Photocatalysts and Electrocatalysts in Water Remediation E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Photocatalysts and Electrocatalysts in Water Remediation Comprehensive resource describing the fundamentals, synthesis, and commercial applications of photocatalysts and electrocatalysts in water decontamination Photocatalysts and Electrocatalysts in Water Remediation introduces the fundamentals of both photo- and electro-catalysts and highlights the potentials of photo- and electro-catalysis towards water decontamination, covering strategies to improve photo- and electro-catalytic efficacies, functions of photo- and electro-catalysts and involved chemical reactions, and challenges and recent developments in the field, with additional discussion of both lab-scale and commercial-scale materials and processes. As a forward-thinking resource, the text also discusses the scope of further research on photo-, electro- and electrophoto-catalysts. Edited by three highly qualified professionals, with significant experience in the field, the text is further enriched with critically analyzed and expertly opined contributions from several well-known researchers around the world. In Photocatalysts and Electrocatalysts in Water Remediation, readers can expect to find information on: * Fundamentals and functional mechanisms of photocatalysis in water treatment, and different synthetic routes and band gap engineering of photocatalysts * Photocatalytic decontamination of organic pollutants from water and photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions from water * Smart photocatalysts in water remediation * Fundamentals and functional mechanisms of electrocatalysis in water treatment * Electrocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and removal of heavy metal ions from water * Different synthetic routes of electrocatalysts and fabrication of electrodes and combined electro-photocatalytic techniques in water remediation Photocatalysts and Electrocatalysts in Water Remediation serves as one of the most comprehensive and authoritative resources that has ever been published in this field and is a thoroughly complete source of information on the subject for researchers across a myriad of disciplines along with water industry professionals.
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Photocatalysts and Electrocatalysts in Water Remediation
From Fundamentals to Full Scale Applications
Edited by
Dr Prasenjit Bhunia Silda Chandra Sekhar College, India
Dr Kingshuk Dutta Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET), India
Dr S. Vadivel Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
This edition first published 2023
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Hardback ISBN: 9781119855316; ePub ISBN: 9781119855330; ePDF ISBN: 9781119855323; Obook ISBN: 9781119855347
Cover image: Courtesy of Kingshuk Dutta
Cover design by Wiley
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Preface
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Acknowledgements
1 Fundamentals and Functional Mechanisms of Photocatalysis in Water Treatment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Different Photocatalytic Materials for Water Treatment
1.3 In-depth Mechanisms of Photocatalysis
1.4 Visible Light Driven Photocatalysts for Water Decontamination
1.5 Summary
2 Different Synthetic Routes and Band Gap Engineering of Photocatalysts
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis of Photocatalysts
2.3 Properties of Ideal Photocatalytic Material
2.4 Engineering Photocatalytic Properties
2.5 Energy Bandgap
2.6 Engineering the Desired Band Gap
2.7 Photocatalytic Mechanisms, Schemes and Systems
2.8 Summary and Perspectives
3 Photocatalytic Decontamination of Organic Pollutants from Water
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanisms of Organic Contaminants
3.3 Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Decontamination of Organic Pollutants
3.4 Solar/Visible-light Driven Photocatalytic Decontamination of Organic Pollutants
3.5 Emerging Scientific Opportunities of Photocatalysts in Removal of Organic Pollutants
3.6 Limitations of Photocatalytic Decontamination and Key Mitigation Strategies
3.7 Summary and Future Directions
4 Photocatalytic Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanistic Insights on Photocatalytic Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
