Polymer Composites, Nanocomposites E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 608

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Polymer composites are materials in which the matrix polymer is reinforced with organic/inorganic fillers of a definite size and shape, leading to enhanced performance of the resultant composite. These materials find a wide number of applications in such diverse fields as geotextiles, building, electronics, medical, packaging, and automobiles.

This first systematic reference on the topic emphasizes the characteristics and dimension of this reinforcement.

The authors are leading researchers in the field from academia, government, industry, as well as private research institutions across the globe, and adopt a practical approach here, covering such aspects as the preparation, characterization, properties and theory of polymer composites.

The book begins by discussing the state of the art, new challenges, and opportunities of various polymer composite systems. Interfacial characterization of the composites is discussed in detail, as is the macro- and micromechanics of the composites. Structure-property relationships in various composite systems are explained with the help of theoretical models, while processing techniques for various macro- to nanocomposite systems and the influence of processing parameters on the properties of the composite are reviewed in detail. The characterization of microstructure, elastic, viscoelastic, static and dynamic mechanical, thermal, tribological, rheological, optical, electrical and barrier properties are highlighted, as well as their myriad applications.

Divided into three volumes: Vol. 1. Macro- and Microcomposites; Vol. 2. Nanocomposites; and Vol. 3. Biocomposites.
 

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

The Editors

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: State of the Art – Nanomechanics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Nanoplatelet-Reinforced Composites

1.3 Exfoliation–Adsorption

1.4 In Situ Intercalative Polymerization Method

1.5 Melt Intercalation

1.6 Nanofiber-Reinforced Composites

1.7 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites

1.8 Recent Advances in Polymer Nanocomposites

1.9 Future Outlook

References

Chapter 2: Synthesis, Surface Modification, and Characterization of Nanoparticles

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Synthesis and Modification of Nanoparticles

2.3 Modification of Nanoparticles

2.4 Preparation and Characterization of Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposites

2.5 Preparation of Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposites

2.6 Characterization of Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposites

2.7 Applications of Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposites

2.8 Application of Magnetic Fe3O4-Based Nanocomposites

2.9 Applications of ZnO-Based Nanocomposites

2.10 Applications of Magnetic Fluid

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Theory and Simulation in Nanocomposites

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Analytical and Numerical Techniques

3.3 Formation of Nanocomposites

3.4 Mechanical Properties

3.5 Mechanical Failure

3.6 Thermal Properties

3.7 Barrier Properties

3.8 Rheological Properties

3.9 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 4: Characterization of Nanocomposites by Scattering Methods

4.1 Introduction

4.2 X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering

4.3 Neutron Scattering

4.4 Light Scattering

References

Chapter 5: Mechanical–Viscoelastic Characterization in Nanocomposites

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Factors Affecting the Mechanical Behavior of Nanocomposites

5.3 Micromechanical Models for Nanocomposites

5.4 Mechanical Characterization of Nanocomposites under Static Loading

5.5 Characterization by Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis

5.6 Mechanical Characterization by Means of Indentation Techniques

5.7 Fracture Toughness Characterization of Nanocomposites

5.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Characterization of Nanocomposites by Optical Analysis

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Influence of Nanoparticles on the Visual Aspect of Nanocomposites

6.3 Characterization of Appearance

6.4 Characterization by UV–Visible Spectrophotometry

6.5 Characterization by Optical Microscopy

References

Chapter 7: Characterization of Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Influence of the Molding Temperature on the Density of the Nanocomposite Samples Based on the Low-Density Polyethylene

7.3 Experimental Study of the Temperature Dependence of the Permittivity of the Nanocomposite Materials

7.4 Elastic and Viscous Properties of the Nanocomposite Films Based on the Low-Density Polyethylene Matrix

7.5 Effect of the Nanoparticle Material Density on the Acoustic Parameters of Nanocomposites Based on the Low-Density Polyethylene

7.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8: Barrier Properties of Nanocomposites

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Nanocomposites from Ceramic Oxides

8.3 Nanocomposites from Nanotubes

8.4 Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

8.5 Composite Models of Permeation

8.6 Techniques Used to Study the Permeability of Polymers and Nanocomposites

8.7 Calculation of Breakthrough Time

8.8 Applications

8.9 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Polymer Nanocomposites Characterized by Thermal Analysis Techniques

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Thermal Analysis Methods

9.3 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis

9.4 Thermal Mechanical Analysis

9.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Carbon Nanotube-Filled Polymer Composites

