Nagendra Singh Chauhan

Kamal Shah

July 2023

Part IPHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS IN VARIOUS DISEASES

1Ayurvedic Approaches to Oral Health and Hygiene: A Review

Manindra Mohan Shrivastava1, Prashant Kr. Gupta2, Kamal Shah3, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan4 and Nagendra Singh Chauhan5*

1Department of Swasthvritta and Yoga, Govt. Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Raipur, C.G., India

2Department of Kaumarabhritya, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India

3Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India

4Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, C.G., India

5Drugs Testing Laboratory Avam Anusandhana Kendra, Raipur, C.G., India

Abstract

Ayurveda is a very old Indian system of medicine that explains the various techniques used for disease prevention and promotion of physical condition. Only practices such as Dantdhavan, Jihvanirlekha Kavala, Gandusha, Pratisarana, and Tambula Sevan are recommended by Dinacharya in order to promote oral hygiene, prevent diseases of the oral cavity, safeguard health, and prevent lifestyle diseases. Listed under Dinacharya are best practices. Since oral disease is a major problem worldwide and Western medicine has had mixed results in its prevention, dietary medicinal plants and Ayurvedic prescriptions for oral hygiene are part of Ayurveda’s holistic approach to human health and disease. Since this is a conceptual study, all available Ayurvedic references were used to explain why Ayurvedic procedures are essential in the prevention of oral diseases. Research comes to a conclusion. The study concludes with a discussion of the role of Ayurveda in promoting oral health.

Keywords: Oral health and hygiene, Dantpavana, Pratisarana, Kavala and Gandush, Tambula Sevana

1.1 Introduction

Due to the modern lifestyle, mouth illnesses are becoming more commonplace today. In addition to raising the financial burden and lowering people’s quality of life, this can result in serious health risks. The ability of Ayurveda to significantly prevent oral diseases through routine has brought it to the attention of the world in recent years. An Ayurvedic subdiscipline is the Shalakya Tantra which details the care for the organs that are situated above the shoulders. The physical body, according to this, has nine holes. It includes the oral cavity. Since the oral cavity serves as the primary entrance, Ayurveda advises frequent and consistent cleaning. It’s crucial to keep your mouth clean because that’s where digestion starts. The gums, teeth, palate, throat, oral mucosa, and additional lip-supporting structures are all parts of the oral cavity. For centuries, the traditional knowledge of Ayurveda has been passed down from one generation to the next, making disease prevention and treatment accessible to the average person. It places a focus on preventive aspects of diet and lifestyle. Ayurvedic oral hygiene is secure, efficient, affordable, and readily available. It typically produces long-lasting results without any side effects. It contains self-care techniques that are simple to apply at home.

Aims and Objectives

The goal of this research is to compile all available references on oral hygiene promotion from various Ayurvedic texts as well as describe them in a manner that makes the topic clear. Purpose of this study is to look into the role of Ayurveda in maintaining and protecting oral health as well as preventing oral diseases.

Materials and Methods

For a better understanding of oral hygiene, available references from Ayurvedic literature have been collected and compiled in this article. Many sources of support have been consulted, and modest efforts have been made to draw conclusions.

Ayurveda and Orofacial Diseases

Salakya-Tantra, one of the eight branches of Ayurveda, describes, among other things, the treatment of diseases of the eyes, ears, nose and mouth, and lists 65 different types of oral diseases which are divided into seven different Anatomic locations may be: 8 lips, 15 on the alveolar margin, 8 in relation to the teeth, 5 on the tongue, 9 on the palate, 17 in the oropharynx and 3 in the generalized form. The oral cavity consists of Oshtha (lips), Danta (teeth), Dantamoola (the structures supporting the gums and teeth), Talu (palate), Jihwa (tongue), Kantha (throat), and Sarvasar (oral mucosa). Oral cleansing, extractions, excision, flap surgery and other procedures are recommended by Ayurveda to treat these diseases.

Ayurveda and Oral Hygiene

In order to maintain healthy people’s wellbeing, Ayurveda places a strong emphasis on disease prevention. People learn how to live from it. This is followed by the Ayurvedic diets of Dinacharya, Ritucharya, Sadvrutta, Acharya Rasayana, and Pathyahara Vihara. In Dinachaya, the remedies Danthadhawan, Jihvanirlekha, Kavala Gandusha, and Tambula Sevana are mentioned as being effective in preventing oral diseases and maintaining oral hygiene. The medicinal plants and oils that are mentioned in Ayurvedic texts are advantageous for oral health. The following will go into detail about all Ayurvedic treatments that are good for oral health.

Dantapavan/Dattuna (Chewing Sticks/Brushing Teeth)

The removal of plaque and tartar during tooth brushing, according to Ayurvedic texts, aids in the prevention of gingivitis and cavities. To prevent oral diseases, it is taken in the morning and after each meal. The stems of the Dantapavan should be soft, healthy, and free of knots and leaves. It is preferable to obtain it from a live plant. Knots and leaves should be removed from the Dantapavan stems. After brushing the teeth, dattuna is split in half and then used to scrape tongue coatings.

Dantapavan, as per Sushruta, should be fresh and straight. It must have a length of 12 Angul (9 inches) and a thickness of Kanshtika anguli (little finger) [1]. Katu (pungent), Tikta (bitter) and Kashaya (astringent), herb sticks should be used in Rasa [2]. Madhura rasa is also included in Acharya Sushruta [3].

Several suggested plants are known herbs (Tables 1.1 and 1.2) with the over mentioned tastes should be used [4].

According to Acharya Susrutha, Madhuka (Bassia longifolia Koen) for sweet flavors, Karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) for pungent flavors, Khadira (Acacia catechu Linn. f) for astringent flavors, and Nimba (Azadiracta indica A. juss) is better for bitter flavors.

Ayurveda also mentions a number of plants that are not suitable for brushing, as follows. Dattuna should not be used (chewing sticks):

Twigs of

Sleshmathaka (Cordia dichotoma)

Bibhithaka (Terminalia bellereca)

Table 1.1 Plants used in Dantapavan.

1.

Neem

(

Azadirachta indica

)

2.

Yastimadhu

(

Glycyrrhiza glabra

)

3.

Arjuna

tree

(

Termmalia arjuna

)

4.

Vata

(

Ficus bengalensis

)

5.

Vijaysara

(

Pterocarpus marsupium

)

6.

Arka

(

Calotropis gigantia

)

7.

Khadira

(

Acacia catechu

)

8.

Karanja

(

Pongamia glabra

)

9.

Karaveera

(

Nerium indica

)

10.

Arimeda

(

Acacia farnesiana

)

11.

Apamarga

(

Achyranthus aspera

)

12.

Malathi

(

Jasminum grandiflorum

)

Table 1.2 Properties and pharmacological actions of drugs used in oro-dental diseases.

S. no.

Drug