4.3 Solar/Visible-light Driven Photocatalysts for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
4.4 Selective Heavy Metal Ion Removal by Semiconductor Photocatalysts
4.5 Major Drawbacks and Key Mitigation Strategies
4.6 Summary and Future Directions
5 Smart Photocatalysts in Water Remediation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Advances in the Development of Visible-light Driven Photocatalysts
5.3 Advances in Photocatalyst Immobilization and Supports
5.4 Advances in Nonimmobilized Smart Photocatalysts
5.5 Advances in Improving the Efficiency of Light Delivery
5.6 Advances in Biomaterials for Designing Smart Photocatalysts
5.7 Advances Toward Improving Photocatalytic Activity via External Stimuli
5.8 Advances in Inhibiting the Photocorrosion of Semiconductor-based Photocatalysts
5.9 Advances in Recycling Photocatalysts: Assessing the Photocatalyst Life Cycle
5.10 Summary, Future Challenges, and Prospects for Further Research
6 Fundamentals and Functional Mechanisms of Electrocatalysis in Water Treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrocatalysis Treatment
6.3 Properties and Characteristics of Different Electrocatalysis Techniques
6.4 Case Studies and Successful Approaches
6.5 Conclusion
7 Different Synthetic Routes of Electrocatalysts and Fabrication of Electrodes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamental Principles of Alkaline Water Oxidation
7.3 Electrochemical Evaluating Parameters of Electrocatalysts for OER Performance
7.4 Electrocoagulation
7.5 Electroflotation
7.6 Electrocoagulation/flotation
7.7 Electro-oxidation in Wastewater Treatment
7.8 Doped Diamond Electrodes
7.9 Conclusion
8 Electrocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants from Water
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Principles and Fundamental Aspects of Electrooxidation
8.3 Electrode Materials and Cell Configuration
8.4 Performance Assessment Indicators and Operating Variables
8.5 Electrochemical Filtering Process: A Hybrid Process Based on Electrooxidation and Filteri ng
8.6 Integration of Electrooxidation-based Processes in Water/Wastewater Treatment Technological Flow
9 Electrocatalytic Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamentals
9.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Electrocatalytic Approach
9.4 Summary
10 Combined Photoelectrocatalytic Techniques in Water Remediation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Photoelectrocatalysts for Treatment of Water Contaminants
10.3 Simultaneous Removal of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants
10.4 Conclusions and Perspective 304
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
CHAPTER 01
Table 1.1 Photodegradation efficiency of...
CHAPTER 02
Table 2.1 Commonly used photocatalysts...
CHAPTER 03
Table 3.1 Performance of photocatalytic...
CHAPTER 04
Table 4.1 Sources and health...
Table 4.2 Treatment methods for...
Table 4.3 Performance of various...
Table 4.4 Selectivity of HM...
CHAPTER 05
Table 5.1 Major strategies for...
Table 5.2 Recent progress in...
CHAPTER 06
Table 6.1 Different direct electrochemical...
Table 6.2 Characteristics of wastewater...
CHAPTER 08
Table 8.1 Electrocatalyst performances for...
CHAPTER 09
Table 9.1 Various HMs that...
CHAPTER 10
Table 10.1 Examples of binary...
Table 10.2 Toxic inorganic ion...
List of Illustrations
CHAPTER 01
Figure 1.1 (a) Triangular prism and...
Figure 1.2 (a) Band gap distribution...
Figure 1.3 (a) General mechanism of...
Figure 1.4 Charge transfer route via...
Figure 1.5 Photocatalytic degradation curves of...
Figure 1.6 XPS spectrum of (a...
Figure 1.7 (a) General mechanism of...
Figure 1.8 (a) Comparison of C...
Figure 1.9 (a) S-scheme migration...
Figure 1.10 (a, b) PEC characteristics...
Figure 1.11 Transient photocurrent response (a...
CHAPTER 02
Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of bottom...
Figure 2.2 Schematic representation of stages...
Figure 2.3 Schematic representation of solid...
Figure 2.4 Synthesis of BaTiO3 by...
Figure 2.5 Schematic depiction of valance...
Figure 2.6 Depiction of increase in...
Figure 2.7 Schematic Tauc plot of...
Figure 2.8 Common research approach to...
Figure 2.9 Enhancement strategies for nanoscale...
Figure 2.10 Bandgap alignment of Zn...
Figure 2.11 Depiction of oxidation–...
Figure 2.12 Schematic of band alignment...
CHAPTER 03
Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of a...
Figure 3.2 Mechanism of photodegradation of...