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Processing Methods

10.3 Novel Approaches

10.4 Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials

10.5 Basic Theory of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

10.6 Stress Transfer Efficiency in Composites

10.7 Mechanical Properties: Selected Literature Data

10.8 Electrical Properties of Composite Materials

10.9 Electrical Properties: Selected Literature Data

10.10 CNT–Polymer Composite Applications

References

Chapter 11: Applications of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Preparation of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

11.3 Applications of Nanocomposites

11.4 Energy Conversion and Storage Capacity and Applications

11.5 Biodegradability and Applications

11.6 Conclusion and Outlook

References

Chapter 12: Health Hazards and Recycling and Life Cycle Assessment of Nanomaterials and Their Composites

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Health Hazards of Inorganic Nanoparticles

12.3 Nanocomposite Life Cycles and Life Cycle Assessment

12.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites in Practice

12.5 Nanocomposite Life Cycle Management, Including Recycling

12.6 Reducing Nanoparticle-Based Health Hazards and Risks Associated with Nanocomposite Life Cycles

12.7 Conclusion

References

Index

Related Titles

Thomas, S., Joseph, K., Malhotra, S. K.,Goda, K., Sreekala, M. S. (eds.)Polymer CompositesSeries: Polymer CompositesVolume 12012ISBN: 978-3-527-32624-2

Volume 32014ISBN: 978-3-527-32980-9

3 Volume Set2014ISBN: 978-3-527-32985-4

Thomas, S., Durand, D., Chassenieux, C.,Jyotishkumar, P. (eds.)Handbook of Biopolymer-Based MaterialsFrom Blends and Composites to Gelsand Complex Networks2 Volumes2013ISBN: 978-3-527-32884-0

Decher, G., Schlenoff, J. (eds.)Multilayer Thin FilmsSequential Assembly of NanocompositeMaterialsSecond, completely revised and enlargededition2012ISBN: 978-3-527-31648-9

Kumar, C. S. S. R. (ed.)NanocompositesSeries: Nanomaterials for the LifeSciences (Volume 8)2010ISBN: 978-3-527-32168-1

Thomas, S., Stephen, R.Rubber NanocompositesPreparation, Properties and Applications2010ISBN: 978-0-470-82345-3

Mittal, V. (ed.)Optimization of PolymerNanocomposite Properties2010ISBN: 978-3-527-32521-4

Mittal, V. (ed.)In-situ Synthesis of PolymerNanocompositesSeries: Polymer Nano-, Micro- andMacrocomposites (Volume 2)2011ISBN: 978-3-527-32879-6

Mittal, V. (ed.)Characterization Techniquesfor Polymer NanocompositesSeries: Polymer Nano-, Micro- andMacrocomposites (Volume 3)2012ISBN: 978-3-527-33148-2

Mittal, V. (ed.)Modeling and Prediction ofPolymer NanocompositePropertiesSeries: Polymer Nano-, Micro- andMacrocomposites (Volume 4)2013ISBN: 978-3-527-33150-5

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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32979-3

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The Editors

Sabu Thomas is a Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering at Mahatma Gandhi University (India). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences. Thomas has published over 430 papers in peer reviewed journals on polymer composites, membrane separation, polymer blend and alloy, and polymer recycling research and has edited 17 books. He has supervised 60 doctoral students.

Kuruvilla Joseph is a Professor of Chemistry at Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (India). He has held a number of visiting research fellowships and has published over 50 papers on polymer composites and blends.

S. K. Malhotra is Chief Design Engineer and Head of the Composites Technology Centre at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He has published over 100 journal and proceedings papers on polymer and alumina-zirconia composites.

Koichi Goda is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Yamaguchi University. His major scientific fields of interest are reliability and engineering analysis of composite materials and development and evaluation of environmentally friendly and other advanced composite materials.

M. S. Sreekala is an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, SreeSankara College, Kalady (India). She has published over 40 paperson polymer composites (including biodegradable and green composites) in peer reviewed journals and has held a number of Scientific Positions and Research Fellowships including those from the Humboldt Foundation, Germany and Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Japan.

List of Contributors

Marcelo Antunes

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)

Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metallúrgica

Centre Català del Plàstic

C. Jordi Girona, 31

08034 Barcelona

Spain

David Arencón

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)

Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metallúrgica

Centre Català del Plàstic

C. Jordi Girona, 31

08034 Barcelona

Spain

Lucilene Betega de Paiva

Institute for Technological Research (IPT)

Laboratory of Chemical Process and Particle Technology

Group for Bionanomanufacturing

Avenida Professor Almeida Prado, 532, Butantã

05508-901, São Paulo, SP

Brazil

Valerio Causin

Università degli Studi di Padova

Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche

Via Marzolo, 1

35131 Padova

Italy

Carola Esposito Corcione

Università del Salento

Dipartimento di Ingegneriadell'Innovazione

Complesso Ecotekne – edificio“Corpo O”

