Porous Polymers E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This book gathers the various aspects of the porous polymer field into one volume. It not only presents a fundamental description of the field, but also describes the state of the art for such materials and provides a glimpse into the future. Emphasizing a different aspect of the ongoing research and development in porous polymers, the book is divided into three sections: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. The first part of each chapter presents the basic scientific and engineering principles underlying the topic, while the second part presents the state of the art results based on those principles. In this fashion, the book connects and integrates topics from seemingly disparate fields, each of which embodies different aspects inherent in the diverse field of porous polymeric materials.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

About the Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contributors

SECTION I: SYNTHESIS

Chapter 1: Polymers with Inherent Microporosity

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYMERS

1.3 POLYMERS OF INTRINSIC MICROPOROSITY

1.4 COVALENT ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS

1.5 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 2: Porous Polymers from Self-Assembled Structures

2.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

2.2 SELF-ASSEMBLY AND POLYMERIZATION OF AMPHIPHILIC MONOMERS

2.3 ETCHABLE BLOCK POLYMERS

2.4 HIERARCHICAL SELF-ASSEMBLY OF BLOCK POLYMERS

2.5 SELF-ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES AS POROGENS

2.6 CONCLUSIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 3: Porogen Incorporation and Phase Inversion

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 SOLVENT POROGENS AND PHASE INVERSION

3.3 SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS

3.4 FREEZE-DRYING

3.5 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NOTATION AND ACRONYMS

Chapter 4: Colloidal Templating

4.1 HIGH INTERNAL PHASE EMULSION TEMPLATING

4.2 BICONTINUOUS MICROEMULSION TEMPLATING

4.3 WATER DROPLET TEMPLATING

4.4 PARTICLE TEMPLATING

4.5 CONCLUSIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

SECTION II: CHARACTERIZATION

Chapter 5: Surface Area and Porosity Characterization of Porous Polymers

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 SOME DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

5.3 MEASUREMENT OF ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS BY THE VOLUMETRIC METHOD

5.4 ADSORPTION INTERACTION FIELDS

5.5 DETERMINATION OF THE MICROPORE VOLUME

5.6 DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA OF POROUS MATERIALS

5.7 PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION INCLUDING THE MESOPORES

5.8 MACROPOROSITY CHARACTERIZATION

5.9 GAS PERMEATION IN POROUS POLYMER MEMBRANES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 6: Nondestructive Evaluation of Critical Properties of Thin Porous Films

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 POSITRON ANNIHILATION SPECTROSCOPY

6.3 SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE SPECTROSCOPY, LASER ULTRASONICS, AND BRILLOUIN LIGHT SCATTERING

6.4 ELLIPSOMETRY AND ELLIPSOMETRIC POROSIMETRY

6.5 EVALUATION OF POROUS MATERIALS BY REFLECTIVITY AND SCATTERING

6.6 CONCLUSIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

Chapter 7: Microscopy Characterization of Porous Polymer Materials

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 TECHNIQUES

7.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION

7.4 IMAGE ANALYSIS

7.5 CONCLUSIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

SECTION III: APPLICATIONS

Chapter 8: Separation Membranes

8.1 MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE-BASED PROCESSES

8.2 PREPARATION AND MANUFACTURE OF POROUS POLYMERIC MEMBRANES

8.3 APPLICATIONS OF POROUS POLYMER MEMBRANES

8.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

Chapter 9: Biomedical Devices

9.1 SOLID POROUS SCAFFOLDS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING

9.2 FOAM SCAFFOLDS

9.3 FIBROUS SCAFFOLDS FABRICATED VIA ELECTROSPINNING

9.4 POLYMER BEDS

9.5 SOLID FREEFORM TECHNIQUES

9.6 SUMMARY

ABBREVIATIONS

Chapter 10: High-Performance Microelectronics

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 BLOCK COPOLYMER TEMPLATES: PORE DENSITY AND POROSITY

10.3 ENGINEERING DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY

10.4 INCREASING DEVICE SURFACE AREA

10.5 FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR CONTACT HOLES

10.6 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

Chapter 11: Polymer-supported Reagents and Catalysts

11.1 POLYMER-SUPPORTED REAGENTS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

11.2 POROUS POLYMERS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS: RECENT ADVANCES

11.3 CONCLUSIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

Chapter 12: Templates for Porous Inorganics

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 SYNTHESIS OF POROUS POLYMER NETWORKS SUITABLE FOR TEMPLATING

12.3 POLYMERS GELS AS TEMPLATES: SOL–GEL NANOCOATING AND NANOCASTING

12.4 MESOPOROUS AND MICROPOROUS POLYMERS AS TEMPLATES: DOWN TO THE MOLECULAR SCALE

12.5 POROUS POLYMER NETWORKS FOR MINERALIZATION EXPERIMENTS

12.6 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK

Index

About the Cover

Top: Courtesy of Younan Xia, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

2nd from top: Courtesy of Marc A. Hillmyer, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. From Mao, H.; Hillmyer, M. A. Soft Matter 2006, 2, 57–59, with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.