Figure 3.3 Mechanism of photodegradation of...
CHAPTER 04
Figure 4.1 How water pollution originates...
Figure 4.2 Number of publications based...
Figure 4.3 Schematic diagram showing a...
Figure 4.4 Bandgap energy, VB, and...
Figure 4.5 Mechanism of HM ion...
Figure 4.6 Mechanism of HM ion...
Figure 4.7 Visible light activation of...
Figure 4.8 Effect of metal oxide...
Figure 4.9 The removal efficiency of...
CHAPTER 05
Scheme 5.1 Schematic representation of a...
Figure 5.1 (a) Irradiance spectra of...
Figure 5.2 (a) Schematic representation of...
Figure 5.3 (a) Schematic representation of...
Figure 5.4 Four common locomotion mechanisms...
Figure 5.5 (a) Schematic representation of...
Figure 5.6 Schematic representation of light...
Figure 5.7 Schematic representation of the...
Figure 5.8 (a) Field-emission scanning...
Figure 5.9 (a) Field-emission scanning...
Figure 5.10 (a) Ultrasound-assisted generation...
Figure 5.11 Schematic representation...
Figure 5.12 Schematic representation of the...
CHAPTER 06
Figure 6.1 Diagram showing different electrochemical...
Figure 6.2 Chemical composition of some...
Figure 6.3 Electrochemical set up for...
Figure 6.4 Effect of concentration of...
Figure 6.5 Effect of concentration of...
Figure 6.6 Effect of time on...
Figure 6.7 Effect of concentration of...
Figure 6.8 Effect of NaCl added...
Figure 6.9 Flow chart of electrochemical...
Figure 6.10 The total removal of...
Figure 6.11 The schematic diagram of...
Figure 6.12 Comparison of removal efficiency...
CHAPTER 08
Figure 8.1 A synthetic image of...
Figure 8.2 Electrode configuration.
Figure 8.3 Cyclic voltammograms recorded in...
Figure 8.4 Simple schematic representation of...
Figure 8.5 Simple schematic representation of...
Figure 8.6 Integration of the electrooxidation...
Figure 8.7 Integration of the electrochemical...
Figure 8.8 Integration of the electrooxidation...
Figure 8.9 Integration of the electrochemical...
CHAPTER 09
Figure 9.1 Schematic diagrams of electrocatalytic...
Figure 9.2 Schematic representation of the...
Figure 9.3 A schematic representation of...
CHAPTER 10
Figure 10.1 (A) Number of journal...
Figure 10.2 Illustration of a PEC...
Figure 10.3 (A) Mechanism of free...
Figure 10.4 PEC reduction of metal...
Figure 10.5 PEC inactivation of microorganisms...
Figure 10.6 Simultaneous removal of organic...
Guide
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Preface
A wide array of wastewater treatment alternatives are being investigated nowadays, and this is owing to the increase in polluted wastewater generation because of the growth in population and industrial activities. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have become, in the last few years, a selected alternative due to several advantages, such as their nonselective degradation of pollutants and their easy setup. Photo-based processes have always been one of the most preferred AOP options, due to the possibility of using solar radiation that may reduce the AOPs’ high elevated costs. Photocatalysis processes fall under the AOP category, and it is studied worldwide for various applications. A photocatalyst is defined as a “catalyst able to produce, upon absorption of light, chemical transformations of the reaction partners” [1]. The excited state of a photocatalyst interacts repeatedly with the reaction partners, resulting in the formation of reaction intermediates, and regenerates itself after each cycle of such interactions. In effect, the photocatalyst is activated with radiation, which brings about the separation of electrons and holes from, respectively, the valence and conduction bands of semiconductor photocatalysts. This, in turn, starts a series of chain reactions that lead to the generation of oxidants and, ultimately, to pollutant degradation. However, even photocatalysis has limitations for future applications; for instance, the electrons and holes are usually recombined, long treatment times are required, etc. As a solution, the combination of photocatalysis with the application of an electrochemical field (photoelectrocatalysis) has been contemplated.