Via per Monteroni

73100 Lecce

Italy

Mariaenrica Frigione

Università del Salento

Dipartimento di Ingegneriadell'Innovazione

Complesso Ecotekne – edificio“Corpo O”

Via per Monteroni

73100 Lecce

Italy

Koichi Goda

Yamaguchi University

Faculty of Engineering

Tokiwadai 2–16-1

Ube, Yamaguchi 755–8611

Japan

Antonio Greco

Università del Salento

Dipartimento di Ingegneriadell'Innovazione

Complesso Ecotekne – edificio“Corpo O”

Via per Monteroni

73100 Lecce

Italy

Ruoyu Hong

Soochow University

College of Chemistry, ChemicalEngineering and Materials Science

Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesisof Jiangsu Province

Suzhou Industrial Park

Suzhou 215123

Jiangsu

China

and

Kailuan Energy Chemical Co., Ltd.

Coal Chemical R&D Center

Seaport Economic Development Zone

Tangshan 063611

Hebei

China

Kuruvilla Joseph

Peringattu House

Thellakom

Kottayam 686016

Kerala

India

and

Indian Institute of Space Science andTechnology

Department of Space

Government of India Valiyamala P. O.

Nedumangadu

Thiruvananthapuram

Kerala

India

Iren E. Kuznetsova

Institute of Radio Engineering andElectronics of RAS

Saratov Branch

Zelyonaya str., 38

Saratov 410019

Russia

Jianhua Li

Kailuan Energy Chemical Co., Ltd.

Coal Chemical R&D Center

Seaport Economic DevelopmentZone

Tangshan 063611

Hebei

China

Hongzhong Li

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Institute of Process Engineering

State Key Laboratory of MultiphaseComplex Systems

Beijing 100080

China

Alfonso Maffezzoli

Università del Salento

Dipartimento di Ingegneriadell'Innovazione

Complesso Ecotekne – edificio “Corpo O”

Via per Monteroni

73100 Lecce

Italy

Sant Kumar Malhotra

Flat-YA, Kings Mead

Srinagar Colony

14/3, South Mada Street

Saidafet, Chennai 60015

Tamil Nadu

India

Ana Rita Morales

School of Chemical Engineering

Department of Materials Engineeringand Bioprocess

State University ofCampinas - UNICAMP

P.O. Box 6066

Avenida Albert Einstein, 500

13083-852, Campinas, SP

Brazil

Thien Phap Nguyen

Université de Nantes

CNRS

Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel

2 rue de la Houssinière

44322 Nantes Cedex 3

France

Kostas Papagelis

University of Patras

Department of Materials Science

26504 Rio Patras

Greece

Vera Realinho

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)

Departament de Ciència delsMaterials i Enginyeria Metallúrgica

Centre Català del Plàstic

C. Jordi Girona, 31

08034 Barcelona

Spain

Lucas Reijnders

University of Amsterdam

IBED

Science Park 904

1090 GE Amsterdam

The Netherlands

Amrita Saritha

Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham University

Amritapuri

Kollam 690525

Kerala

India

Alexander M. Shikhabudinov

Institute of Radio Engineering andElectronics of RAS

Saratov Branch

Zelyonaya str., 38

Saratov 410019

Russia

Meyyarappallil Sadasivan Sreekala

Sree Sankara College

Graduate Department of Chemistry

Sankar Nagar

Mattoor, Ernakulam 683574

KeralaIndia

Dimitrios Tasis

University of Patras

Department of Materials Science

26504 Rio Patras

Greece

Sabu Thomas

Mahatma Gandhi University

Centre for Nanoscience andNanotechnology

Priyadarshini Hills

Kottayam 686560

Kerala

India

José I. Velasco

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya(UPC)

Departament de Ciència delsMaterials i Enginyeria Metallúrgica

Centre Català del Plàstic

C. Jordi Girona, 31

08034 Barcelona

Spain

Liaosha Wang

Soochow University

College of Chemistry, ChemicalEngineering and Materials Science

Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesisof Jiangsu Province

Suzhou Industrial Park

Suzhou 215123

Jiangsu

China

Aibing Yu

The University of New South Wales

School of Materials Science andEngineering

Sydney

NSW 2052

Australia

Boris D. Zaitsev

Institute of Radio Engineering andElectronics of RAS

Saratov Branch

Zelyonaya str., 38

Saratov 410019

Russia

Qinghua Zeng

University of Western Sydney

School of Engineering

Penrith South DC

NSW 1797

Australia

1

State of the Art – Nanomechanics

Amrita Saritha, Sant Kumar Malhotra, Sabu Thomas, Kuruvilla Joseph, Koichi Goda, and Meyyarappallil Sadasivan Sreekala