3rd from top: Courtesy of Michael S. Silverstein, Department of Materials Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. From Sergienko, A. Y.; Tai, H. W.; Narkis, M.; Silverstein, M. S. J Appl Polym Sci 2004, 94, 2233–2239, with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Bottom: Courtesy of Haifei Zhang, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Porous polymers / edited by Michael S. Silverstein, Neil R. Cameron, Marc A. Hillmyer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-39084-9 (cloth) 1. Porous materials. 2. Plastic foams. I. Silverstein, Michael S. II. Cameron, Neil R. (Neil Ronald), 1969- III. Hillmyer, Marc A. TA418.9.P6P684 2011 620.1′92–dc22 2010025450

Preface

For a very long time there were only a limited number of porous polymeric systems. On one side of the size spectrum, copolymerizations with rigid, multifunctional crosslinking comonomers were employed for the synthesis of glassy polymers with inherent microporosity (we have tried to maintain a certain sense of uniformity and consistency by encouraging the use of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature: microporous for pore sizes less than 2 nm, mesoporous for pore sizes between 2 and 50 nm, and macroporous for pore sizes greater than 50 nm). In addition, macroporous, crosslinked polymers were synthesized through the use of sacrificial porogens. Both of these porous polymer systems were used in ion-exchange and liquid chromatography applications. On the other side of the size spectrum, polymer foams based on thermosets (e.g., polyurethanes) or thermoplastics (e.g., polystyrene) contained millimeter-sized pores. These lightweight foams were of interest for their mechanical properties per unit mass and for their heat- and sound-insulating properties.

Recently, a large number of innovative routes to myriad porous polymeric systems have been explored to generate new materials with wide-ranging technological applicability. As the need for porous polymers with more complex structures and functions has increased, so has the ability to synthesize such systems with tunable mechanical properties, well-defined pore sizes, specified pore wall functionality, and controlled pore size distributions and interconnectivities. Moreover, such polymers can be generated with inherent microporosity (subnanometer pores) or with templated macroporosity (micrometer-scale pores). Recent advances in the field of porous polymers extend beyond the ability to synthesize novel materials. These new porous polymers challenged the capabilities of the standard characterization methodologies. In response, innovative characterization methodologies were developed to support the synthetic efforts. These novel characterization methodologies provided insight into the porous structures and their effects on the material's properties. These new porous polymeric materials are now being adapted for applications in the fields of microelectronics, biomedical devices, membrane processes, and catalysis. In addition, porous polymers are being used as templates for the production of porous ceramics and other materials. As novel materials, innovative characterization methodologies, and new applications have been developing rapidly, we saw a need to collect and organize the information under one compendium.

This book gathers the various aspects of the porous polymer field into one volume. The book not only presents a fundamental description of the field, but also describes the state of the art for such materials and provides a glimpse into the\break future. Emphasizing a different aspect of the ongoing research and development in porous polymers, the book is divided into three sections: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. The Synthesis section explores the different methods developed to synthesize porous polymers, from systems with inherent porosity to templating approaches. The Characterization section collects different approaches to describing the pore size, pore size distribution, and porous structure, as well as the effects that porosity has on the properties. The Applications section gathers the various ways in which contemporary porous polymers are incorporated into a diverse and growing number of practical applications. The first part of each chapter presents the basic scientific and engineering principles underlying the topic, while the second part presents state of the art results based on those principles. In this fashion, the book connects and integrates topics from seemingly disparate fields, each of which embodies different aspects inherent in the diverse field of porous polymeric materials.

Acknowledgments

The editors would like to thank Edmund Immergut for suggesting that a comprehensive book on porous polymers would make a useful addition to the polymer literature. The editors would also like to thank all of the chapter authors for contributing their valuable time and for their cooperation throughout this project. Michael Silverstein would like to thank his extremely patient wife, Efrat, and their relatively patient children, Dana, Asaf, Gilad, and Eitan. Neil Cameron would like to dedicate this book to his friend and mentor, Professor David C. Sherrington FRS, an inspirational figure in the field of porous polymers.

MICHAEL S. SILVERSTEINZichron Yaakov, Israel

NEIL R. CAMERONDurham, UK

MARC HILLMYERMinneapolis, Minnesota, USA

January 2011

Contributors

Markus Antonietti, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany

Anand Badami, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA

Mikhail R. Baklanov, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium

Jonathan Behrendt, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Charles T. Black, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA

Peter M. Budd, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Neil R. Cameron, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom

Bob Cieslinski, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA

William Heeschen, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA

Marc A. Hillmyer, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Steven Howdle, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Peter Krajnc, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia

Neil B. McKeown, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Gary Mitchell, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA

Gregory Meyers, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA

Yvonne Reinwald, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Rolando M. A. Roque-Malherbe, University of Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico, USA

Deborah Rothe, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA

Steve Rozeveld, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA

Lei Qian, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Denis Shamiryan, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium

Kevin Shakesheff, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Michael S. Silverstein, Technion -- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Andrew Sutherland, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Arne Thomas, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany

Clifford Todd, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA

Eric M. Todd, Monmouth College, Monmouth, Illinois, USA

Mathias Ulbricht, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Jens Weber, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany

Charlie Wood, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA

Haifei Zhang, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

SECTION I

SYNTHESIS