On the other hand, electrochemistry, an interdisciplinary field of interfacial charge transfer, has been introduced for the decontamination of both organic and inorganic pollutants, and therefore has developed significant worldwide interest toward water remediation. In this connection, electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction usually work together to decompose organic contaminants, and convert heavy metal ions from their toxic to nontoxic form in electrocatalytic advance oxidation processes (EAOPs). Although this technique was elucidated long back in the 1970s, it is only in recent years that the electrocatalysts have become highly encouraging materials toward water remediation. Electrocatalysts degrade or convert the contaminants (organic or inorganic) through profound collision of a very clean reagent – “the electron”; therefore, the technique is recognized as environmentally benign. In addition, this technique has been found to be highly versatile toward degradation of various contaminants, including dyes, pesticides and herbicides, phenolic compounds, pharmaceuticals, etc., and is also able to convert heavy metal ions from their toxic to nontoxic forms. Moreover, the most attractive features of EAOPs toward water treatment are high treatment efficiencies, accumulation of less toxic by-products, and environmental friendliness.
The subject of this book has been meticulously designed to cover both the photo and electrocatalytic water remediation aspects, starting from fundamentals to the applications. This book describes the major functions of catalysts (photo-, electro-, and electrophoto-) in the domain of water remediation, along with the involved chemical reactions, mechanisms, challenges, and up-to-date developments. In addition, the scope of further research on photo, electro, and electrophotocatalysts is also thoroughly discussed. Enriched with critically analyzed and expertly opined contributions from several well-known researchers around the world, this book is likely to serve as one of the most comprehensive and authoritative pieces of literature that has ever been published in this field, and will undoubtedly serve as a potent source of information for those interested in this field.
Prasenjit Bhunia
Kingshuk Dutta
S. Vadivel
Reference
1
IUPAC, (1997)
Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book
. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
About the Editors
Dr. Prasenjit Bhunia has obtained his Masters and Doctorate in Inorganic Chemistry from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. In addition, he has done Post-Doctoral research at National Taiwan University, Taiwan and Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea, and has gained prolonged experience in Graphene/Graphene Oxide and their functionalization and applications. He has also served as an Institute Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India, and has gathered significant experience in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Furthermore, he has noticeable industrial experience from working at Hindustan Unilever Limited, Bangalore and TCG Life Sciences, Kolkata, India. In addition, he has served as a Principal Researcher at TATA Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, India, where he has gained outstanding experience in the field of photocatalytic wastewater treatment. Now, he serves as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Silda Chandra Sekhar College, Jhargram, India (affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, India). At this time, he has 23 international peer reviewed journal articles, 7 book chapters and 5 patents to his credit. His present research field is photocatalytic water treatment.
Dr. Kingshuk Dutta, FICS, is currently employed as a Scientist in the Advanced Polymer Design and Development Research Laboratory of the Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology, India. Prior to this appointment, he worked as an Indo–US Postdoctoral Fellow at Cornell University, USA (2018–19) and as a National Postdoctoral Fellow at the Indian Institute of Technology – Kharagpur, India (2016–17), both funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Govt. of India. Earlier, as a Senior Research Fellow funded by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Govt. of India., he had carried out his doctoral study at the University of Calcutta, India (2013–16). He possesses degrees in both technology (B. Tech. and M. Tech.) and science (B. Sc.), all from the University of Calcutta. He was also a recipient of the prestigious Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) and National Scholarship, both from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India. His areas of research interest lie in the fields of fuel cells (including alcohol, bio/microbial, and hydrogen fuel cells), sensors, water purification, polymer blends and composites, and biodegradable polymers. At this time, he has contributed to 54 experimental and review papers in reputed international platforms, 25 book chapters, 1 patent application, and many national and international presentations. In addition, he has edited/co-edited four books published by Elsevier and two books published by the American Chemical Society. He has also served as a guest associate handling editor for Frontiers in Chemistry and a peer-reviewer for over 180 journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, and research project proposals. He is a life member and an elected fellow of the Indian Chemical Society, a life member of the International Exchange Alumni Network (US Department of State) and a member of the Science Advisory Board (USA). Earlier, he held memberships with the International Association for Hydrogen Energy (USA), the International Association of Advanced Materials (Sweden), the Institute for Engineering Research and Publication (India) and the Wiley Advisors Group (USA).