1.1 Introduction

Nanomechanics, a branch of nanoscience, focuses on the fundamental mechanical properties of physical systems at the nanometer scale. It has emerged on the crossroads of classical mechanics, solid-state physics, statistical mechanics, materials science, and quantum chemistry. Moreover, it provides a scientific foundation for nanotechnology. Often, it is looked upon as a branch of nanotechnology, that is, an applied area with a focus on the mechanical properties of engineered nanostructures and nanosystems that include nanoparticles, nanopowders, nanowires, nanorods, nanoribbons, nanotubes, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), nanoshells, nanomembranes, nanocoatings, nanocomposites, and so on.

Nanotechnology can be broadly defined as “The creation, processing, characterization, and utilization of materials, devices, and systems with dimensions on the order of 0.1–100 nm, exhibiting novel and significantly enhanced physical, chemical, and biological properties, functions, phenomena, and processes due to their nanoscale size” [1]. Nanobiotechnology, nanosystems, nanoelectronics, and nanostructured materials, especially nanocomposites, are of current interest in nanotechnology. Polymer nanocomposites have gained attention as a means of improving polymer properties and extending their utility by using molecular or nanoscale reinforcements rather than conventional particulate fillers. The transition from microparticles to nanoparticles yields dramatic changes in physical properties.

Recently, the advances in synthesis techniques and the ability to characterize materials on atomic scale have led to a growing interest in nanosized materials. The invention of nylon 6/clay nanocomposites by the Toyota Research Group of Japan heralded a new chapter in the field of polymer composites. Polymer nanocomposites combine these two concepts, that is, composites and nanosized materials. Polymer nanocomposites are materials containing inorganic components that have dimensions in nanometers. In this chapter, the discussion is restricted to polymer nanocomposites made by dispersing two-dimensional layered nanoclays as well as nanoparticles into polymer matrices. In contrast to the traditional fillers, nanofillers are found to be effective even at as low as 5 wt% loading. Nanosized clays have dramatically higher surface area compared to their macrosized counterparts such as china clay or talc. This allows them to interact effectively with the polymer matrix even at lower concentrations. As a result, polymer–nanoclay composites show significantly higher modulus, thermal stability, and barrier properties without much increase in the specific gravity and sometimes retaining the optical clarity to a great extent. As a result, the composites made by mixing layered nanoclays in polymer matrices are attracting increasing attention commercially. Thus, the understanding of the links between the microstructure, the flow properties of the melt, and the solid-state properties is critical for the successful development of polymer–nanoclay composite products.

Nevertheless, these promising materials exhibit behavior different from conventional composite materials with microscale structure due to the small size of the structural unit and high surface area/volume ratio. Nanoscale science and technology research is progressing with the use of a combination of atomic scale characterization and detailed modeling [2]. In the early 1990s, Toyota Central Research Laboratories in Japan reported work on a nylon 6 nanocomposite [3], for which a very small amount of nanofiller loading resulted in a pronounced improvement in thermal and mechanical properties. Common particle geometries and their respective surface area/volume ratios are shown in Figure 1.1. For the fiber and the layered material, the surface area/volume ratio is dominated, especially for nanomaterials, by the first term in the equation. The second term (2/ and 4/) has a very small influence (and is often omitted) compared to the first term. Therefore, logically, a change in particle diameter, layer thickness, or fibrous material diameter from the micrometer to nanometer range will affect the surface area/volume ratio by three orders of magnitude [4]. Typical nanomaterials currently under investigation include nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanofibers, fullerenes, and nanowires. In general, these materials are classified by their geometries; broadly, the three classes are particle, layered, and fibrous materials [4, 5]. Carbon black, silica nanoparticles, and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) can be classified as nanoparticle reinforcing agents while nanofibers and carbon nanotubes are examples of fibrous materials [5]. When the filler has a nanometer thickness and a high aspect ratio (30–1000) plate-like structure, it is classified as a layered nanomaterial (such as an organosilicate) [6]. The change of length scales from meters (finished woven composite parts), micrometers (fiber diameter), and submicrometers (fiber/matrix interphase) to nanometers (nanotube diameter) presents tremendous opportunities for innovative approaches in the processing, characterization, and analysis/modeling of this new generation of composite materials. As scientists and engineers seek to make practical materials and devices from nanostructures, a thorough understanding of the material behavior across length scales from the atomistic to macroscopic levels is required. Knowledge of how the nanoscale structure influences the bulk properties will enable design of the nanostructure to create multifunctional composites.