Dr. S. Vadivel is currently working as an Assistant Professor (Senior Grade) in the Department of Electrochemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India. He obtained his PhD in Chemistry (2015) from the AC Tech Campus, Anna University, Chennai, and then successfully completed his postdoctoral fellowship tenure at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, under the highly prestigious JSPS Fellowship. Furthermore, he received the highly prestigious PIFI fellowship from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2019. His current research involves the development of novel materials with graphene, graphitic carbon nitride, in combination with metals, metal oxides, polymers, and carbon nanotubes for energy conversion & storage, and removal of various toxic pollutants. His research results have been documented in 66 peer-reviewed journals, including 5 review articles and 10 book chapters. He also has more than 2200 citations with an h-index of 25. He served as a guest editor for a special issue of Frontiers in Chemistry, and is currently serving as an associate editor for Heliyon journal and editing two books for reputed publishers. He is also serving as a peer-reviewer for various high impact journals from Royal Society of Chemistry, American Chemical Society, and Elsevier journals. He has supervised one PhD Scholar under the DST-SERB (Early Career Research Award Scheme) and is currently guiding two PhD scholars.
List of Contributors
Ahmed M. Awad Abouelata Chemical Engineering & Pilot Plant Department, Engineering Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Mohsen Ahmadipour Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Baquir Mohammed Jaffar Ali Department of Green Energy Technology, Madanjeet School of Green Energy Technologies, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
Anamaria Baciu Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, P-ta Victoriei, Timisoara, Romania
Prasenjit Bhunia Department of Chemistry, Silda Chandra Sekhar College, Jhargram, West Bengal, India
Dhruba Chakrabortty Department of Chemistry, B.N. College, Dhubri, Assam, India
Sin Ling Chiam School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
Kinghshuk Dutta Advanced Polymer Design and Development Research Laboratory (APDDRL), School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals (SARP), Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Baizeng Fang Department of Chemical and Biological engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Peyman Gholami Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Alamelu Kaliaperumal Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Mehdi Al Kausor Department of Chemistry, Science College, Kokrajhar, BTR, Assam, India
Ashitha Kishore Department of Green Energy Technology, Madanjeet School of Green Energy Technologies, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
Vineet Kumar Chemistry and Bioprospecting Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
Parteek Mandyal School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan (HP), India
Florica Manea Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, P-ta Victoriei, Timisoara, Romania
Harshvardhan Mohan Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
Sorina Negrea National Institute of Research and Development for Industrial Ecology (INCD ECOIND), Romania; “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Romania
Aashish Priye Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Swee-Yong Pung School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
Saravana Rajendran Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, Arica, Chile
Shabnam Sambyal School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan (HP), India
Pavithra Muthu Kumar Sathya Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Tamilnadu, India
Albert Serrà Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Pooja Shandilya School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan (HP), India
Rohit Sharma School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan (HP), India
Malavika Sunil Department of Green Energy Technology, Madanjeet School of Green Energy Technologies, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
R. Suresh Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, Arica, Chile
Sethumathavan Vadivel Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
Raja Viswanathan Department of Computational Physics, School of Physics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, we are thankful to Sarah Higginbotham (Senior Commissioning Editor), Sakeena Quraishi (Associate Commissioning Editor), Jenny Cossham (Associate Editorial Director), Stacey Woods (Managing Editor) and the entire team of Wiley for bringing out this unique book.
The reviewers of our book proposal have played a significant role in ensuring the quality of this book by providing their constructive suggestions and inputs, and we are grateful for that.
We would also like to extend our thankfulness to the subject/domain experts for contributing highly informative chapters.
Finally, we would like to express our love and gratitude towards our family members for their continuous support and unconditional patience.
Prasenjit Bhunia
Kingshuk Dutta
S. Vadivel
